Excavations conducted in June of 2004 at 71 Park Place, then a vacant residential lot located in downtown St. Augustine, yielded a significant artifact and faunal assemblage. Historic maps and documents indicate that this property was once part of a 10¼ acre orange grove and cornfield that existed from approximately 1790 until the late 1880s. Historic maps show that three structures once stood on this property, which is corroborated by the archaeological findings at 71 Park Place of post-holes that outline a two-room structure. As the majority of the artifacts and faunal remains recovered from the site were found around this possible structure, it is likely that these remains were left behind by the former occupants of this structure. Historic deeds indicate that the antebellum owners of the property were wealthy individuals and slaveholders, which raises the possibility that the former occupants of the structure identified on the property were slaves and that the artifacts and faunal remains recovered from 71 Park Place are representative of the material culture of urban slaves. This thesis examines this possibility by looking for previously determined ethnic markers of slavery within the assemblage, as well as by comparing the artifact and faunal remains to three plantation slave and three middle-to-upper class St. Augustine assemblages. Results indicate that although an urban salve occupation cannot be shown archaeologically, the possibility still remains, and further archaeological research in the thus far little studied field of urban slavery would be greatly beneficial to this study. / Thesis / Master

Thesis advisor: Boyd T. Coolman / The anonymous Speculum de mysteriis ecclesiae from the 12th century abbey of St. Victor has often been associated with the tradition of medieval liturgical commentaries, but this dissertation proposes reading it primarily as a general treatise on the spiritual life. Its unique Victorine emphasis on the combination of intellect and affect suggests a particular theology of the sign: the real ontological status of the sign relying not on Dionysian hierarchy but on ecclesial contemplation. Through the newly developed sacramental understanding of res et sacramentum, the Speculum suggests that signs have enduring value as signs that goes beyond their function as signifiers. The attainment of the signified, in other words, is only part of their gift. Their “sweetness” is found in an appreciation of their mode of signification — a signification that, the Speculum suggests, endures somehow even in heaven as a non-necessary gracious source of delight. That is, external and visible things in the Church have value not merely because they point us to particular invisible things (what the signs “mean”) but because they teach us the Church’s economy of grace. The Church, then, and her sacramental economy, are central not just to the practical life of individual salvation, but to the meaningfulness of all creation. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Theology.

Die Dissertation liefert einen Beitrag zur Entwicklung von Compilern funktionaler Sprachen zur Erzeugung von Zielcode in einer höheren prozeduralen Programmiersprache. In der Dissertation werden mehrere Implementationstechniken funktionaler Sprachen analysiert, wobei für jede Technik ein Verfahren zur Realisierung eines auf der Übersetzung in eine prozedurale Sprache basierenden Compilers angegeben wird. Durch die verschiedenen Implementationsverfahren, die in der Arbeit analysiert bzw. definiert wurden, sind die beiden großen Klassen funktionaler Sprachen abgedeckt worden: strikte und nicht-strikte funktionale Programmiersprachen. Die Dissertation kann in drei größere Teile gegliedert werden, die sich mit folgenden Bereichen beschäftigen: Direkte übersetzungen funktionaler in prozedurale Programmiersprachen Übersetzung des Codes der abstrakten SECD-Maschine in eine prozedurale Sprache Erzeugung des Zielcodes in einer prozeduralen Programmiersprache bei Graph-Reduktion-basierten Implementationstechniken. Im ersten Teil, dem Schwerpunkt der Arbeit, wird eine über existierende Ansätze hinausgehende Transformation einer einfachen strikten funktionalen Programmiersprache (erweiterter Lambda-Kalkül) in den Code einer prozeduralen Zielsprache eingeführt und durch ein formales System von Transformationsregeln beschrieben. Die Transformation zeichnet sich durch Transparenz und Einfachheit (Erzeugung minimalen Codes) aus. Im zweiten und dritten Teil werden die aus der Literatur bekannten Implementationstechniken modifiziert bzw. optimiert, um Zielprogramme in einer höheren prozeduralen Programmiersprache erzeugen zu können. / This work contributes methods for the design and implementation of translation schemes for functional programming languages with procedural programming languages as a target. The dissertation analyzes different implementation techniques of functional languages. For each technique an approach is defined for the implementation of a compiler that translates the functional source language into a procedural target language. The analyzed techniques cover both classes of functional languages, strict and non-strict ones. The work is structured into three parts with the following topics: direct translation of functional programming languages into procedural programming languages; translation of the code of the SECD-abstract machine into a procedural language; emission of a target code in a procedural language by graph-reduction-based implementation techniques. In the first part, we give a formal definition for translating a simple functional language (syntacticly sugared lambda calculus) into the code of a procedural programming language. The defined transformation is simple and transparent. In the second and the third part, existing translation schemes are modified, i. e. two known implementation techniques are optimized to emit target code in an procedural language.

The central material studied in this thesis is a representative group of the earliest surviving Christian icons from the collection of St Catherine’s Monastery in Sinai, all dated to the sixth or seventh centuries. These are discussed specifically in relation to their possible sources within the preceding Greco-Roman tradition of portraiture. While each of these sources is important to a full understanding of the Sinai icons’ visual languages, original functions and meanings, they have not previously been analysed alongside each other in a single study. By doing so, the aim is to reconstruct a more complete artistic context for the icons’ production, as well as to arrive at a fuller understanding of the historical, social and religious factors that would have conditioned their reception. Three categories of portrait-image are critically considered as possible sources for the Sinai icons in terms of technique, style, iconography and function: Roman imperial portraiture (from the first to the sixth centuries); the funerary portraiture of Roman Egypt (first to third centuries); and the corpus of sacred pinakes or ‘pagan icons’ produced in the Fayum region of Egypt (mainly second century). Following the Introduction in which recent scholarly literature on the topic is critically assessed and definitions of key terms are given, the opening chapter presents a detailed visual analysis of each of the eight selected Sinai icons. Questions of dating and geographical attribution are addressed, with previous proposals either revised or confirmed. In Chapter Two, Roman imperial portraiture is discussed, principally in terms of its meanings and functions, and comparisons are made with early portraits of Christ. Questions of the construction of likeness, and the complex relationship between a portrait (whether of an emperor or of Christ) and its prototype, are addressed. It is argued that while early Christian portraits did adopt various elements of imperial iconography to convey a message of universal authority, at the same time they performed functions which were not shared by imperial portraits – for example, participating in intercessory and anagogical prayer. Chapter Three analyses the techniques and styles used in the corpus of Romano- Egyptian ‘mummy-portraits’, with correspondences and differences highlighted between these and the early Sinai icons, and also discusses the question of whether portrait-mummies performed a devotional function comparable to that of early Christian icons. To this end, importance is again given to the question of the relationship between a portrait-mummy and its prototype (the soul of the deceased), as well as questions of audience, display and reception. On the basis of this discussion it is argued that the portraits participated in a reciprocal ‘exchange of gazes’ with their intended viewers, and that this is likely to have been a key factor in the reception of some of the Sinai icons as well. Chapter Four discusses the smaller extant corpus of painted panels depicting pagan deities, produced in the Fayum concurrently with the portrait-mummies. Some striking correspondences in terms of physical construction, technique and style are drawn between these and the early Sinai icons, and literary evidence is adduced to elucidate the role of the artist’s phantasia, or faculty of visualisation, in the construction of the likenesses of both pagan deities and Christian saints. In sum, it is argued that the formal characteristics of the early Sinai icons can all be derived from the non-Christian portrait-categories discussed above; however, these forms were employed in the service of an expanded range of devotional functions in a Christian context. In particular, the early Sinai icons invited a new mode of reception, characterised by an interpersonal, prayerful exchange with an icon’s prototype(s), which the portrait-image both stimulated and channelled.

No description available.

The aim of this thesis is to explore the weight of love in Augustine’s early works (AD 386-95). By the weight of love, this thesis refers to the location and direction of the soul qua lover. According to Augustine, every soul has a journey to attend to, and every journey comes replete with obstacles on the way. To negotiate these obstacles involves attending to the weight of love, taking care to place the soul in relation to the truth. To achieve this, Augustine embarks on three pivotal early works to develop an itinerary for spiritual awakening. In De Academicis (AD 386), he forges a path “from Cicero to Christ” in order to deliver the soul from scepticism, and to present it to the true philosophy. In De vera religione (AD 390-1), he paves a way “from aversion to transcendence” in order to overcome Manichean pride, and to embrace the humility of Christ. Finally in De libero arbitrio (AD 388-95), he charts a course “from faith to understanding” whereby the soul overcomes temptation to blame God for sin, and gains awareness of its location as a sinner in Adam. By examining each itinerary in chronological order, this thesis establishes the place of love as a driving mechanism in the early works, and thereby reveals a profound continuity in Augustine’s early approach to the soul as lover.

Magister Artium - MA (History) / In the following two chapters I will attempt to offer a more systemic account of St. Helena immigration to South African between 1838 and 1948. To date, no such study has been undertaken, despite a vibrant oral tradition amongst the descendants of St. Helena immigrants celebrating their St. Helenian heritage and often, in peculiar fashion, romanticise their Island of provenance. The commencement date for my chosen timeframe emerges from a need to authenticate rather tenuous historical accounts of St. Helena’s first mass emigration for the Cape of Good Hope in 1838. Where cases of migration are discussed, these are either incidences of large-­scale 41, often aided, migration and settlement, or of those St. Helena migrant workers initially employed under temporary contacts to work in South Africa, specifically within burgeoning industrial sectors of the late-­nineteenth or early-­twentieth century South Africa.

Magister Artium - MA / For an Island measuring merely 128 square kilometers, and in spite of its remote location in the mid-­South Atlantic, St. Helena “punches way above its weight in history”, earning and occupying a privileged place in British scholarship of its imperial thalassocratic age. However, prior to this period in which the Island was indispensible to British Empire formation, it had passed through the hands of at least two former European naval nations before it was eventually laid claim to and effectively colonised by the British. The Portuguese, who were the first to stumble upon the uninhabited Island in 1502 -­ naming it St. Helena in honour of Roman Emperor Constantine the Great’s mother -­ managed to keep its existence a closely guarded secret for over eight years. For nearly a century, the Island was reserved for exclusive use by the Portuguese as a port for recuperation, replenishing and re-­provisioning, which they usually visited on their homebound journey from trading (and conquering) in the East Indies. This Portuguese monopoly of use of the Island, however, ended during the last decade of the sixteenth century when other maritime nations, particularly Dutch and later English traders, became aware of and started frequenting the Island. The initial overlap period, constituting the first three decades of the seventeenth century when mostly the Dutch and Portuguese shared use of the Island, was cause for occasional hostile encounters between the two nations. Apparently, continued Dutch and English harassment of Portuguese (and Spanish) ships made visiting the Island untenable for the Portuguese who opted to avoid St. Helena and instead make use of a number of their other port ‘possessions’ along the West African coastline to replenish and repair their ships.

The Jasper Hiemstra limestone quarry outside of Delta, Iowa, preserves an aquatic and terrestrial fauna from the Late Mississippian of Midwestern North America. Stratigraphic and paleontological data demonstrate that the quarry correlates with the Ste. Genevieve Formation, approximately 330 million years (Ma) ago. The site formed in a karst terrain with at most minor marine influence. Numerous invertebrate and as-yet undefined vertebrate taxa are preserved. Three new vertebrate taxa are described here for the first time. Eustreptogyracanthus iaspius is a gyracanth gnathostome that possesses unique sculpturing on the pectoral fins. It is associated with scales and elements of the pectoral girdle, similar to those seen elsewhere in the group. Floydus punicellus is a rhizodontid sarcopterygian that possesses a partially ossified brain case, enlarged pelvis, sculptured underside to the postparietals and anteroposterior lateral line enervation of the postparietals and supratemporals. Aliuslater inmuri is an actinopterygian that possesses an unusual upper jaw. Previous workers have found evidence for a consistant tetrapod province around the world over a period of time that includes the Hiemstra Quarry's deposition, but the present analysis does not find strong support for this hypothesis.

This paper traces over time changes in concepts of child care using two care centers in Oregon as examples. Early in the twentieth century, the ideas of the time stressed the need to institutionalize dependent , neglected, and retarded children in a setting which focused on simple custodial care. The lack of environmental stimulation was evident. With the advances in the nation’s social, economic, and medical services in midcentury, besides the advances in technology, attitudes started to change which stressed the importance of care-giving institutions such as foster homes, child clinics and mental health facilities as well as specialized residential care for more disturbed or delinquent children. Child care has improved greatly because of the greater availability of both federal and state funds for private and public institutions and the increased use of diagnostic centers. One of the significant results from this change in simply housing children in need to housing and treating them in multifaceted and environmentally improved care facilities is the stimulus given to constantly develop and innovate knowledge and methods in the care of children.