O σχεδιασμός και η ανάπτυξη μιας σύγχρονης αεροναυπηγικής κατασκευής περιλαμβάνει ως επιμέρους φάσεις (μεταξύ άλλων) τον αρχικό και τον προκαταρκτικό σχεδιασμό. Οι φάσεις αυτές έχουν ιδιαίτερη σημασία διότι εκεί δίνεται η αρχική μορφή και οι διαστάσεις της κατασκευής. Είναι γεγονός ότι η συμβατική σχεδίαση των βασικών δομικών στοιχείων των αεροσκαφών έχει φτάσει σε πολύ υψηλό επίπεδο βελτιστοποίησης που επιδέχεται πλέον μόνο μικρά περιθώρια περαιτέρω βελτίωσης. Οι σύγχρονες όμως απαιτήσεις των ελαφρών κατασκευών, όπως δραστική μείωση του βάρους, αύξηση του ωφέλιμου φορτίου κτλ. ωθεί τις αεροναυπηγικές βιομηχανίες στη δημιουργία δομών που ξεφεύγουν από τις παραδοσιακές (μη-συμβατικές δομές). Παράλληλα με τα παραπάνω γίνεται προσπάθεια για μερική αντικατάσταση μεταλλικών υλικών από σύνθετα υλικά στις πρωτεύουσες δομές αεροναυπηγικών κατασκευών. Για να σχεδιαστούν και να εξελιχθούν μη-συμβατικές αεροναυπηγικές δομές χωρίς να καταφύγει κάποιος σε εκτενείς πειραματικές δοκιμές, η σύγχρονη τάση είναι η ανάπτυξη και ο συνδυασμός προτύπων συμπεριφοράς στη λογική της εξομοίωσης των πειραματικών δοκιμών. Η εξομοίωση αυτή επιτυγχάνεται με τη βοήθεια ηλεκτρονικών υπολογιστών και κατάλληλων μεθόδων βασισμένων στη θεωρία των πινάκων (Πεπερασμένα Στοιχεία, Συνοριακά Στοιχεία κλπ.). Στη φάση του αρχικού και προκαταρκτικού σχεδιασμού η εφαρμογή των μεθοδολογιών προσομοίωσης δεν είναι πάντοτε εύκολη και απλή, λόγω των πολλαπλών αλλαγών στη γεωμετρία, το υλικό και τις κατασκευαστικές λεπτομέρειες που πραγματοποιούνται στη δομή κατά την επαναληπτική διαδικασία του σχεδιασμού. Επομένως, η αποκλειστική χρήση αριθμητικών μεθόδων ανάλυσης καθίσταται αναποτελεσματική από άποψη χρονικών απαιτήσεων, αν δεν συνοδεύεται από αναλυτικές ή ημιαναλυτικές προσεγγίσεις επιμέρους προβλημάτων του σχεδιασμού. Βασικό μέρος του προκαταρκτικού σχεδιασμού μιας πτέρυγας μη συμβατικής δομής αποτελεί η αποφυγή της αστοχίας του άνω τμήματός της, διότι οι λεπτότοιχες ενισχυμένες με δοκούς πλάκες που χρησιμοποιούνται στην κατασκευή υφίστανται λυγισμό λόγω των θλιπτικών φορτίσεων που κυρίως παραλαμβάνουν. Η διαστασιολόγηση των σύνθετων πλακών που φέρουν δοκούς ενίσχυσης στις κατασκευές αυτές απαιτούν συνήθως πλήθος επαναληπτικών υπολογισμών για διαφορετικές γεωμετρίες, φορτίσεις, οριακές συνθήκες κλπ. Η εξέταση της κάθε περίπτωσης μεμονωμένα με τη χρήση αριθμητικών μεθόδων καθιστά την επίλυση ολόκληρης της κατασκευής εξαιρετικά χρονοβόρα. Για το λόγο αυτό, στη φάση της αρχικής θεωρητικής μελέτης και της αρχικής διαστασιολόγησης η χρησιμοποίηση αναλυτικών μεθόδων για την εύρεση του κρίσιμου φορτίου λυγισμού πλακών με δοκούς ενίσχυσης οδηγεί στην εξοικονόμηση υπολογιστικού κόστους. Επομένως, η ανάπτυξη αναλυτικών ή ημιαναλυτικών μεθόδων προσδιορισμού των φορτίων λυγισμού ενισχυμένων με δοκούς συνθέτων πλακών και κελυφών θεωρείται πολύ σημαντική. Για τον σκοπό αυτό, στο πλαίσιο αυτής της διατριβής, αναπτύσσονται αναλυτικές και ημιαναλυτικές λύσεις για το λυγισμό πολύστρωτων πλακών ενισχυμένων με ενισχυτικές διαμήκεις δοκούς, οι οποίες ενσωματώνονται σαν κριτήρια στη μέθοδο διαστασιολόγησης της δομής. Η μεθοδολογία συμπληρώνεται με πλήθος άλλων κατάλληλων κριτηρίων για τον έλεγχο της αντοχής των δομικών στοιχείων της πτέρυγας καθώς και με κριτήρια για την επαναδιαστασιολόγηση των στοιχείων κατά την επαναληπτική διαδικασία της βελτιστοποίησης. Με τη μεθοδολογία που αναπτύσσεται διερευνούνται διατάξεις δομής πτερύγων από σύνθετα υλικά με πολυάριθμες κύριες δοκούς. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, αναπτύσσονται αναλυτικές/ημιαναλυτικές λύσεις ολικού και τοπικού λυγισμού πλακών που φέρουν δοκούς ενίσχυσης. Όσον αφορά τον ολικό λυγισμό αναπτύσσεται μια μεθοδολογία που βασίζεται στη μαθηματική μετατροπή μιας πλάκας που φέρει δοκούς ενίσχυσης σε μια ισοδύναμη ομογενή πλάκα. Η αναπτυχθείσα μεθοδολογία ομογενοποίησης των ενισχυμένων πλακών εμφανίζει σημαντικά πλεονεκτήματα σε σύγκριση με τις αντίστοιχες ήδη υπάρχουσες. Παράλληλα, η ενεργειακή μέθοδος Rayleigh-Ritz εφαρμόζεται για τη λύση προβλημάτων λυγισμού μερικώς ανισότροπων πλακών με ενισχυτικές δοκούς από σύνθετα υλικά, λαμβάνοντας διακριτά υπόψη τις ενισχυτικές δοκούς. Όσον αφορά το πρόβλημα του τοπικού λυγισμού, αναπτύσσεται μια νέα μεθοδολογία για την εύρεση των κρίσιμων φορτίων τοπικού λυγισμού λεπτότοιχης πλάκας με χρήση ενεργειακών μεθόδων. Το μαθηματικό μοντέλο που χρησιμοποιείται για την περίπτωση του τοπικού λυγισμού της επικάλυψης είναι η απομόνωση του τμήματος της επικάλυψης μεταξύ δυο ενισχυτικών δοκών και η αντικατάσταση της δυσκαμψίας της υπόλοιπης πλάκας με ελατήρια μεταβλητής δυσκαμψίας. Η μεθοδολογία αυτή επεκτείνεται και στον προσδιορισμό της μεταλυγισμικής συμπεριφοράς μιας πλάκας ενισχυμένης με διαμήκεις δοκούς. Οι παραπάνω μεθοδολογίες υπολογισμού του κρίσιμου φορτίου λυγισμού που αναπτύσσονται, στα πλαίσια αυτής της διατριβής, εφαρμόζονται στη διαστασιολόγηση πτέρυγας μη συμβατικής δομής από σύνθετα υλικά με πολυάριθμες κύριες δοκούς, σε αντίθεση με τις συμβατικές πτέρυγες (με δύο κύριες δοκούς). Η ανάλυση τάσεων της πτέρυγας πραγματοποιείται με τη βοήθεια της μεθόδου των πεπερασμένων στοιχείων. Η τελική διαστασιολόγηση επιτυγχάνεται με επαναληπτική διαδικασία βελτιστοποίησης βασισμένη σε αναλυτικές και ημιαναλυτικές σχέσεις. Με τον τρόπο αυτό, συγκρίνεται λεπτομερώς η συμβατική δομή πτέρυγας με 2 κύριες δοκούς και οι αντίστοιχες πτέρυγες με 4, 5 και 6 κύριες δοκούς. Για την περαιτέρω βελτιστοποίηση της συμπεριφοράς της πτέρυγας, διερευνάται η επίδραση που έχει η αλλαγή των μηχανικών ιδιοτήτων του υλικού και των επιτρεπόμενων ορίων παραμόρφωσης στη δυνατότητα ελαχιστοποίησης της μάζας της πτέρυγας. Υπολογίστηκε ότι κάτω από συγκεκριμένες συνθήκες η χρήση της μη συμβατικής πτέρυγας μπορεί να οδηγήσει σε μείωση μάζας μέχρι και 12%. / The design and development of a modern aerospace structure consists of many design stages. The most important stages are the conceptual and the preliminary where the initial sizing of the structure is obtained. It is known that the conventional design of the aircraft’s main structural members has reached a high optimization level, where margins for further improvement are small. The current demands of the lightweight structures such as weight reduction, payload increase etc. have led the aerospace industries develop unconventional structures and partially substitute the metallic materials of the primary structures with composites. The current trend of designing and evolving unconventional aerospace structures, without performing extended experimental tests, leads to the development of behavior models. The simulation of the experimental tests (through the behavior models) is achieved using high performance computers and numerical methods (Finite Element Method, Boundary Element Method etc). To apply simulation methods during the conceptual and preliminary stage is not an easy task. Most of the difficulties are the numerous geometrical, material parameters and the structural details that alter during the iterative process of the design. So, the exclusive usage of numerical analysis methods becomes very time consuming, if it is not accompanied by analytical or semi analytical methods of the sub-problems of the design. Part of the preliminary design of an unconventional wing structure is to prevent upper skin from failure. The stiffened panels that comprise the upper skin of the wing suffer from buckling due to the applied compressive loads. The sizing of the composite stiffened panels usually requires numerous of iterative calculations for various geometries, loading and boundary conditions etc. The examination of each case separately, with the use of numerical methods, results to time consuming analyses of the entire structure. Therefore, the development of appropriate analytical or semi analytical methods for estimating stiffened panels’ critical buckling load is of great importance. For this purpose, in the present thesis, analytical and semi analytical methodologies are developed for estimating the critical buckling load of stiffened panels. The developed methodologies are incorporated as design criteria in the sizing routine of the entire structure. The sizing routine comprises additional sizing criteria for checking the strength of wing’s structural members at each phase of the iterative process. Applying the developed sizing routine in various wing configurations made of composite materials, multispar wing designs are studied. Specifically, analytical and semi analytical methods for global and local buckling problems of stiffened panels are developed. The methodology of global buckling problems is based on the mathematical conversion of a stiffened panel to an equivalent homogeneous panel. The developed method of homogenization of stiffened panels appears to have significant advantages over the already existed homogenization methods. Additionally, the energy method Rayleigh-Ritz is applied for solving global buckling problems of stiffened panels with partial anisotropy considering discrete stiffeners. Regarding local buckling problems of stiffened panels, a new methodology is developed for estimating the critical local buckling load with the use of energy methods. The approach considers the stiffened panel segment located between two stiffeners, while the remaining panel is replaced by equivalent transverse and rotational springs of varying stiffness, which act as elastic edge supports. The buckling analysis of the segment provides an accurate and conservative prediction of the panel local buckling behavior. Consequently, the developed methodology is extended in the prediction of post-buckling response of stiffened panels where skin has undergone local buckling. The developed methodologies for calculating the critical buckling load are applied for sizing the wing members of an unconventional wing (multispar configuration) from composite materials. An efficient methodology based on fast Finite Element (FE) stress analysis combined to analytically formulated design criteria is presented for the initial sizing of a large scale composite component. A detailed comparison between optimized designs of conventional (2-spar) and three alternative wing configurations which comprise 4-, 5-, and 6-spars for the wing construction is performed. In order to understand the effect of different material properties, as well as the variation of maximum strain level allowed in the total wing mass, parametric analyses are performed for all wing configurations considered. It arises that under certain conditions the multispar configuration demonstrates significant advantages over the conventional design. This would lead to a mass reduction of 12%.

This thesis describes the design concept five-axle balanced trailer / four-axle semi-mounted trailer with swap bodies. The initial point of this work is the search of possible solutions both. The second part of the justification for selection of the very concept design proposal is selected variants. Another point of this work is the analysis of the strength of the chassis frame. Control is mainly engaged deformation and strain analysis in different Load case. The thesis is also drawing documentation. This thesis was developed in cooperation with ZDT Nové Veselí s.r.o.

The predictable nature of the tides offers a regular, reliable source of renewable energy that can be harnessed using tidal stream turbines (TSTs). The UK's practically extractable tidal stream energy resource has the potential to supply around 7 % of the country's annual electricity demand. As of 2016, the world's first commercial scale arrays have been deployed around the UK and France. The harsh nature of the marine operating environment poses a number of engineering challenges, where the optimal turbine design solution remains under investigation. In this thesis, a numerical model is developed to assess the power production and hydrodynamic behaviour of horizontal axis tidal turbines. The developed model builds upon well established and computationally efficient Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT) method for modern three-bladed wind turbines. The main novel contribution of this thesis is extending the application to an alternative design of a ducted, high solidity and open centre TST. A validation study using measurements from multiple different scale model experimental tank tests has proven the applicability of the model and suitability of the imposed correction factors. The analytical modifications to account for ducted flow were subsequently indirectly verified, where predictions of turbine power and axial thrust forces under optimal operating speeds were within 2 % of those using more advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. This thesis presents a commercial application case of two turbines designed by OpenHydro, examining the BEMT performance with a sophisticated blade resolved CFD study. A comparison of results finds that the model is capable of predicting the average peak power to within 12 %, however it under predicts thrust levels by an average of 35 %. This study concludes that the model is applicable to ducted turbine configurations, but is limited in capturing the complex flow interactions towards the open centre, which requires further investigation. The computational efficiency of the newly developed model allowed a structural analysis of the composite blades, thus demonstrating it is suitable to effectively evaluate engineering applications. Stresses are seen to be dominated by flap-wise bending moments, which peak at the mid-length of the blade. This tool will further enable EDF to perform third party assessments of the different turbine designs, to aid decision making for future projects.

Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2018-09-21T14:50:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Nícolas Rodrigues Moura - 2018.pdf: 4165797 bytes, checksum: 86460ffa29b4d346005f977c2f75693e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-09-24T13:21:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Nícolas Rodrigues Moura - 2018.pdf: 4165797 bytes, checksum: 86460ffa29b4d346005f977c2f75693e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-24T13:21:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Nícolas Rodrigues Moura - 2018.pdf: 4165797 bytes, checksum: 86460ffa29b4d346005f977c2f75693e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Análises de estabilidade de taludes são predominantemente realizadas em duas-dimensões (2D) por métodos de equilíbrio limite. Os métodos convencionais de equilíbrio limite são alvos de muitas críticas pelo o uso do equilíbrio estático, pressuposições de forças na análise e por possuir o mesmo fator de segurança ao longo de toda a superfície de deslizamento. Para superar essas deficiências, o método proposto por Kulhawy (1969) incorpora o comportamento tensão-deformação do solo com tensões oriundas do Método de Elementos Finitos (FEM) e tem a mesma estrutura dos métodos de equilíbrio dos métodos de equilíbrio de equilíbrio limite clássicos. É também chamado de método aperfeiçoado. Devido à existência de taludes com geometrias complexas, a abordagem tridimensional (3D) é a única capaz de incorporar todos os aspectos geométricos do problema. Esta dissertação é dividida em dois artigos com o tema de estabilidade de taludes pelo o método de Kulhawy em abordagens 2D e 3D. O objetivo primário dessa dissertação é avaliar os principais fatores que influenciam a estabilidade de taludes. O primeiro artigo propôs geometrias variando de convexo a côncavo em um conjunto de propriedades típicas de solos. Duas trajetórias de geração de tensões in- situ foram utilizadas, i.e., construção e escavação. O método GLE foi calculado para fins de comparação. A superfície de deslizamento é muito dependente do histórico de tensão e da forma da face do talude. A diferença relativa no estado de tensões inicial típico alcançou 15% nas análises 2D e 34% nas análises 3D. A análise de sensibilidade do efeito do Poisson no fator de segurança mostrou-se muito relevante. A relação entre os fatores de segurança 2D e 3D são quase lineares independente do estado de tensões, das propriedades de resistência, formato da face do talude, na ordem de 30 a 40%. O segundo artigo propõe análises em barragens construídas em vales estreitos. Três abordagens de análises foram utilizadas: redução de resistência ao cisalhamento (SSR), métodos de Kulhawy e GLE. Condições típicas de fundações são muito variáveis como topografia e deformabilidade. A análise de sensibilidade do módulo de fundação de Young no fator de segurança foi insignificante em 2D e relevantes em 3D. A relação entre o comprimento do aterro (W) e a altura () é uma variável representativa do grau de estreitamento da barragem e na estabilidade de taludes. A análise de deformações planas tende a altas relações W/H e o oposto mostra elevados efeitos 3D. A inclinação da ombreira mostrou-se relevante no fator de segurança apenas em aterros em vales estreitos. Fundações mais rígidas são mais beneficias para o fator de segurança devido à produção de altos efeitos de arqueamento neste cenário. O método de Kulhawy provou-se ser vantajoso pela a incorporação do comportamento mecânico do solo, o uso de tensões mais realísticas nas análises e avaliação da estabilidade local na superfície de deslizamento. Isso aumenta a quantidade de informações úteis e confiáveis para o profissional de engenharia no projeto de taludes. Todas as análises foram realizadas usando o software SoilVision Systems, Saskatchewan, Canadá. Os módulos utilizados foram o SVLOPE, SVSOLID e o SVFLUX (SoilVision Systems Ltd., 2018). A análise de tensão para a simulação de trajetórias de escavação e construção utilizou do solucionador de Equações Diferenciais Parcias (PDE) o FlexPDE 6 (PDE Solutions Inc., 2014). / Slope stability analyses are predominantly performed using the two-dimensional (2D) conventional limit equilibrium methods. Conventional limit equilibrium methods are targets of many criticisms for using static equilibrium, assumptions of forces in the analysis and the same factor of safety along the slip surface. In order to overcome these shortcomings, the method proposed by Kulhawy (1969) incorporates the stress-strain behavior of the soil with stresses from the Finite Element Method (FEM) with the same structure as limit equilibrium methods. It is also called enhanced method. Due to the existence of slopes with complex geometries, the three-dimensional (3D) approach is only able to incorporate all the geometric aspects of the problem. This thesis is divided into two papers with the subject of slope stability analyses by the Kulhawy’s method in 2D and 3D approaches. The primary objective of this thesis is to evaluate major factors that influence slope stability. The first paper proposed geometries ranging from convex to concave in a set of soil properties. Two stress paths were considered, i.e., construction and excavation. The GLE method was computed for comparison purposes. The slip surface is very dependent on the stress history and the shape of slope face. The relative difference in typical initial stress state reached 15% in 2D analyses and 34% in 3D analyses. Sensitivity analysis of effect of Poisson’s ratio on factor of safety was very relevant. The relationship between 2D and 3D factors of safety are nearly linear independent of stress state on order of 30 to 40%. The second paper propose analyses on embankment dams built in narrow valleys. Three approaches of slope stability were used: shear strength reduction (SSR), Kulhawy’s and GLE methods. The typical conditions of foundation sites are very variable as topography and deformability. Sensitivity analysis of Young’s modulus of foundation on factor of safety was insignificant in 2D and relevant in 3D analyses. The ratio between embankment length (W) and height (H) was very important on slope stability. The plane strain analysis tends to high W/H ratio and the opposite shows high 3D effects. The inclination of abutment showed to be relevant on factor of safety only in embankments in narrow valleys. Stiffer foundations are beneficial to the factor of safety due producing high arching effects in this scenario. The Kulhawy’s method proved to be advantageous by the incorporation of mechanical behavior of soil, more realistic stress and local stability evaluation on slip surface. It increases the amount of useful and reliable information to the engineering professional in design of slopes. All analyses were performed using SoilVision Systems suite software, Saskatchewan, Canada. The modules used were SVSLOPE, SVSOLID and SVFLUX (SoilVision Systems Ltd., 2018). The stress analysis for the simulation of excavation and construction trajectories used partial differential equation (PDE) solver, FlexPDE 6 (PDE Solutions Inc., 2014).

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, pelo método dos elementos finitos bidimensional, a distribuição das tensões geradas nas estruturas de suporte das próteses parciais removíveis (PPR) - osso cortical, osso esponjoso, fibromucosa e ligamento periodontal, em modelos de arcos parcialmente dentados de extremidade livre inferior, em rebordo horizontal (MA) e descendente-ascendente (MB). Foram confeccionados dois modelos de quadrante de mandíbula em AUTOCAD 2004 (Autodesk Inc., USA), contendo apenas o primeiro pré-molar e rebordo residual, sendo repostos o segundo pré-molar e primeiro molar pela PPR, tendo como dente suporte o primeiro pré-molar com apoio oclusal distal. Posteriormente, foi aplicada carga axial de 100 N nas cúspides dos dentes artificiais da PPR (somente sobre o 1 o molar - C1 e somente sobre o 2 o pré-molar - C2). Os modelos confeccionados em AUTOCAD foram transferidos para o programa I-DEAS (software de elementosfinitos), que discretizou-os e realizou a distribuição das tensões sob as condições de aplicação de carga citadas. Pôde–se observar que no osso esponjoso, a maior deformação e tensão de compressão foram observadas ao redor do dente suporte, principalmente no terço cervical distal para a deformação e no ápice do dente para a tensão de compressão durante a aplicação de carga sobre o segundo pré-molar no rebordo horizontal (0,003 mm e 0,621 N/mm 2 , respectivamente). Já no rebordo descendente-ascendente, as áreas solicitadas foram as mesmas, apresentando deformação e tensão de compressão máximas de 0,003 mm e 0,609 N/mm 2 . Para a fibromucosa, pode-se notar que no rebordo horizontal, a maior deformação e tensão de compressão ocorreram abaixo do ponto de aplicação de carga, ou seja, no primeiro molar, com valores de 0,137 mm e 0,144 N/mm 2 . No rebordo descendente-ascendente, a área de maior deformação e tensão de compressão localizaram-se na porção ascendente do rebordo em direção do trígono retromolar, com valores de 0,131 mm e 0,122 N/mm 2 , respectivamente. Diante dos limites do presente estudo pode-se concluir que: 1 - O osso cortical apresenta uma concentração de tensões maior que o osso esponjoso; 2 – O osso cortical apresenta uma deformação mais restrita em área que o osso esponjoso; 3 - O rebordo descendente-ascendente com a aplicação de carga sobre o primeiro molar (MB-C1) apresenta a maior deformação da fibromucosa quando comparada à deformação sofrida pelo ligamento periodontal, na proporção de 10:1; 4 - O rebordo descendente-ascendente apresenta uma distribuição de tensões menos favorável que o rebordo horizontal; 5 - A aplicação de carga no primeiro molar gera mais torque sobre o dente para distal do que a aplicação de carga sobre o segundo pré-molar. / This study is a two-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) of the stress distributionin the supporting structures – compact and cancellous bone; periodontal ligament and oral mucosa – for a distal extension base removable partial denture (RPD) modeled on mandibular dental archs with two residual ridge forms: horizontal and descending-ascending. The two experimental quadrant models were developed in the AUTOCAD 2004 (Autodesk Inc., USA), software to include the first premolar asthe dental support with a distal occlusal rest; the second premolar and first molar as the artificial teeth inserted on the base over an RPD framework and the residual ridge. These models were discretized on the FEA software (I-DEAS, USA) and an axial load of 100 N was applied to the mesh on the artificial teeth cusps either on the first mola r (C1) or on the second premolar (C2). It was noticed that, in the cancellous bone, the maximum strain was around the supporting tooth, mainly in the distalcervical third (0.003 mm) while the largest compression tension (CT) was at the tooth apex when the load was applied over the second premolar, with a horizontal residual ridge (0,621 N/mm 2 ). When the ridge was descending-ascending, the areas affected were the same, showing 0,003 mm and 0,609 N/mm 2 , respectively as the maximum displacement and CT. In the oral mucosa, the largest results occurred when the load application point was over the first molar and the residual ridge was horizontal: 0,137 mm and 0,144 N/mm 2 . The descending-ascending alveolar ridge showed the maximum displacement and CT in the ascending segment of the residual ridge, toward the retromolar trigon, with 0,131 mm and 0,122 N/mm 2 , respectively. Within the constraints of this study, it was concluded that: 1 – The compact bone shows greater stress concentration than the cancellous bone; 2 – The compact bone shows greater area displacement concentration than the cancellous bone; 3 – The descending-ascending residual ridge with the load application on the first molar showed the largest displacement of the oral mucosa when compared to the periodontal ligament displacement with a 10:1 ratio; 4 – The descending-ascending residual ridge had a less favourable stress distribution than its horizontal counterpart; 5 – The load applied on the first molar produced more distal torquing on the supporting tooth than that on the second premolar.

Nesta pesquisa, foi realizada uma análise comparativa, por meio do método dos elementos finitos bidimensional linear, das deformações e tensões geradas a partir da aplicação de uma carga de 100N, nas estruturas de suporte (fibromucosa,ligamento periodontal, osso cortical e osso esponjoso) de dois modelos que simulam um hemiarco mandibular associada a uma prótese parcial removível de extremidade livre dista inferiorl, quando da variação da inclinação do rebordo residual no plano sagital. O modelo A (MA) foi desenhado com um rebordo ascendente distal com 15 graus de inclinação e o modelo B (MB) com um rebordo descendente distal com 15 graus negativos, ambos em relação ao plano oclusal. Nos dois modelos aplicou-se uma carga primeiramente na cúspide médio-vestibular do primeiro molar inferior artificial (C1) e depois na cúspide vestibular do segundo pré-molar inferior (C2), por meio do programa I-deas (software de elementos finitos) onde foram feitas as análises de deformações e tensões e processamento das imagens. Fez-se então uma análise comparativa dos carregamentos (C1 e C2) em cada modelo individualmente e entre os dois modelos(MA e MB). Os resultados permitiram concluir que: 1) A inclinação do rebordo residual no plano sagital influenciou na distribuição e na intensidade das tensões das estruturas de suporte; 2) No osso cortical as tensões foram mais localizadas e de maior intensidade que no osso esponjoso; 3) A diferença de deformação entre fibromucosa e ligamento periodontal foi maior quando a carga foi aplicada no primeiro molar, de ambos os modelos, sendo a mais expressiva no rebordo ascendente distal; 4) As tensões de compressão foram maiores em intensidade e melhor distribuídas no osso esponjoso e no osso cortical, quando comparadas as tensões de tração; 5) O rebordo ascendente distal se mostrou mais favorável à distribuição das tensões nas estruturas de suporte quando comparado ao rebordo descendente distal; 6) Nos dois modelos a aplicação da carga no primeiro molar gerou um maior torque sobre o dente suporte para a distal do que quando aplicado no segundo pré-molar, principalmente no rebordo descendente distal; 7) As estruturas de suporte do rebordo residual foram mais solicitadas em C1 que em C2, em ambos os modelos, principalmente no rebordo ascendente distal; 8) No dente suporte as tensões nas estruturas de suporte foram mais axiais quando o carregamento ocorreu no segundo pré-molar inferior, em ambos os modelos. / In this study, a two-dimensional finite element comparative analysis of the stress distribution and of displacement in the supporting structures – oral mucosa,periodontal ligament, compact and cancellous bone – was carried out for a distal extension base removable partial denture (RPD), modeled on two mandibular dental archs with different types of residual ridge when aplaying loads of 100N. The A model (MA) was developed to include a distal ascending alveolar ridge with a 15-degrees positive inclination, while the B model (MB) was prepared with a distal descending alveolar ridge with a 15-degrees negative inclination. Both models had a load applied inicially on the lower first molar median cusp (C1) and then on the lower second premolar buccal cusp (C2). Using the FEA software (I-DEAS, USA) for the stress distribution and displacement analysis of the generated images. A comparative analysis was them performed on the C1 and C2 loads for which and both models (MA and MB).The results showed that: 1 – The alveolar ridge inclination showed some degree of on the stress distribution and intensity generated by the RPD; 2 –The compact bone showed greater stress concentration and intensity than the cancellous bone; 3 – The ratio between oral mucosa and periodontal ligament displacement showed greater values when load was applied on the lower first molar for both models. The ratio was higher for the distal ascending alveolar ridge; 4- The compressive stress showed greater intensity and better range of distribution than the tensile stress for both the compact and cancellous bone; 5 – The distal ascending residual ridge had a more favourable stress distribution than distal descending conterpart ; 6 – The load applied on the lower first molar produced more distal torquing on the supporting tooth than that on the lower second premolar ,specially on the distal descending residual ridge; 7 – the load applied on the lower firt molar generated greater amount of stress on the residual ridge supporting structures for both models, but specially for the distal ascending residual ridge; 8 – The load applied on the lower second premolar produced more vertical forces on the supporting structures of the tooth for both models.

Implantes osseointegrados vêm sendo utilizados com sucesso para restaurar a função e a estética de pacientes desdentados totais e parciais, no entanto, apesar do alto índice de sucesso, a literatura apresenta uma série de complicações da técnica. Apesar da falta de consenso sobre qual a melhor maneira de se restaurar implantes múltiplos adjacentes, a confecção de próteses unitárias vem sendo sugerida e praticada por muitos profissionais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar, pela técnica fotoelástica (qualitativa e quantitativa), o comportamento biomecânico de coroas unitárias sobre implantes hexágono interno com pilar UCLA. Foram confeccionadas coroas cimentadas e parafusadas, simulando a reabilitação da área posterior da mandíbula com e sem a presença de elemento dental distal aos implantes. Foram analisados, também, a liga metálica da infraestrutura (Ni-Cr-Ti ou Ni-Cr) e o tipo de material para revestimento estético (cerâmica ou resina). Foram confeccionados modelos fotoelásticos simulando espaço protético com ausência de segundo pré-molar e primeiro molar, reabilitado com coroas sobre implantes. Três modelos de pontas de aplicação de carga foram utilizados para produzir quatro diferentes condições de carregamento na superfície oclusal das coroas: 1 -puntiforme obtido com uma ponta simples para carregamento no pré-molar ou no molar com 5kgf; 2 puntiforme simultânea obtido por uma ponta dupla para carregamento das duas coroas ao mesmo tempo com 10kgf; 3 - oclusal distribuído obtido com uma ponta que simulou a oclusão antagonista com 10kgf. Após a aplicação das cargas, foram obtidos registros fotográficos para análise qualitativa e posteriormente foi realizada a análise quantitativa em três pontos na região cervical e um ponto na região apical de cada implante. De acordo com os resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que o uso de ligas de Ni-Cr-Ti ou Ni-Cr não interferiu na transmissão de tensões. Coroas revestidas em resina, de modo geral, geraram maior concentração de tensões em torno dos implantes quando comparadas às coroas revestidas em cerâmica. As coroas parafusadas provocaram maior tensão em torno dos implantes quando comparadas às coroas cimentadas. A presença do dente com ponto de contato efetivo à distal das coroas sobre implantes favoreceu a distribuição de tensões. / Osseointegrated implants have been successfully used to restore function and esthetic to fully and partially edentulous patients; however, regardless of the high success, the literature reveals some complications of the technique. Despite the lack of consensus about what is the better way to restore multiple adjacent implants, the use of single crowns have been suggested and practiced by many professionals. The purpose of the present study was to verify, using photoelastic analysis (qualitative and quantitative), the biomechanical behavior of single crowns on internal hexagon implants with UCLA abutment. Cement and screw-retained crowns was fabricated simulating the rehabilitation of posterior mandible area with or without the presence of a dental element distal to the implants. The metal framework alloys (Ni-Cr-Ti or Ni- Cr) and the esthetic veneering materials (ceramic or resin) was, also, analyzed. Photoelastic models were made simulating the missing of the second pre-molar and the first molar, rehabilitated with implant-supported crowns. Three models of loading application tips were used to produce different conditions of loading on crowns occlusal surface: 1 punctiform obtained with a simple tip for loading over premolar or molar with 5 Kgf; 2 simultaneous punctiform obtained with a Double tip for loading over both crowns in the same time with 10 Kgf; 3 distributed occlusal obtained with a tip simulating the antagonist occlusion with 10 Kgf. After loading application photographic records were obtained for qualitative analysis, and in sequence, quantitative analysis was realized in three cervical points and one point in the apical area of each implant. According to the obtained results, it was concluded that the use of Ni-Cr-Ti or Ni-Cr alloys did not interfere in stress transmission. Resin veneered crowns, generally generated higher concentration of stress around the implants when compared to ceramic veneered crowns. Screw-retained crowns promoted higher stress around the implants when compared to cement-retained crowns. The presence of teeth with effective interproximal contact distal to implantsupported crowns improved the stress distribution.

The goal of this thesis is to develop a hybrid _nite element formulation to carry out stress analysis of arteries. To the best of our knowledge, a hybrid _nite element impel mentation of the Holzapfel-Ogden artery model has not been carried out before. Since arteries are thin `shell-type' structures, they are subjected to membrane, shear and volumetric locking in case when standard _nite elements are used. Since hybrid _nite elements are known to overcome these problems, we develop hybrid hexahedral element formulations (both lower and higher-order) for artery analysis. We demonstrate The better coarse mesh accuracy of hybrid elements, which are based on a two-_eld variational formulation, over conventional displacement based elements. Typically, wend that three or four extra levels of renement are required with conventional elements to achieve the ame accuracy as hybrid elements. The recently proposed Holzapfel-Ogden constitutive model for the artery and its implementation both within the conventional and hybrid _nite element frameworks is discussed. The numerical implementation is particularly challenging due to the presence of _bers which can only take tensile loads. The mathematically exact tangent stiness matrix that we have derived in this work is crucial in ensuring convergence of the numerical strategy.

This Diploma Thesis is dedicated to stress analysis of carrier swap bodies Mega 25 with maximum technical weight 27 000 kg and has been worked out in corporation with ZDT Nové Veselí company. The aim of this work is to stress analysis of trailer in various burdensome conditions. The first section of the Thesis is occupied with original design and burdensome condition. Then, according to these states gained strength to control the finite element method, implement and then modify the design including design of new drawbar and then create selected construction drawings prepared.

This thesis deals with the contact analysis study of crown gear couplings during the simulation of its working conditions. The toothed coupling transmits high torque, even when the input and output shafts are misaligned due to outside tooth shape. For this reason, it is necessary to design the gear shape correctly. The inherent use of toothed couplings results in a wide range of working speeds and load transfers. This can cause several problems, if the parameters are selected incorrectly. Among the most significant of these is the generation of vibrations during gear engagement, accompanied by noise and the excessive loading of components, such as shafts and bearings. It is not possible to completely reduce uneven running, even with knowledge of the latest trends in the field of gear development. For this reason, it is necessary to eliminate the paths where the vibrations can propagate during the design itself. Inefficient and costly experiments are often used to determine the correct shape of gear teeth. For this purpose, a computational approach to describe a contact pressure on the teeth of couplings at different misalignment and loads is proposed. The model helps to understand the composition of the contact pressure during the working mode of misalignment and its behaviour within the rotation of the gear coupling. The introductory part of thesis presents the current state of knowledge of gear couplings and a description of load distribution issues, regarding the angular misalignment, torque and friction. In the following chapter, three possible approaches to the problem are described - analytical, experimental and computational. The following work offers the introduction and creation of two different computational models, varying in different tooth shape on the hub and the sleeve. Each geometry was subjected to a different load moment, a misalignment of the hub, or the rotation of the gear coupling as a whole. The main monitored parameter was the course of contact pressure in each step, when changing the degree of misalignment or the rotation of the model. Finally, three main sets of contact pressure on the teeth are presented, in connection with the reduced pressure plotted on the toothed rings. There is derivation of results and mutual comparison of each load case. The computation approach in FEM program Ansys Workbench was used to solve the problem.