The Klein Karoo National Arts Festival (KKNK) is one of the most popular arts festivals in South Africa, but ticket sales have alarmingly declined since 2005 resulting in the Festival already being in a decline phase of its product life cycle. This has a negative impact on the Festival's economic impact and future sustainability. It is therefore vital to increase the ticket sales in order for the Festival to maintain a steady growth rate. Market segmentation can assist the Festival's marketers/organisers to address this problem by identifying the high spending segment at the Festival since they stay longer and are keener to buy tickets supporting the Festivals shows/productions. Market segmentation is the process of dividing the festival market into smaller, more clearly defined groups that share similar, needs, wants and characteristics. The more detailed the knowledge of the needs and motives of potential visitors, the closer the Festival can get to a customised festival program creating greater satisfaction, long-term relationships, repeat visits and an increase in tickets supporting the shows/productions. The main purpose of this study was therefore to determine the spending behaviour of visitors the KKNK by means of establishing the determinants which influence visitor's expenditure and by applying expenditure-based segmentation in order to determine the high spending segment at the Festival. To determine the above goal, the study is divided into 2 articles. Research for both the articles was undertaken at the Festival and data obtained from 2005 to 2008 were used. Questionnaires were interview-administered and distributed randomly during the course of the Festival. In total 1940 questionnaires have been completed in the visitor survey since 2005. Article 1 is titled: "Socio-demographic and behavioural determinants of visitor spending at the Klein Karoo National Arts Festival." The main purpose of this article was to identify the various socio-demographic and behavioural determinants that influence visitor spending at the KKNK. This was done in order to determine which visitors spend most at the Festival and which determinants are most significant in determining their expenditure levels. A regression analysis was used as an instrument to achieve the mentioned goal. Results indicated that occupation, distance travelled, length of stay, the reason for attending the Festival and preferred type of shows/productions were significant determinants that influence the amount of money visitors spent at the Festival. These results generated strategic insights on marketing for the festival in order to increase visitor spending especially on purchasing more tickets for shows/productions. Article 2 is titled: "Expenditure-based segmentation of visitors at the Klein Karoo National Arts festival." The main purpose of this article was to apply expenditure-based segmentation to visitors at the KKNK in order to identify the high spending segment at the festival. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether there were significant differences between the different expenditure groups. The Festival's market was divided into high, medium and low expenditure groups. Results revealed that the high spenders at the Festival were distinguishable from the low spenders based on their longer length of stay, older age, higher income, main reason to attend the Festival and preferred type of shows/productions. These results were used to compile a complete profile of the high spenders and how the Festival's appeal can be maximised in order to attract more high spenders. This research therefore revealed that certain socio-demographic determinants influence visitor's spending behaviour at the Klein Karoo National Arts Festival. There are further two distinct expenditure groups at the Festival, namely a high and low expenditure group. Knowledge of the determinants which influence visitor spending can be used in combination with the profile of the high spenders to maximise the Festival's appeal in order to attract more high spenders who buy tickets supporting the Festivals shows/productions. This will lead to an increase in ticket sales, a greater economic impact and ultimately to the continuous sustainability of the Klein Karoo National Arts Festival. / Thesis (M.A. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

The black middle–class market segment also known as the black diamond market segment has shown immense growth in SA. It currently consists of approximately 3 million black middle–class South Africans with a buying power of approximately R200 billion. Despite the immense size and spending power of black diamonds, combined with its rapid growth over the past 15 years and expected future growth, little research has been conducted on this market segment. The rapid market growth of the black diamond market segment has lead to an immense rise in the demand for middle–income houses. This has caused a shortage of middleincome houses, and government and real estate developers have been unable to supply housing in this bracket to meet this ever increasing demand. The study examines this missing middle between supply and demand for the black diamond market in Tlokwe municipal region in order to provide the Tlokwe Municipality, real estate developers, construction companies, town planners, real estate agencies and the Tlokwe Department of Housing with sufficient information to address this challenge in Tlokwe municipal region. The study was conducted by way of a literature review and empirical study. For the empirical study, the information was obtained through two questionnaires. One questionnaire was compiled for black diamond respondents and one for real estate developers and estate agents in the Tlokwe municipal region. The study found that there is a gap between the supply side and demand side of middleincome housing (houses within the R50 000 to R550 000 price range) in the Tlokwe municipal region, and that there is a high demand for such houses. It was also found that there is a tendency for black diamonds to relocate from the townships to the suburbs. The major reasons for this movement were identified as family and the lack of availability of middle–income houses in the townships. It was also found that the black diamond respondents have a tendency to spend their money on bad debt (debt on expenses) instead of good debt (debt on assets), and are inclined to save rather than spend. Furthermore, as evident from the number of respondents with clothing accounts and cellphone contracts, it was confirmed that black diamonds are status driven, as suggested in the literature. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Sport tourism, as a segment of tourism, is one of the fastest growing industries. Sport events have grown enormously over the last two decades and, as a part of sport tourism, they are a very powerful tool that is used to market a country. Sport tourism also creates an internationally recognised image and attracts tourists from all over the world. One of the internationally recognised sport events held annually in Cape Town is the Pick In Pay Cape Argus Cycle Tour (ACT). Originally started in 1977, it has grown to attract 32 000 cyclists by 2008. However, as with any event, the ACT's life cycle reached a climax and is currently on a downward slope, in terms of participation figures. This decline was the motivation for starting this study. As such, it was determined that the goal of this study would be to profile the participants in the ACT as this information could provide some of the reasons for the decline in numbers. In order for the researcher to successfully profile the participants, three objectives were formulated. Firstly, the reasons why cyclists participated in the ACT, in other words their travel motives, were examined. Secondly, it was determined which variables had a significant influence on cyclists' spending behaviour while visiting Cape Town. Finally, conclusions and recommendations were presented, and a profile of the participants was compiled. The research was done by means of using a questionnaire with three sections. The first section sought demographic information while section B measured the spending behaviour of the respondents. The last section established what motivated the cyclist to participate in the ACT. The survey took place from 5 - 8 March 2008 during the registration period at the Good Hope Centre of the city of Cape Town. A total of 583 completed questionnaires were received by the fieldworkers. The data analyses were then performed by firstly capturing the data into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. The statistical program, SPSS, was then used for the further analyses. A factor analysis was performed in order to achieve the first objective of determining what motivated cyclists to participate in the ACT. Then a regression analysis helped to establish which variables influenced cyclists' spending. After all the analytical procedures were completed, the results of the factor analyses indicated the cyclists were motivated by the attractiveness of the event, by personal motivation and by a desire to escape from the daily routines and so to relax. The regression analyses lead to the results that the following variables determine how much money cyclists spend; marital status; province of residence; the number of nights stayed in Cape Town and which accommodation cyclists used. These results both confirmed and contradicted the results of previous research, even though this was the first time this type of research had been applied to a sport event in South Africa. This research can be used by event organisers to apply more effective target marketing and to develop new strategies to encourage an increase in participation figures. This research can also be used to improve business relationships between the different role players in an event. Further, product improvements can be made from certain recommendations. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

This paper will examine specific processes involved within the decision-making process of how to allocate limited health care resources. I will start by discussing how in order to compare and differentiate between health states, we have created ranking systems, based on the health state’s impact on people’s quality of life, which health states need more care, and which can be most effectively treated. We evaluate impact on quality of life by assigning quality weights to years of life lived with that health state, which we call quality-adjusted life years, or QALYs. Next, I will discuss the problems with assigning quality weights to health states; specifically, the disability paradox, meaning the distinct differences between quality weights assigned by non-patients versus patients. After that, I will explain how depression defies the trend of the disability paradox, and causes our prior arguments about why patients and non-patients rate health states different to contradict themselves., This leads me to suggest that we should consider a different way of deciding between different quality weights. I examine the arguments for choosing higher or lower quality weights, and conclude that because we have a moral imperative to provide health care resources to those in need, particularly those who are disadvantaged, we should take the lower quality weights and err on the side of overspending on health states. Ultimately, this will create the greatest change in funding for health states like depression that go against the disability paradox. Finally, I address the economic trade-offs we have to consider if we make the decision to spend more on treating health states.

An assessment of the costs and benefits of antiterrorism policies has a number of challenges. Canada’s situation is particularly complex because of its asymmetric and integrative economic and geographic relationship with the United States. Few theoretical models of international antiterrorism policy exist and none fit well this asymmetric relationship. This thesis attempts to fill this void by understanding the motives behind Canadian antiterrorism policies and the related spending, and how these are affected by the relationship with the United States. We explore a two country theoretical model with strategic interactions, focusing on relative spending. What is found is that the economics and geography of the two countries play a large role in motivating spending and can drastically alter antiterrorism spending beyond that needed solely for public safety in Canada. / Graduate / 0511 / 0501 / 0616 / kyleburak@gmail.com

The dissertation reviewed "the causes of war debate in Africa, and its implications for African military expenditures" by levelling the argument of greed hypothesis as inconsistent with the pragmatic ground situation in Africa that can properly inform optimal decision-making. The arguments raised support the debunking of greed claim that opportunity to pillage state resources, supersedes issues of grievance as cause of civil war. This work discussed the major civil wars in Sub-Saharan Africa since 1990, the study raised concerns that, by taking stance with greed has the tendency to make traditional state security the utmost policy concern. That also provides cost benefit excuse for state actors to give milex priority over other social sectors in budget prioritizing. It is argued that greed does not offer the platform for durable peace pursuit. The dissertation then showed that grievance is consistent with causes of civil war in Africa due to its multifarious outlook of conflicts. Grievance hypothesis, is supported because it offers practically approach to pursue endurable conflict, and problem solving approach to conflict analysis in Africa. Grievance encourages a policy of milex reduction and encourages peacebuilding effort. The study concluded by saying that none of the debate grievance and that of greed's validity justify the heinous carnage and destruction involved in African civil wars. Therefore what compels leaders to find solution with violence as a result of opportunity not based on resource per se, but it also involves misplaced priority to find lasting solution to grievance issues. It also involves the opportunity to heroism based on distorted perception of power and lack of social education on appropriate means to conflict resolution, and lack of appropriate early warning mechanism and trivialization of conflict warnings as happened in ECOWAS, East-Central Africa. Nine recommendations suggested in the dissertation centres on the causes of new civil wars debates and policy; the study of cases of new civil wars in SSA; and on the influence of new civil wars debate on milex. / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2007.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Carleton University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 149-154). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-159).

<p>This study examines the impact of exchange rate on inflation in Nigeria economy between 1970 and 2007. We analyzed the trend of inflation and exchange rate in the last 38 years by evaluating the relationship between government expenditure, money supply, Oil revenue, exchange rate and inflation as the dependent variables. We adopted the Augmented Dickey- Fuller to carry out the unit root test and co integration with Johansen test.</p><p>Our result shows that the individual variables are integrated order one, that is a unit root exist. This means that each variable tends to follow a random walk. On the other hand, inflation rate, exchange rate, oil revenue, government spending and money supply are co integrated. This revealed a strong relationship among the variables though inflation rate and exchange rate show no long term relationship, but short term relationship seems to exist between them.</p>

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security And Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2008. / Thesis advisor: Bellavita, Christopher; Second reader: Alan D. Conroy. "September 2008." Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-84). Also available on the Internet (System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader).