Corporate Social Responsibility increases in importance, especially in the context of Supply-Chain Management. This is anchored in the rising competitiveness between entire supply-chains, as a competitive shift from individual companies to supply-chains as entities is taking place. Hence, the entire supply-chain becomes more critical in the creation of a competitive advantage. Corporate Social Responsibility has the potential to create legitimacy in the eyes of stakeholders and thus, also may contribute to the creation of this competitive advantage for entire supply-chains. Therefore, changing societal demands and stakeholder pressure stimulate the necessity for supply-chains to integrate Corporate Social Responsibility and thus, the three dimensions of the Triple-Bottom-Line (People, Planet, Profit) approach (as opposed to the traditional economic paradigm) into their operations.   With regards to this necessity it becomes worthwhile to explore how individual actors within supply-chains perceive pressure and whether the shift from inter-firm competition to inter-supply-chain competition is accompanied by a similar shift in stakeholder pressure (based on the Triple-Bottom-Line) from individual companies to entire supply-chains. A set of four interrelated theories, namely ‘business as open systems’, ‘social contract theory’, ‘stakeholder theory’ and ‘legitimacy theory’, is used to approach this topic. Then, the perceived pressure is investigated by means of a series of qualitative interviews with representatives of seven companies within the clothing industry, located at different positions of supply-chains. These positions include Suppliers of Raw Material, Manufacturer, Logistics and Retailers. Findings show that primary stakeholders, especially employees and customers, are perceived to be the most influential sources of CSR-related pressure. This pressure includes a wide range of demands, covering all three dimensions of the Triple-Bottom-Line. The assumption that supply-chains as entities perceive stakeholder pressure is not yet supported by these findings. What can be identified is a noticeable ‘trickle-up’ effect, meaning that pressure flows upstream from retailers to suppliers of raw materials. The shift in stakeholder pressure onto chains as entities is not identified due to the sample available to the authors. Further research should investigate this shift by means of examining single supply-chains instead of various companies from different chains.

During the last decades, the tourism industry has become one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the world. The growth has in turn led to traditional marketing techniques such as branding being applied to places and destinations. The concept of destination branding is concerned with creating an image which positively can influence consumer’s choice of destinations. Conditions surrounding organizations working with destination branding, so called destination marketing organizations is very complex. This highlights a need for effective management, leading to managerial activities such as stakeholder management, partnership creation and brand architecture being key factors in destination branding success. The purpose of this study is consequently to investigate the antecedents of successful destination marketing focusing on stakeholder management, partnerships and brand architecture. Based on a literature review, three research questions were created. A case study has been carried out in the form of semi-structured interviews with destination marketing organization from three Swedish regions. This study reveals that stakeholders are vital for the destination marketing organizations (DMOs) and their businesses. Therefore they have a clear understanding of which groups and individuals are stakeholders to their brand. The focus lies on the primary stakeholders and the DMOs are taking a motivating and caring role of the stakeholders, treating them with respect and appreciation. Collaborating within partnerships constitutes a large part of the daily work of the regional DMO's activities, and is often based on a need or possibility of creating an activity or product to improve the destination brand. Important factors to consider when creating partnerships have been identified, as well as ingredients for a successful partnership and what DMOs are expecting from their partnerships in terms of outcomes. Finally this study concludes that the regional destination marketing organizations are not fully applying any classic brand architecture strategies. Instead they are adopting a mix of umbrella brand and endorsed brand with selective communication of the brands in the region where they choose which brand should be communicated depending on which customer group is being targeted.

Game reserves and other forms of protected areas are growing in South Africa and particularly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. There is an experienced increase in the demand of wildlife production and nature tourism and game reserves are thought to be profitable and ideal for combining biodiversity conservation and tourism. People living in or adjacent to these areas however often contest the establishment of such, and reconciliation sometimes seems unattainable. This study investigates a current case in KwaZulu-Natal where local people dispute the development of the eMakhosini-Ophathe Heritage Park and as a result the completion of the park is delayed. The objectives of this study were to place the park in contexts relevant to the current conflicts, to identify the stakeholders and their perceptions and further to explain these. The underlying vision of the park was also investigated and this was co-analysed with the stakeholder analysis. The results showed a general negative view on park management but differing views on the park itself. This is explained with the notable difference on how stakeholders are affected by the park: some will benefit economically and some are supposed to relocate. Negative views on park management stem essentially from lack of trust and transparency and there are doubts in management’s capacity to develop and run the park. The vision of the park embodies a very static view of nature, culture and people; and when transformed into practice conflicts arise. / Farm Dwellers the Forgotten People? Consequences of Conversions to Private Wildlife Production in KwaZulu-Natal (University of KwaZulu-Natal, Republic of South Africa)

Illegal migration is a common phenomenon around the world. It is most prevalent between regions and countries with relatively great difference in national income and economic activities. Taiwan has enjoyed economic prosperity since early years, and people are generally well-off. With a significantly higher living standard than mainland China, and consistently increasing cross-strait marriages, many people from mainland China who have no means to improve their economic condition in China, try to migrate to Taiwan illegally by means of ¡§fraudulent marriage¡¨ to solve their own economic problems. Public policies of a country are problem-oriented. Major objective of the public policies is to solve social problems. In order to prevent people from mainland China from engaging in illegal acts in Taiwan by means of fraudulent marriage, and hence endangering Taiwan society, the Taiwan government has instituted the interview policy. The interview policy is undeniably effective in deterring the mainland people from engaging in illegal acts in Taiwan by means of fraudulent marriage, but it has also created annoyance for the genuinely married couples across the straits. The author¡¦s motivation and aim of the study is to explore the possibility of relaxing the interview policy or bundling it with other auxiliary measures, so that both legal marriage and human rights could be protected. After understanding the system, regulations and result of the interview policy, the researcher then discussed the policy from the view-point of the policy stakeholders. Subjects of study are the policy stakeholders residing in Kaohsiung City. Samples were taken by non-probability sampling (purposive sampling) from the Taiwan spouses, mainland spouses, team members of the Kaohsiung Special Operation Brigade of National Immigration Agency actually executing the interview policy and the mainland citizens involved in fraudulent marriage who are staying in asylums, with whom interviews were conducted. The study found that the interview policy did have the effect of preventing mainland citizens from coming to Taiwan by means of fraudulent marriage when the present point of time (2011) was compared with 2003 when the policy was first launched. However, as time goes by, and as the cross-strait relationship unwinds, fraudulent marriage is no longer the only channel that ill-minded mainland people may come to Taiwan, as they have diversified channels now, such as business visit, traveling and the Taiwan individual travel scheme for mainland travelers, etc. Moreover, the interview policy only found 2 problematic cross-strait marriages out of 1000 cases in 2010, while the other 998 cases were normal cross-strait marriages, but still were affected and bothered by the interview policy. Therefore, whereas most interviewees agreed that the interview policy should be kept, they did believe that the policy should be appropriately relaxed. ¡§Immigrant management¡¨ or ¡§immigrant counseling¡¨ is an acceptable approach to strengthening the ¡§investigation¡¨ of mainland spouses. Therefore, for the interview policy, it is proposed in the study that: 1. existing interview policy for mainland spouses should be relaxed; and 2. visit and investigation of mainland spouses should be strengthened after they come to Taiwan.

As environmental protection issue become the most hot global issues recently, Air Conditioning Industry has to face not only its own management and marketing problems, but also the responsibilities to environmental pollution. Thus, how to deal with the external pressure, the international regimes, and internal pressure become more and more important toward Air Conditioning Industry. How could Air Conditioning Industry take balance between international regimes and its own growth and profit? In addition, it also briefly discusses how Air Conditioning Industry could use its own resource and the strategy of diversification to create different road, making a high pollution industry transform to a green industry. Thus, this study is divided into external and internal factors which make AC industry have to change by strategy of diversification, and cases studying of how Air Conditioner transform itself to fit in the external rapidly changing world. The transformation relies on the effort and cooperation of stakeholders of government, association, and enterprises. Consequently, how these stakeholders achieve the goals on development of Taiwan's heat pump market might be more and more important on Air Conditioning Industry's future.

The corporate governance is the extensive framework which applies to reach enterprise business goal in the recent years. Due to the south-eastern Asia financial crisis in 1997, it indicated the distinct defects of the enterprise system. The government and some institutions had to address the principles of the corporate governance and enhance the efficiency of the corporate governance. The essays we discuss are from the strategic corporate governance viewpoint respectively by chapters. The second chapter briefs the basic content of the corporate governance theories. The third chapter based on the theories of the stakeholder theories, we raise the selection models of the corporate governance structure from the viewpoint of the state-contingent ownership, risk taking and ethics, respectively. Due to the differences in politics, economic and cultures from countries, there would be different corporate governance structure. In the fourth chapter, based on the principal-agent theory, we analyze the principal-agent behavior between the owner and the operator under the centralized and dispersal ownership structure conditions, respectively. It gets the Nash equilibrium, which relates with the manager¡¦s rewards, the manager¡¦s punishment and the monitoring cost. The manager¡¦s motivation and rewards should combine with the granting rewards and punitive sanction. The fifth chapter is the example of outsourcing. Based on the transaction cost from the viewpoint of the enterprise core competence, it establishes the outsourcing governance model from the cost of outsourcing and the benefit of the enterprise core competence, and derives the six different outsourcing governance models from the four different conditions. Under the different conditions, it displays the dynamic viewpoint between the internal resources and core competence of the enterprise. In the sixth chapter, it takes the domestic semi-conductor industry as the example to compare the domestic development of the semiconductor industry with Korea¡¦s. There are a lot of differences in politics, economic, culture and the industrial structure between these two countries. My country takes the vertical specialization, but Korean takes the vertical integration. Moreover, TSMC and UMC cases help to elaborate the transaction cost, the development of the corporate governance, and the ownership structure. Management considers the input and the output and stresses on the efficiency of business operation. The governance starts from the ethics and accountability, emphasizes the information transparency and social responsibility, the protection of the stakeholders¡¦ interest. Therefore, the corporate has to adopt the good corporate governance structure under the framework of ethics-thinking, ensure the interest of stakeholder, and create the more business value.

More and more companies have expanded their activity to other countries due to globalization. Therefore, effective management of multi-national project has become an important ability for company development. Many companies choose the matrix organization as they design the organization of multi-national project, and past studies mostly focus on the design and management of matrix organization. However, the management of network relationship inside and outside the organization plays an important role for the success of project. The management of project relationship becomes more and more complex when it comes to multi-national organization. This research explores the network relationship of matrix organization within a global project. Through a representative project selected from a multi-national company, its¡¦ organization network and project management was studied. The management of network relationship inside and outside the organization includes: (1) Management between functional organization and project organization, (2) Organizational self development, (3) Stakeholder management. This research uses case study as the research methodology and studies issues concerning the project network relationship management. Network relationship related issues were identified and compared to key points indicated by literature; then the relation chart was determined accordingly. Finally, the key point for future development of project organization was suggested.

Under the rapid evolution of the domestic medical environment, reform of healthcare policies, lift of limitations of medical laws, implementation of national health insurance, and the change of payment systems, domestic medical institutes all perceived the importance of management. For effective management and continuous growth of hospitals, the demand for professionally trained Diplomate of Taiwan College of Healthcare Executives significantly increased and many medical affair management professionals had been cultivated in schools. A licensing system was set up in such background. Having been implemented for several years, this licensing system has shown limited effects. To understand the opinions of medical institutes and governmental departments on the implementation of this system, in-depth interviews were performed on license holders, service receivers, and high-ranking executives in the government to collect opinions from various perspectives and analyze the problems. The research findings showed: 1. Diplomate of Taiwan College of Healthcare Executives are equipped with basic knowledge about medical affair management and hold a positive attitude toward further training, but they still lack practical experience and professional capabilities. Therefore, their contribution to hospital management is limited, and it is urgent to improve the professional capabilities of Diplomate of Taiwan College of Healthcare Executives. 2. Due to the difference between Diplomate of Taiwan College of Healthcare Executives and medical personnel in their work properties and influence on patient¡¦s life, a more conservative view was considered during the enactment of the certification system. 3. As to the position and acquisition of a Diplomate of Taiwan College of Healthcare Executives license, it was suggested that medical affair management be developed into a subspecialty and graded, and test subjects and training courses be planned for each subspecialty and grade.

<p>Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore the reasons behind the abolish-ment of statutory audit in small limited firms in Sweden and to discuss whether it would be beneficial for these firms to still maintain an audit of their business after the abolishment.</p><p>Method: As a major part of this research study, qualitative interviews with auditors have been conducted to obtain professional opinion in the subject of inter-est. Previous research are presented to provide a broader perspective of the debate.</p><p>Frame of Reference: The authors present an extensive background to auditing and accounting. Stakeholder model and agency theory have been applied to aid an under-standing of the relationship between a firm and its stakeholders. Experi-ences from other European Union countries are presented to provide a ba-sis of comparison and discussion. Moreover, advantages and disadvantages of auditing are presented to facilitate a discussion of whether it is beneficial to maintain an audit of small limited firms.</p><p>Conclusion: After extensive research the authors have identified and determined the most probable reasons behind the abolishment of statutory audit. The au-thors can after a broad research conclude that the central reasons behind the abolishment are the costs of auditing. Populism and politics, as well as harmonisation motives of the European Union, are also prominent reasons for the abolishment of statutory audit in small limited firms in Sweden.</p><p>Highlighting the benefits of auditing illustrates that accomplishing an assur-ance of quality is one of the most essential motives of an audit review. Au-diting may facilitate granting of loans, longer credit periods and loyalty, a credible image of the firm, as a result of business owners providing trust-worthy information to their stakeholders. It can be concluded that it is beneficial for small limited firms to maintain an audit of their business, de-spite the abolishment of statutory audit.</p> / <p>Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att utforska de bakomliggande orsakerna till revisionspliktens avskaffande i små aktiebolag i Sverige och att diskutera hu-ruvida det är fördelaktigt att behålla revision i bolagen efter slopandet.</p><p>Metod: För att erhålla en professionell åsikt kring ämnet i fråga, har denna studie till största del bestått av kvalitativa intervjuer med respondenter från revisions-byråer. Tidigare studier är även presenterade för att tillföra debatten ett bre-dare perspektiv.</p><p>Referensram: Författarna ger en omfattande beskrivning av redovisning och revision. Intressentmodellen och agentteorin har tillämpats i syfte att underlätta för-ståelsen av relationen mellan företag och dess intressenter. Erfarenheter från andra EU-länder är presenterade för att möjliggöra jämförelse och dis-kussion, dessutom beskrivs för- och nackdelar av revision för att underlätta diskussionen om huruvida det är fördelaktigt att behålla revision i små ak-tiebolag.</p><p>Slutsats: Författarna har efter omfattande forskning fastställt de troligaste orsakerna till slopandet av revisionsplikten i små aktiebolag. Sammanfattningsvis kan författarna hävda att huvudorsakerna till avskaffandet är kostnaden av att upprätthålla revision. Populism, politik och EU:s harmoniserande strävan är ytterligare framträdande anledningar till slopandet av revisionsplikt i små ak-tiebolag i Sverige.</p><p>Att erhålla en kvalitetsstämpel är den främsta fördelen med revision. Dessutom kan revisionen underlätta beviljande av lån, längre kredittider, bi-dra till ökad pålitlighet och trovärdighet av bolaget. Dessa fördelar resulterar från ägarnas pålitliga information som de förser sina intressenter med. Av-slutningsvis kan man påstå att det är gynnsamt för små aktiebolag att behål-la revision även efter slopandet.</p>

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden zwei wichtige Themenbereiche untersucht - zum einen der des Risikomanagements und zum anderen der der strategischen Unternehmensdiversifikation. Beide Gebiete werden mit dem Ziel verknüpft, spezifische Diversifikationsrisiken aufzuzeigen. Ausgehend vom Ressourcen- und Kompetenzansatz des strategischen Managements werden verschiedene Arten von Diversifikationsstrategien vorgestellt und darauf aufbauend verschiedene Formen strategischer Synergieeffekte voneinander abgegrenzt. Einen weiteren Schwerpunkt bildet die Verknüpfung von Risikomanagement und strategischem Management. Es wird dargelegt, wie Elemente des Risikomanagements in das Zielsystem sowie die Phasen der strategischen Planung und Kontrolle integriert werden können. Dabei wird die besondere Bedeutung von Stakeholderinteressen für das Risikomanagement herausgestellt. Im Anschluss werden diese Erkenntnisse auf die strategische Planung von Diversifikationsentscheidungen übertragen und diversifikationsbedingte Risiken aufgezeigt. / The thesis focuses on two major issues - risk management on the on hand and strategic corporate diversification on the other. The author combines these two topics in order to identify specific risks of diversification. At first different types of corporate diversification, that are founded on the insights of the resource and competence based view of strategy, are introduced, and different types of strategic synergies are defined. Secondly, the topics of risk management and strategy are linked and it is demonstrated how certain elements of risk management can be integrated into the process of strategic planning and control. Furthermore, the author emphasizes the special importance of stakeholder interests in the context of risk management. Finally, the resulting insights are applied to the process of strategic planning of corporate diversification and specific risks of diversification are identified.