<p>Sexual assault is a significant problem facing the South African society. In this context, efficient but also affordable genotyping systems are needed for positive identification of criminals in incidences of sexual violence. The aim of this study was therefore to develop non-commercial Y-STR genotyping systems suitable for sexual assault cases in South Africa. Y-chromosome STR loci constituting the minimal haplotype are still the most widely used loci in investigating sexual assault cases despite the fact that DYS391 and DYS392 have shown low levels of polymorphism in Xhosa populations in Cape Town. The minimal haplotype was, therefore, further investigated in the Cape Muslim population. The Cape Muslim population generally exhibited high GD values among all the South African populations. These values were higher than 0.5 for most loci, and ranged from 0.447 for DYS391 to 0.957 for DYS385. The highest number of alleles in most loci was also recorded in this population. The overall assessment of the minimal haplotype has shown that this system is still a useful in investigating sexual assault case in many South African subpopulations. Therefore the exercise of internal validation of the minimal haplotype system was successfully carried out in the laboratory. iii The properties of additional novel and widely used STRs were also investigated in this study. Loci were successfully sequenced and allele nomenclature was assigned to them according to the ISFG guidelines.</p>

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the power of discrimination and genetic (diversity) parameters in the Y chromosome extended haploytpe markers in populations of Tanzania for forensic and populations studies. Eleven Y chromosome extended haplotype markers were selected for this study, these includes Minimal haplotypes markers i.e. DYS19, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385a/b, DYS389I/II and two additional markers DYS438 and DYS439. Six populations of Tanzania were investigated under this study. These populations were selected based on the language family categories / Niger Congo (Kuria and Sukuma), Nilo Saharan (Luo and Maasai) and Afro Asiatic (Iraqw and Alagwa).

Este trabajo describe la diversidad genética de las poblaciones actuales del Oeste del Mediterráneo según dos polimorfismos: nueve polimorfismos Alus y doce microsatelites (STR) presente en el cromosoma X. En este trabajo, se presentan resultados originales de poblaciones de Marruecos, España, sur de Italia y de poblaciones judías. Nuestro estudio multidisciplinario se basa sobre datos biológicos, arqueológicos, históricos, geográficos y lingüísticos para reconstruir los origines y la historia genética del oeste del Mediterráneo. Para la totalidad de los marcadores, nuestros resultados muestran una proximidad genética entre las poblaciones del norte de África y del sur de Europa con una diferencia entre los grupos norte africanos y sub-saharianos. También se puede concluir que en el noroeste de África, no hay una fuerte diferenciación genética entre los beréberes y los árabes. El análisis de cinco poblaciones judías muestra que se agrupan en un mismo cluster, indicando su ancestral común origen, que se ha conservado durante el tiempo a pesar de la diáspora, con una clara distinción entre ellos y sus vecinos no-judíos

Šiame magistro darbe analizuojami darbo pareigų pažeidimai, kuriais kėsinamasi į žmogaus konstitucines teises ir laisves ar nustatytą valdymą tvarką. Lietuvos Respublikos darbo kodekse darbdaviui yra suteikta pasirinkimo teisė be įspėjimo nutraukti darbo sutartį su darbuotoju, kuris vieną kartą šiurkščiai pažeidė darbo pareigas. Šiurkštaus darbo pareigų pažeidimo sąvokos ir tokių pažeidimų sąrašo apibrėžimas – tai Lietuvos Respublikos darbo kodekso atnešta naujovė į Lietuvos Respublikos darbo teisę. Nepaisant fakto, kad Lietuvos Respublikos darbo kodeksas galioja ir yra taikomas visoje Lietuvos Respublikos teritorijoje jau daugiau kaip ketveri metai, šiame magistro darbe nagrinėjami šiurkštūs darbo pareigų pažeidimai, kuriais pažeidžiamos žmogaus konstitucinės teisės ir laisvės ar nustatyta valdymo tvarka, vis dar nėra pakankamai ištirti ir jų praktinis taikymas nėra aiškus. Reikia pastebėti, kad gilinantis į šiurkščius darbo pareigų pažeidimus, analizuojami ne tik Lietuvos Respublikos, bet ir Europos Sąjungos bei tarptautiniai teisės aktai. Kadangi Lietuvos Respublikoje teismų praktika nagrinėjamų šiurkščių darbo pareigų pažeidimų atžvilgiu nėra susiformavusi, todėl magistro darbe pateikiami Europos Teisingumo Teismo sprendimai, į kurio pateiktus teisės išaiškinimus turi atsižvelgti ir Lietuvos Respublikos teismai aiškindami ir taikydami teisę. Šiame magistro darbe detaliai analizuojami šiurkštūs darbo pareigų pažeidimai, kuriais pažeidžiamos žmogaus konstitucinės teisės ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In this master’s graduation paper the breach of labor duties, whereas encroaching on the constitutional human rights and freedoms or determined management order, is analyzed. The Labor Code of the Republic of Lithuania gives the employee the right of choice to terminate the employment agreement without giving any notice to the employee for gross breach of his labor duties once. The notion of gross violation of the labor duties and definition of the list of such violation is the novelty, brought by the Labor Code of the Republic of Lithuania into the Labor Law of the Republic of Lithuania. Despite of the fact that the Labor Code of the Republic of Lithuania is valid and applied all over the territory of the Republic of Lithuania for more than four years, the breach of labor duties, whereas encroaching on the constitutional human rights and freedoms or determined management order, analyzed in this master’s graduation paper, are not sufficiently explored yet and their practical application is not clear. It is noticeable, that going deep into the gross violation of the labor duties, the legal acts not only of the Republic of Lithuania, but also the international and the legal acts of European Union are analyzed. As the court practice of analysis of gross breach of labor duties in the Republic of Lithuania is not developed, in this master’s graduation paper the decisions of European Court of Justice the explanations of which should be considered by the courts of the Republic of... [to full text]

<p>Sexual assault is a significant problem facing the South African society. In this context, efficient but also affordable genotyping systems are needed for positive identification of criminals in incidences of sexual violence. The aim of this study was therefore to develop non-commercial Y-STR genotyping systems suitable for sexual assault cases in South Africa. Y-chromosome STR loci constituting the minimal haplotype are still the most widely used loci in investigating sexual assault cases despite the fact that DYS391 and DYS392 have shown low levels of polymorphism in Xhosa populations in Cape Town. The minimal haplotype was, therefore, further investigated in the Cape Muslim population. The Cape Muslim population generally exhibited high GD values among all the South African populations. These values were higher than 0.5 for most loci, and ranged from 0.447 for DYS391 to 0.957 for DYS385. The highest number of alleles in most loci was also recorded in this population. The overall assessment of the minimal haplotype has shown that this system is still a useful in investigating sexual assault case in many South African subpopulations. Therefore the exercise of internal validation of the minimal haplotype system was successfully carried out in the laboratory. iii The properties of additional novel and widely used STRs were also investigated in this study. Loci were successfully sequenced and allele nomenclature was assigned to them according to the ISFG guidelines.</p>

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the power of discrimination and genetic (diversity) parameters in the Y chromosome extended haploytpe markers in populations of Tanzania for forensic and populations studies. Eleven Y chromosome extended haplotype markers were selected for this study, these includes Minimal haplotypes markers i.e. DYS19, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385a/b, DYS389I/II and two additional markers DYS438 and DYS439. Six populations of Tanzania were investigated under this study. These populations were selected based on the language family categories / Niger Congo (Kuria and Sukuma), Nilo Saharan (Luo and Maasai) and Afro Asiatic (Iraqw and Alagwa).

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the power of discrimination and genetic(diversity) parameters in the Y chromosome extended haploytpe markers in populations of Tanzania for forensic and populations studies. Eleven Y chromosome extended haplotype markers were selected for this study, these includes Minimal haplotypes markers i.e. DYS19, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385a/b, DYS389I/II and two additional markers DYS438 and DYS439. Six populations of Tanzania were investigated under this study. These populations were selected based on the language family categories; Niger Congo (Kuria and Sukuma), Nilo Saharan (Luo and Maasai) and Afro Asiatic (Iraqw and Alagwa).Buccal swabs were collected from unrelated males from Mwanza province (Sukuma),Mara (Kuria and Luo), Arusha (Maasai and Iraqw) and Dodoma province (Alagwa).Samples were typed using ABI 377 Genetic Analyser (Applied Biosystem) followed by analysis using softwares Gelprocessor, GeneScan 3.0.0 (Applied Biosystems) and Genotyper 3.7 (Applied Biosystems). The data obtained were analysed by GenePop 4.0,Arlequin 3.11 and Genetix v.4.05.2 software packages. Analyses such as AMOVA, Fst population pairwise comparison, Factorial component Analysis were used to obtain Allele frequency, haplotype frequency, gene diversities among various loci and levels of gene flow between populations.For the overall individuals, the highest Gene Diversity value was 0.8251 (DYS385) and the lowest was 0.2723 (DYS392). The overall Haplotype Diversity was 0.9984 and Discrimination capacity resulted 84.27%. A total of 225 distinct haplotypes were identified in 267 individuals, 28 were shared, the most frequent haplotype was present in 5 individuals. The levels of genetic diversity for the haplotypes per group as revealed by haplotype diversities confirmed that the most diverse group being Sukuma, Kuria,Iraqw, Maasai, Luo and Alagwa being the least diverse. The Discrimination capacity of these set of markers showed the highest value in Sukuma population (100%) subsequently followed by Iraqw, Luo, Maasai, Kuria and Alagwa (78.38%) being the lowest. Analysis of Molecular Variance showed a significant differentiation among populations, 93.96% of variance was found within population and 6.04% among population. Population pairwise results between all population pairs (except Sukuma and kuria and Alagwa and Luo) showed significant results (P < 0.05). Genetic heterogeneity that was found among Tanzanian populations could not be attributed to language barriers but was largely being contributed by a limited level of gene flow between these populations due to different ethnical, social, cultural and historical backgrounds between them. All Y chromosome extended haplotype loci used in this study (except DYS392 and DYS391 which showed the lowest level of polymorphism) were found to be likely useful for forensic application in Tanzania. Furthermore the extended haplotype markers used in this study may be useful in the establishment of the National DNA database following the enactment of the Human DNA Legislation in Tanzania (http://www.parliament.go.tz). / Magister Scientiae - MSc

The mode of reproduction can greatly influence the demography and the evolutionary success of the taxon. In the case of autonomous asexual formation seeds are apomictic taxa fully independent of pollinators and compatible partners. For sexual taxa with strict autoincompatibility it is the opposite, i.e. sexual taxa need pollinators and compatible partners for birth of offspring. Therefore, in marginal population and for more extreme situation with lower pollinating activity will have apomictic taxa a higher level of reproductive assurance than sexual taxa vascular plants. This hypothesis was tested in natural populations of apomictic and sexual taxa. In the diploma thesis we therefore investigate the method mode of reproduction and reproductive assurance of 52 taxa of the genus Hieracium s. str. (family Asteraceae) in Europe. Of these, 12 were diploid sexually diploid taxa and 42 polyploid apomictic reproductive taxa. From these taxa we harvested seeds from fully developed capitulum and we determined the potential (total number of seeds in the capitulum) and the realized (the percentage of well-developed seeds at the capitulum). The ploidy of the offspring (the embryos and the seedling) and method origins of seeds we examined using flow cytometry. The results show that the plants of diploid species...

Magister Scientiae - MSc / Sexual assault is a significant problem facing the South African society. In this context, efficient but also affordable genotyping systems are needed for positive identification of criminals in incidences of sexual violence. The aim of this study was therefore to develop non-commercial Y-STR genotyping systems suitable for sexual assault cases in South Africa. Y-chromosome STR loci constituting the minimal haplotype are still the most widely used loci in investigating sexual assault cases despite the fact that DYS391 and DYS392 have shown low levels of polymorphism in Xhosa populations in Cape Town. The minimal haplotype was, therefore, further investigated in the Cape Muslim population. The Cape Muslim population generally exhibited high GD values among all the South African populations. These values were higher than 0.5 for most loci, and ranged from 0.447 for DYS391 to 0.957 for DYS385. The highest number of alleles in most loci was also recorded in this population. The overall assessment of the minimal haplotype has shown that this system is still a useful in investigating sexual assault case in many South African subpopulations. Therefore the exercise of internal validation of the minimal haplotype system was successfully carried out in the laboratory. The properties of additional novel and widely used STRs were also investigated in this study. Loci were successfully sequenced and allele nomenclature was assigned to them according to the ISFG guidelines. / South Africa

Magister Scientiae - MSc / The aim of the present study was to evaluate the power of discrimination and genetic (diversity) parameters in the Y chromosome extended haploytpe markers in populations of Tanzania for forensic and populations studies. Eleven Y chromosome extended haplotype markers were selected for this study, these includes Minimal haplotypes markers i.e. DYS19, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385a/b, DYS389I/II and two additional markers DYS438 and DYS439. Six populations of Tanzania were investigated under this study. These populations were selected based on the language family categories; Niger Congo (Kuria and Sukuma), Nilo Saharan (Luo and Maasai) and Afro Asiatic (Iraqw and Alagwa). / South Africa