In Sweden spent nuclear fuel is planned to be placed 500 m down in the bedrock. The spent nuclear fuel will be contained in copper canisters. The reason behind the selection of copper is its thermodynamic stability against corrosion in the depository. The copper will be exposed to mechanical loading and will be plastically deformed due to creep. The canisters will be sealed by friction stir welding. Since the canisters have to survive intact for many thousands of years, the properties of the welds are critical. Oxygen free P-doped copper (Cu-OFP) is selected for its excellent creep ductility properties and corrosion resistance. In this thesis work creep ductility behavior of friction stir welded copper chosen at different areas of the weld is evaluated by using the test slow strain rate tensile test. Samples are chosen at different weld areas namely weld, cross weld and HAZ. A sum of 21 specimens is tested. These tests are achieved at three various strain rates and each rate are carried out at three different temperatures. The strain rates used for tests are 1e-4, 3e-6 and 1e-7 [1/s]. The samples are strained until rupture, 20% and 5% of the gauge length. Yield strength and tensile strength are usually decreasing with increasing temperature and at higher temperature the material can be easily deformed. Few strange behaviors are also observed for the samples from HAZ areas at strain rate 1e-7[1/s]. The experimental results are justified by using the Knock-Mecking model. The parametersand ω were evaluated by curve fitting method.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a caracterização experimental e modelagem constitutiva do comportamento de metais CFC (Cúbicos de Face Centrada) policristalinos quando submetidos a altas taxas de deformação. O material empregado no desenvolvimento do trabalho é uma liga de alumínio comercialmente pura: o alumínio AA1050. No âmbito da presente investigação, os experimentos são conduzidos à temperatura ambiente. O desenvolvimento experimental tem por objetivo evidenciar as principais características constitutivas que descrevem o comportamento macroscópico desta classe de metais quando submetidos a processos de deformação envolvendo altas taxas de deformação: (i) o endurecimento induzido pela deformação; (ii) o endurecimento induzido pela taxa de deformação; e (iii) a sensibilidade instantânea em relação à taxa de deformação. Para a caracterização de cada uma destes aspectos constitutivos, são realizados experimentos específicos utilizando equipamentos desenvolvidos, em sua maioria, no contexto da presente investigação. De forma geral, os experimentos consistem em ensaios de compressão envolvendo uma ampla faixa de taxas de deformação, variando desde condições quasi-estáticas a taxas na ordem de 104 s−1. Os resultados experimentais, juntamente com evidências experimentais macro e microscópicas disponíveis na literatura, dão suporte ao desenvolvimento de um modelo constitutivo elasto-viscoplástico. A formulação constitutiva segue uma abordagem semi-física, na qual a escolha das variáveis inelásticas e proposição de suas regras de evolução são qualitativamente guiadas por considerações metalúrgicas baseadas no acúmulo e organização de discordâncias O modelo proposto, embora consista em uma abordagem simplificada quando comparado a modelos de base física, é capaz de representar separadamente cada uma das características constitutivas destacadas anteriormente. Com base nos resultados experimentais aqui obtidos, o modelo elasto-viscoplástico proposto é então ajustado e posteriormente validado. Na sequência é desenvolvida a formulação numérica relacionada ao modelo proposto. A abordagem como um todo é inserida em um contexto de deformações finitas seguindo uma descrição Lagrangiana Total. O desenvolvimento numérico descreve o procedimento utilizado para solução de problemas de equilíbrio não lineares seguindo uma formulação incremental implícita empregando o método dos elementos finitos. Em um contexto local, é utilizado um esquema de integração implícito seguindo um mapeamento exponencial. A linearização das equações de mapeamento de retorno possibilita a derivação analítica do módulo tangente consistente. O modelo constitutivo, bem como o procedimento numérico, são utilizados para a solução de problemas numéricos clássicos como: ensaio de compressão em condições de deformações homogêneas, e compressão envolvendo contato com atrito. As simulações numéricas avaliam tanto a capacidade constitutiva do modelo proposto em descrever o comportamento de estruturas quando deformadas sob condições envolvendo elevadas taxas de deformação, quanto à eficiência do procedimento numérico a partir de análises de convergência Em conclusão, com o procedimento experimental adotado é possível evidenciar as principais características macroscópicas inerentes ao comportamento de metais quando submetidos a processos de deformação envolvendo altas velocidades. Além disso, com base nos resultados analíticos e numéricos, observa-se que o modelo constitutivo proposto é capaz de reproduzir de forma satisfatória os comportamentos evidenciados experimentalmente. / The present work aims at performing the experimental characterization and constitutive modeling associated with the mechanical behavior of polycrystalline FCC (Face Centered Cubic) metals when subjected to high strain-rate deformations. The material to be employed in the experiments is a commercially pure aluminum alloy: aluminum AA1050. Within the present investigation context, experiments are performed at room temperatures. The primary objective of the laboratory experiments is to assess the main constitutive features associated with the macroscopic mechanical behavior observed for FCC metals subjected to high strain-rate deformation processes: (i) strain-hardening; (ii) strain-rate-hardening; and (iii) instantaneous rate-sensitivity. In order to characterize each constitutive feature, experiments using equipments specifically devised to achieve the objectives are performed. The laboratory investigation consists of compression tests involving a wide strain-rate range, from quasi-static conditions to strain-rates of the order of 104 s−1. Experimental results together with micro and macroscopic experimental evidences available in the literature give support to the development of a elastic-viscoplastic model. The stress-strain formulation follows a semi-physical approach, in which inelastic variables and their evolution equations are qualitatively motivated by metallurgical considerations based on the storage and arrangement of dislocations. Although its simplified nature when compared to physically-based models, the proposed model is capable of representing separately each one of the constitutive features highlighted early In addition, in analogy to the stress-strain proposition, a model describing the material hardness evolution in terms of strain and strain-rate histories is also provided. Based on the obtained experimental results, the proposed elastic-viscoplastic and hardness evolution models are adjusted and then validated. The corresponding stress-strain numerical formulation is developed in a subsequent step. The approach as a whole is integrated into finite strain framework following a Total Lagrangian description. The procedure employed to solve nonlinear equilibrium problem follows an implicit incremental formulation implemented in the context of the finite element method. At a local level, an implicit integration scheme based on an exponential mapping is adopted. From linearization of return mapping equations, an analytical consistent tangent modulus is obtained. Both constitutive model and numerical approach are employed to simulated classical problems: a compression test involving homogeneous deformation and a compression test involving contact and frictional conditions. Numerical simulations evaluate the constitutive capabilities associated with the proposed model when predicting the structural behavior at high strain-rate loadings. Furthermore, numerical efficiency and robustness related to the present procedure are also assessed by means of convergence analysis. While the adopted experimental procedure gave fundamental evidences of the main macroscopic features inherent in the metallic material behavior when subjected to high strain-rate deformations, the analytical and numerical results demonstrated that the proposed constitutive model is able to suitably reproduce the observed behavior.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a caracterização experimental e modelagem constitutiva do comportamento de metais CFC (Cúbicos de Face Centrada) policristalinos quando submetidos a altas taxas de deformação. O material empregado no desenvolvimento do trabalho é uma liga de alumínio comercialmente pura: o alumínio AA1050. No âmbito da presente investigação, os experimentos são conduzidos à temperatura ambiente. O desenvolvimento experimental tem por objetivo evidenciar as principais características constitutivas que descrevem o comportamento macroscópico desta classe de metais quando submetidos a processos de deformação envolvendo altas taxas de deformação: (i) o endurecimento induzido pela deformação; (ii) o endurecimento induzido pela taxa de deformação; e (iii) a sensibilidade instantânea em relação à taxa de deformação. Para a caracterização de cada uma destes aspectos constitutivos, são realizados experimentos específicos utilizando equipamentos desenvolvidos, em sua maioria, no contexto da presente investigação. De forma geral, os experimentos consistem em ensaios de compressão envolvendo uma ampla faixa de taxas de deformação, variando desde condições quasi-estáticas a taxas na ordem de 104 s−1. Os resultados experimentais, juntamente com evidências experimentais macro e microscópicas disponíveis na literatura, dão suporte ao desenvolvimento de um modelo constitutivo elasto-viscoplástico. A formulação constitutiva segue uma abordagem semi-física, na qual a escolha das variáveis inelásticas e proposição de suas regras de evolução são qualitativamente guiadas por considerações metalúrgicas baseadas no acúmulo e organização de discordâncias O modelo proposto, embora consista em uma abordagem simplificada quando comparado a modelos de base física, é capaz de representar separadamente cada uma das características constitutivas destacadas anteriormente. Com base nos resultados experimentais aqui obtidos, o modelo elasto-viscoplástico proposto é então ajustado e posteriormente validado. Na sequência é desenvolvida a formulação numérica relacionada ao modelo proposto. A abordagem como um todo é inserida em um contexto de deformações finitas seguindo uma descrição Lagrangiana Total. O desenvolvimento numérico descreve o procedimento utilizado para solução de problemas de equilíbrio não lineares seguindo uma formulação incremental implícita empregando o método dos elementos finitos. Em um contexto local, é utilizado um esquema de integração implícito seguindo um mapeamento exponencial. A linearização das equações de mapeamento de retorno possibilita a derivação analítica do módulo tangente consistente. O modelo constitutivo, bem como o procedimento numérico, são utilizados para a solução de problemas numéricos clássicos como: ensaio de compressão em condições de deformações homogêneas, e compressão envolvendo contato com atrito. As simulações numéricas avaliam tanto a capacidade constitutiva do modelo proposto em descrever o comportamento de estruturas quando deformadas sob condições envolvendo elevadas taxas de deformação, quanto à eficiência do procedimento numérico a partir de análises de convergência Em conclusão, com o procedimento experimental adotado é possível evidenciar as principais características macroscópicas inerentes ao comportamento de metais quando submetidos a processos de deformação envolvendo altas velocidades. Além disso, com base nos resultados analíticos e numéricos, observa-se que o modelo constitutivo proposto é capaz de reproduzir de forma satisfatória os comportamentos evidenciados experimentalmente. / The present work aims at performing the experimental characterization and constitutive modeling associated with the mechanical behavior of polycrystalline FCC (Face Centered Cubic) metals when subjected to high strain-rate deformations. The material to be employed in the experiments is a commercially pure aluminum alloy: aluminum AA1050. Within the present investigation context, experiments are performed at room temperatures. The primary objective of the laboratory experiments is to assess the main constitutive features associated with the macroscopic mechanical behavior observed for FCC metals subjected to high strain-rate deformation processes: (i) strain-hardening; (ii) strain-rate-hardening; and (iii) instantaneous rate-sensitivity. In order to characterize each constitutive feature, experiments using equipments specifically devised to achieve the objectives are performed. The laboratory investigation consists of compression tests involving a wide strain-rate range, from quasi-static conditions to strain-rates of the order of 104 s−1. Experimental results together with micro and macroscopic experimental evidences available in the literature give support to the development of a elastic-viscoplastic model. The stress-strain formulation follows a semi-physical approach, in which inelastic variables and their evolution equations are qualitatively motivated by metallurgical considerations based on the storage and arrangement of dislocations. Although its simplified nature when compared to physically-based models, the proposed model is capable of representing separately each one of the constitutive features highlighted early In addition, in analogy to the stress-strain proposition, a model describing the material hardness evolution in terms of strain and strain-rate histories is also provided. Based on the obtained experimental results, the proposed elastic-viscoplastic and hardness evolution models are adjusted and then validated. The corresponding stress-strain numerical formulation is developed in a subsequent step. The approach as a whole is integrated into finite strain framework following a Total Lagrangian description. The procedure employed to solve nonlinear equilibrium problem follows an implicit incremental formulation implemented in the context of the finite element method. At a local level, an implicit integration scheme based on an exponential mapping is adopted. From linearization of return mapping equations, an analytical consistent tangent modulus is obtained. Both constitutive model and numerical approach are employed to simulated classical problems: a compression test involving homogeneous deformation and a compression test involving contact and frictional conditions. Numerical simulations evaluate the constitutive capabilities associated with the proposed model when predicting the structural behavior at high strain-rate loadings. Furthermore, numerical efficiency and robustness related to the present procedure are also assessed by means of convergence analysis. While the adopted experimental procedure gave fundamental evidences of the main macroscopic features inherent in the metallic material behavior when subjected to high strain-rate deformations, the analytical and numerical results demonstrated that the proposed constitutive model is able to suitably reproduce the observed behavior.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a caracterização experimental e modelagem constitutiva do comportamento de metais CFC (Cúbicos de Face Centrada) policristalinos quando submetidos a altas taxas de deformação. O material empregado no desenvolvimento do trabalho é uma liga de alumínio comercialmente pura: o alumínio AA1050. No âmbito da presente investigação, os experimentos são conduzidos à temperatura ambiente. O desenvolvimento experimental tem por objetivo evidenciar as principais características constitutivas que descrevem o comportamento macroscópico desta classe de metais quando submetidos a processos de deformação envolvendo altas taxas de deformação: (i) o endurecimento induzido pela deformação; (ii) o endurecimento induzido pela taxa de deformação; e (iii) a sensibilidade instantânea em relação à taxa de deformação. Para a caracterização de cada uma destes aspectos constitutivos, são realizados experimentos específicos utilizando equipamentos desenvolvidos, em sua maioria, no contexto da presente investigação. De forma geral, os experimentos consistem em ensaios de compressão envolvendo uma ampla faixa de taxas de deformação, variando desde condições quasi-estáticas a taxas na ordem de 104 s−1. Os resultados experimentais, juntamente com evidências experimentais macro e microscópicas disponíveis na literatura, dão suporte ao desenvolvimento de um modelo constitutivo elasto-viscoplástico. A formulação constitutiva segue uma abordagem semi-física, na qual a escolha das variáveis inelásticas e proposição de suas regras de evolução são qualitativamente guiadas por considerações metalúrgicas baseadas no acúmulo e organização de discordâncias O modelo proposto, embora consista em uma abordagem simplificada quando comparado a modelos de base física, é capaz de representar separadamente cada uma das características constitutivas destacadas anteriormente. Com base nos resultados experimentais aqui obtidos, o modelo elasto-viscoplástico proposto é então ajustado e posteriormente validado. Na sequência é desenvolvida a formulação numérica relacionada ao modelo proposto. A abordagem como um todo é inserida em um contexto de deformações finitas seguindo uma descrição Lagrangiana Total. O desenvolvimento numérico descreve o procedimento utilizado para solução de problemas de equilíbrio não lineares seguindo uma formulação incremental implícita empregando o método dos elementos finitos. Em um contexto local, é utilizado um esquema de integração implícito seguindo um mapeamento exponencial. A linearização das equações de mapeamento de retorno possibilita a derivação analítica do módulo tangente consistente. O modelo constitutivo, bem como o procedimento numérico, são utilizados para a solução de problemas numéricos clássicos como: ensaio de compressão em condições de deformações homogêneas, e compressão envolvendo contato com atrito. As simulações numéricas avaliam tanto a capacidade constitutiva do modelo proposto em descrever o comportamento de estruturas quando deformadas sob condições envolvendo elevadas taxas de deformação, quanto à eficiência do procedimento numérico a partir de análises de convergência Em conclusão, com o procedimento experimental adotado é possível evidenciar as principais características macroscópicas inerentes ao comportamento de metais quando submetidos a processos de deformação envolvendo altas velocidades. Além disso, com base nos resultados analíticos e numéricos, observa-se que o modelo constitutivo proposto é capaz de reproduzir de forma satisfatória os comportamentos evidenciados experimentalmente. / The present work aims at performing the experimental characterization and constitutive modeling associated with the mechanical behavior of polycrystalline FCC (Face Centered Cubic) metals when subjected to high strain-rate deformations. The material to be employed in the experiments is a commercially pure aluminum alloy: aluminum AA1050. Within the present investigation context, experiments are performed at room temperatures. The primary objective of the laboratory experiments is to assess the main constitutive features associated with the macroscopic mechanical behavior observed for FCC metals subjected to high strain-rate deformation processes: (i) strain-hardening; (ii) strain-rate-hardening; and (iii) instantaneous rate-sensitivity. In order to characterize each constitutive feature, experiments using equipments specifically devised to achieve the objectives are performed. The laboratory investigation consists of compression tests involving a wide strain-rate range, from quasi-static conditions to strain-rates of the order of 104 s−1. Experimental results together with micro and macroscopic experimental evidences available in the literature give support to the development of a elastic-viscoplastic model. The stress-strain formulation follows a semi-physical approach, in which inelastic variables and their evolution equations are qualitatively motivated by metallurgical considerations based on the storage and arrangement of dislocations. Although its simplified nature when compared to physically-based models, the proposed model is capable of representing separately each one of the constitutive features highlighted early In addition, in analogy to the stress-strain proposition, a model describing the material hardness evolution in terms of strain and strain-rate histories is also provided. Based on the obtained experimental results, the proposed elastic-viscoplastic and hardness evolution models are adjusted and then validated. The corresponding stress-strain numerical formulation is developed in a subsequent step. The approach as a whole is integrated into finite strain framework following a Total Lagrangian description. The procedure employed to solve nonlinear equilibrium problem follows an implicit incremental formulation implemented in the context of the finite element method. At a local level, an implicit integration scheme based on an exponential mapping is adopted. From linearization of return mapping equations, an analytical consistent tangent modulus is obtained. Both constitutive model and numerical approach are employed to simulated classical problems: a compression test involving homogeneous deformation and a compression test involving contact and frictional conditions. Numerical simulations evaluate the constitutive capabilities associated with the proposed model when predicting the structural behavior at high strain-rate loadings. Furthermore, numerical efficiency and robustness related to the present procedure are also assessed by means of convergence analysis. While the adopted experimental procedure gave fundamental evidences of the main macroscopic features inherent in the metallic material behavior when subjected to high strain-rate deformations, the analytical and numerical results demonstrated that the proposed constitutive model is able to suitably reproduce the observed behavior.

Most of the research on high strain rate effects on wood since the 1950s has been on impact loading. Very limited work has been conducted on full-scale wood specimens under blast loading. In North America, the prevalence of these structures makes them susceptible to unintended blast effects. The question on how to retrofit and protect these structures against blast loads has still not been addressed adequately, and design provisions for new wood structures against blast are not comprehensive. Far-field explosion effects were simulated using the University of Ottawa shock tube. Twenty-five light-frame wood stud walls were tested dynamically. The research program aimed to determine the response of light-frame wood stud walls to blast loads that correspond to the heavy to blow-out damage levels. The results showed that, under idealized simply supported end conditions, the stud walls failed in flexure. Under heavier loads, ripping of sheathing commonly used in light-frame wood structures was observed, which caused premature failure of the assembly because the load was not fully distributed to the studs. The use of stiffer sheathing or reinforcing the sheathing provided a better load path and the wall was capable of reaching its full capacity. The effect of using realistic boundary connection details was investigated, and the results showed that typical connection detailing performed poorly under blast loads. Designed steel brackets connecting the studs to the rim-joist allowed for the studs to reach their full capacity. An analytical single degree-of-freedom model was generated using material properties obtained from static testing. The model was validated using the experimental results from the shock tube testing. Also, a catcher system consisting of welded-wire-mesh was incorporated into the wall system in order to diminish debris throw.

No description available.

Cette thèse met l'accent sur la recherche scientifique pour développer une classe de procédés à hautesvitesses de déformation des tôles métalliques en alliages d'aluminium et en acier à haute résistance (AHR).Ces technologies emploient une impulsion de pression de courte durée qui propulse la tôle dans une matrice.Ces procédés sont généralement décrits comme procédés de formage par impulsion de pression (PPF). Letravail proposé dans ce mémoire de thèse a permis de surmonter trois obstacles pour l'utilisation desprocédés PPF et la fabrication à moindre coût de structures légères. Le premier obstacle a été le manque decorrélation entre formabilité et vitesses de déformation qui se développent lors d’un procédé PPF. Nous avonsproposé d’analyser la formabilité et la rupture des tôles, et de caractériser les vitesses de déformation et leurl'hétérogénéité pendant le procédé PPF. Le deuxième obstacle a été le manque de lois constitutives validéespour les métaux déformés par le procédé PPF. Nous avons étudié la microstructure et l'évolution despropriétés mécaniques durant le procédé PPF. Le troisième obstacle est le manque de modèles de formabilitéprédictifs validés pour le procédé PPF. Nous avons utilisé la méthode Marciniak-Kuczynski pour la prédictionde la formabilité de l’alliage AA5182 et de l’acier DP600 sous un large éventail de vitesses de déformation etsous différentes directions de ces vitesses. La combinaison de ces résultats de recherche permet une plusgrande capacité prédictive pour concevoir et développer des procédés PPF pour composants d’automobiledésirés à partir d'aluminium et d’acier AHR. / This thesis focuses on scientific investigation to develop and enable a class of high strain ratesheet metal forming of aluminum alloys and advanced high strength steel (AHSS). These technologiesemploy a short duration pressure‐pulse to drive sheet metal into single‐sided dies, and can generally bedescribed as pulse pressure forming (PPF) processes. The work under this thesis has overcome threetechnical barriers to using PPF processing for more cost effective lightweight vehicles. The first technicalbarrier was the lack of understanding of the interrelationship between formability and measured strainrates that develop during PPF processing. The work under this thesis investigated the formability andfracture of sheet metals during PPF, and characterized the strain rate and the strain rate heterogeneity.The second technical barrier was the lack of a validated constitutive model for lightweight materialsduring PPF processing. The work under this thesis investigated the microstructure and mechanicalproperty evolution in metals during PPF. The third technical barrier was the lack of validated andpredictive formability models for PPF processes. The work under this thesis used the Marciniak andKuczynski method of formability prediction to predict the formability of both aluminum alloy AA5182and AHSS alloy DP600 across a wide range of strain rates and strain rate directions. The combination ofthese research results permits a more predictive capacity to design and develop PPF manufacturingprocesses for a desired automotive component made from aluminum alloys and AHSS.

La thèse de Monsieur Jeunechamps est intitulée "Simulation numérique, à l'aide d'algorithmes thermomécaniques implicites, de matériaux endommageables pouvant subir de grandes vitesses de déformation. Application aux structures aéronautiques soumises à impact". Elle comporte neuf chapitres et deux annexes. La bibliographie compte 285 références. Les développements informatiques ont été implémentés dans le code de calcul par éléments finis Metafor, développé au sein du département LTAS-MC&T et MN²L de l'Université de Liège. Le travail est divisé en trois parties principales. La première partie (chapitres 2 à 4) concerne la description et la modélisation thermomécanique des phénomènes à dynamique rapide sans dégradation irréversible des propriétés du matériau utilisé. La deuxième partie (chapitres 5 à 7) est consacrée à l'étude du comportement des matériaux dits endommageables éventuellement soumis à rupture, c'est-à-dire des matériaux dont les propriétés se dégradent de façon irréversible au cours de la déformation. La troisième partie (chapitre 8) est une application à l'échelle industrielle des méthodes proposées tout au long de cet ouvrage. Le chapitre 2 propose un inventaire des lois constitutives des matériaux, permettant de décrire le comportement de la structure lors de sollicitations rapides. L'accent est mis sur les principales lois d'évolution de la limite élastique implémentées dans les codes de calcul commerciaux, ainsi que sur les variantes de ces lois d'évolution. L'aspect numérique de l'intégration thermomécanique de ces lois est également abordé. Le deuxième aspect abordé dans cette première partie concerne les algorithmes d'intégration temporelle des équations de conservation de la quantité de mouvement. Le chapitre 3 décrit les algorithmes d'intégration utilisés dans ce travail, en mettant l'accent sur l'aspect dynamique et le couplage thermomécanique des phénomènes à dynamique rapide. Le chapitre 4 présente quelques applications illustrant les méthodes de calcul utilisées et permettant la validation de l'implémentation des modèles programmés dans Metafor. Les comparaisons sont effectuées dans la mesure du possible par rapport à des données expérimentales quand celles-ci sont disponibles et également par rapport à des résultats issus de codes de calcul commerciaux. Le chapitre 5 présente une modélisation de la dégradation du matériau au cours de la déformation. En effet, le matériau, sous l'effet des sollicitations et des efforts résultants, perd de ses propriétés de résistance à l'effort, et ce, de manière irréversible. Il est alors endommagé. Dans ce travail, nous avons choisi d'utiliser la théorie de l'endommagement continu pour décrire ces phénomènes. Le chapitre 5 rappelle les fondements de cette théorie ainsi que les principales lois d'endommagement continu. Une méthode générale et originale d'intégration de ces modèles d'endommagement est également proposée. Une fois que la structure est soumise à de trop fortes sollicitations, la rupture consécutive à l'endommagement du matériau apparaît. Le chapitre 6 décrit la méthode numérique développée pour modéliser le déchirement d'une structure ainsi que les différents critères de rupture utilisés. Encore une fois, nous nous limitons à une approche phénoménologique et pragmatique : il ne s'agit pas ici d'implémenter des critères complexes multi-échelles. Cependant, la structure du code de calcul est conçue pour permettre aisément de telles extensions. Le chapitre 7 présente une série d'applications permettant de valider l'implémentation des lois d'endommagement et de rupture ainsi que la formulation proposée de la théorie d'endommagement. Nous étudierons également le coût CPU engendré par la modélisation de l'endommagement et de la rupture du matériau. Enfin, le chapitre 8 présente une application industrielle proposée par la société Techspace Aero S.A. Il s'agit de l'étude du flambement d'une aube de compresseur basse pression d'un moteur d'avion lors du contact accidentel de celle-ci avec le carter du moteur. Tous les développements présentés dans les chapitres précédents sont alors utilisés pour simuler au mieux le phénomène. Les apports principaux du travail sont les suivants : utilisation d'algorithmes thermomécaniques de type étagé, dont l'intégration temporelle des équations de conservation du mouvement prend en compte les effets d'inertie ; amélioration de la technique d'intégration des lois constitutives avec endommagement, utilisant la théorie de l'endommagement continu, par l'utilisation d'un algorithme itératif ; méthode unifiée de calcul de la matrice de raideur tangente matérielle analytique pour un matériau hypoélastique avec endommagement, selon la théorie de l'endommagement continu, dans le cadre thermomécanique ; couplage thermomécanique général des modèles d'endommagement et des lois constitutives à grandes vitesses de déformation ; utilisation d'algorithmes implicites thermomécaniques dans la modélisation de la déchirure de structure par la méthode d'érosion ; établissement d'une plate-forme numérique d'accueil permettant l'implémentation future de lois matérielles, avec ou sans endommagement, ainsi que de techniques de modélisation de propagation de fissure ; processus complet de description d'un phénomène d'impact, par la modélisation du comportement thermomécanique du matériau par des lois de comportement avec endommagement adaptées au phénomène étudié et l'utilisation d'algorithmes implicites couplés à une méthode de déchirure de la structure.

Engineered wood products (EWP) are becoming extremely popular and a viable material option for the construction of residential, commercial, and hybrid buildings. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is among one of the many EWP available in North America, which can be utilized for many different applications such as: walls, floors, and roofs. Despite the available requirements in the Canadian blast design standard (CSA, 2012) with regard to the design of wood structures, there are currently no provisions on how to retrofit timber structures to improve their performance when subjected to blast loads. The current study is aimed at investigating the effect of different retrofitting alternatives in order to improve the overall behaviour of CLT when exposed to out-of-plane bending. The experimental program examined the behaviour of seventeen reinforced CLT slabs. Testing was conducted at the University of Ottawa by means of a shock tube capable of simulating high strain rates similar to those experienced during a blast event. The current study was divided into two phases. The first consisted of CLT slabs retrofitted with steel straps where strap spacing, location, and order of installation was investigated. The second phase focused on the development of dynamic properties of CLT panels when reinforced with GFRP. Lay-up configuration and fabric orientation were among the parameters explored. The results from the experimental program show that reinforcing the panels with steel straps had minimal effect on the ultimate strength, but significant levels of post peak resistance and ductility was achieved. The horizontal straps were able to restrict the failure to small regions and to promote flexural failure by preventing rolling shear failure. It also eliminated flying debris and enhanced the ultimate strength, stiffness as well as ductility. Applying GFRP layers enhanced the overall behaviour of the slab resulting in a significant increase in peak resistance, ductility, and stiffness when compared to the dynamic results of an unretrofitted panel. The post peak resistance was also greatly improved. In particular, applying stacked quadraxial lay-up configuration significantly improved the ductility and resulted in the greatest post peak resistance. The effect of steel straps on damaged and retrofitted was relatively minimal, and only partial recovery of the resistance and the stiffness was achieved. GFRP with full confinement yielded better performance compared to the unretrofitted and undamaged counterpart. More work is needed to quantify the benefits of using GFRP in these applications.

The formation of plastic strains in non-cohesive soils due to large number of loading cycles is a phenomenon of great importance in geotechnical and civil engineering. It constitutes a considerable cause for failures and deformations in various types of engineering applications including pavements. Strain accumulation due to cyclic loading has been studied for years through different models. This thesis reviews various models and focuses on the Bochum model through which, the most contributing soil and traffic parameters on permanent strains formation in pavement subgrades can be figured out. This represents the base for studying the serviceability of increasing the gross weights of vehicles that affect the behavior and size of cyclic loading. This was discussed through investigating the efficacy of increasing the number of vehicle axles and through increasing the vehicle gross weight while keeping the number of axles to check their impacts at the levels of strain formation in soil and consequently on its deformation. The results showed a considerable difference in settlements after changing the axle configurations of vehicles through increasing its number of axles. The work is expected to open a new area of scientific research in pavement designs seeking for ideal configurations of vehicle axles and to provide an advanced approach for studying soil deformations due to higher cyclic loadings.