O ambiente competitivo e globalização vem provocando mudanças nas estratégias das empresas, fomentando, muitas vezes, para um processo de internacionalização. As empresas procuram internacionalizar-se de acordo com seus objetivos estratégicos, traçando uma estratégia de internacionalização. Sair do seu ambiente para um país desconhecido significa que a empresa estará sujeita a correr certos riscos e, portanto, requer uma estratégia que avalie os riscos envolvidos para se estabelecer em um determinado país. O conhecimento desses riscos vai proporcionar a empresa mitigar ou mesmo eliminar os riscos envolvidos. Independente do processo de entrada em outro país, sempre haverá a questão do risco. Geralmente, quando uma empresa decide se internacionalizar, ela opta primeiro pelo processo de exportação, em que terá de lidar com vários tipos de risco em suas decisões gerenciais para alcançar seus objetivos estratégicos. Portanto, essa pesquisa foi feita com oitenta e quatro empresas exportadoras brasileiras, do estado de São Paulo, com faturamento de até 10 milhões de dólares listadas na Confederação Nacional da Indústria (CNI). O objetivo desse estudo foi entender como e quais riscos envolvidos na internacionalização de empresas exportadoras brasileiras exercem influência sobre a estratégia e objetivos estratégicos na internacionalização de empresas exportadoras. Para a análise da pesquisa, foi utilizada a técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais baseada em variância, na qual foi utilizada uma survey para coleta de dados. Foram geradas quatro hipóteses, três relacionadas ao risco e estratégia e uma relacionada à estratégia e ao risco. Como resultado, duas hipóteses foram confirmadas e, portanto, duas rejeitadas. Essa pesquisa contribui com o conhecimento científico, pois, além de verificar os riscos que influenciam na estratégia e objetivos estratégicos, ela traz a concepção de envolver riscos não somente financeiros, mas também do ambiente, do setor e da empresa na estratégia para a internacionalização. / The competitive environment and globalization has been provoking changes in the strategies of companies, often leading to an internationalization process. The companies seek to internationalize themselves according to their strategic objectives, to which a strategy of internationalization will be traced. Leaving your environment to an unknown country means that the company is subject to certain risks and therefore requires a strategy that assesses the risks involved in establishing itself in a particular country. Knowing these risks will enable the company to mitigate or even eliminate the risks involved. Regardless of the process of entry into another country, there will always be the issue of risk. Usually, when a company decides to internationalize, it opts for the first time through the export process, where it will have to deal with various types of risk in its managerial decisions to reach its strategic objectives. Therefore, this research was conducted with eighty-four Brazilian companies in the state of São Paulo, with sales of up to 10 million dollars listed in Confederação Nacional da Indústria (CNI). The objective of the study was to understand how and what risks involved in the internationalization of Brazilian exporting companies influence the strategy and the strategic objectives in the internationalization of exporting companies. But even this process depending on the intensity of export the company will be subject to risk because it is unknown to the host country. Therefore, this research was carried out with Brazilian export companies, whose objective was to investigate the influence of the risks involved in the internationalization of Brazilian exporting companies on the strategy of internationalization and strategic objectives. For the analysis of the research was used the technique of modeling of structural equations based on variance, where a survey was used to collect data. Four hypotheses were generated, three related to risk and strategy and one related to strategy and risk. As a result, two hypotheses were confirmed and therefore two rejected. This research contributes with scientific knowledge, because in addition to verifying the risks that influence the strategy and strategic objectives, it brings the concept of involving not only financial risks but also the risk of the environment, sector and the company in the strategy for internationalization.

Orientador: Maria da Consolação Gomes Cunha Fernandes Tavares / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T23:56:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Campana_AngelaNogueiraNevesBetanho_D.pdf: 9376682 bytes, checksum: 86cf1aab28267f33a7a98e07a61df411 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A Imagem Corporal é dinâmica, estruturada nas experiências singulares do sujeito. Tanto homens quanto mulheres podem sofrer alterações na forma de vivenciar seu corpo. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi ampliar a compreensão das relações de causalidade entre apreciação corporal, ansiedade físico social, desconforto em relação ao corpo masculino ideal, atitudes e comportamentos de busca pela musculatura numa amostra de homens Brasileiros jovens. Para isso, traduzimos, adaptamos transculturalmente e validamos para a língua portuguesa no Brasil as escalas Body Esteem Scale, Swansea Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire, Drive for Muscularity Scale, Body Appreciation Scale, Social Physique Anxiety Scale e Masculine Body Ideal Distress Scale. Depois, fizemos a path analysis do modelo estrutural de relações entre os domínios das escalas validadas. A pesquisa compreendeu quatro fases: a de tradução e adaptação transcultural das escalas; a de validação psicométrica das escalas, a realização de grupo focal e a modelagem de equações estruturais para determinar as relações causais entre os construtos investigados. O processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural seguiu cinco passos: traduções das escalas, síntese das traduções, retrotraduções, reunião de Comitê de Peritos e Pré-teste. Através da análise fatorial confirmatória, numa amostra não probabilística de 878 homens jovens, foram estabelecidas evidências de validade de construto e confiabilidade interna para todas as seis escalas deste estudo. Nos dois mini grupos focais, realizados com duas amostras de 5 alunos de graduação do curso de educação física, foi possível constatar que a aparência tem uma importância grande, que o exercícios físicos, alimentação balanceada acompanhada de suplementação alimentar, quando necessário, e descanso são os comportamentos adotados e reconhecidos como adequados para a construção de um corpo musculoso. O corpo deve ser musculoso o bastante, pois o excesso de massa muscular é avaliado ambiguamente: tanto é valorizado por sua associação aos atributos de masculinidade quanto é desvalorizado por sua associação ao uso de recursos não lícitos para a construção da musculatura. A modelagem de equação estrutural, feita numa amostra não probabilística de 1202 homens jovens, indicou que o modelo que melhor explica as relações de causalidade entre as dimensões da Imagem Corporal e que melhor demonstra o efeito destas sobre Drive for Muscularity é o que estabelece como variável exógena o construto Apreciação Corporal com todas as demais variáveis tendo efeito sobre Drive for Muscularity. Pesquisas futuras precisam investigar outros elementos influenciadores de Drive for Muscularity. Ressaltamos que esta pesquisa é de natureza exploratória, não probabilística, sendo esta uma limitação. Todavia, pensamos que os achados podem trazer contribuições à área e à continuidade dos estudos, assim como um melhor entendimento do construto Drive for Muscularity para homens comuns / Abstract: Body Image is dynamic, structured on subject's singular experiences. Both men and women can suffer disturbances in the way of experiencing their body. The aim of this research was to increase the understanding of causal relationships between body appreciation, social physique anxiety, masculine body ideal distress, and drive for muscularity in a sample of young Brazilian men. To reach our purpose, the scales Body Esteem Scale, Swansea Muscularity Attitudes Questionnaire, Drive for Muscularity Scale, Body Appreciation Scale, Social Physique Anxiety Scale and Masculine Body Ideal Distress Scale were translated, transculturally adapted and validated to Brazilian Portuguese. Afterwards, we made a path analysis on the structural model. The research had four phases: the scales translation and transcultural adaptation; the psychometric validation; focus group and the structural equation modeling to define causal relationships between the constructs. Translation and transcultural adaptation process followed five steps: translation, synthesis of translation, backtranslation, experts committee and pretest. Using confirmatory factor analysis, in a non-probabilistic sample of 878 young men, satisfactory evidences of internal reliability and construct validity were generated for all six scales. Two mini focus groups, with two individual samples of five physical education undergraduate students, showed that appearance has a great importance. Also, exercise trainings, balanced diet, accompanied by food supplementation, when necessary, and rest are attitudes and behaviors adopted and recognized as suitable to build a muscular body. The body must be muscular enough, because excessive muscularity is ambiguous: can be valued by the association with masculinity attributes and, on the other hand, devalued by the association with illicit muscular building resources. Structural Equation Modeling, made in a non-probabilistic sample of 1202 young men, showed that the best model to explain causal relationships between Body Image attitudinal dimensions addressed in this research and the effect of them on drive for muscularity is the one that establishes Body Appreciation as the exogenous variable, with all other variables having effect on drive for muscularity. Future researches must evaluate other elements that can cause effect on drive for muscularity. We would like to emphasize that this research is exploratory, non -probabilistic, being those limitations for our conclusions. Nevertheless, we thought that our results could bring contributions to our field and to future investigations, as well as to a better understanding of drive for muscularity in the ordinary men / Doutorado / Atividade Fisica, Adaptação e Saude / Doutor em Educação Física

The study of well-being has a long history of investigation from a nomothetic (between-person) perspective that aimed to understand characteristic levels of well-being and individual difference variables that account for stable differences across people. Recent investigations have demonstrated that levels of well-being have the capacity to rapidly fluctuate within people over short intervals and also exhibit slower changes over longer intervals, highlighting the importance of considering the ideographic (within-person) nature of well-being. The aim of this dissertation was to help build on such within-person understanding by demonstrating how theories of well-being may be empirically evaluated using innovative research designs (e.g., intensive repeated measurement designs) and analytic techniques (e.g., multilevel structural equation models [MSEM]) that can fully capture the complexity and dynamic nature of well-being. Three distinct research studies employing intensive repeated measurement designs and an MSEM analytic framework addressed a variety of research questions concerning intra- and inter-individual predictors of well-being. Study one (Chapter 2) simultaneously examined the multilevel moderation and mediation effects of cognitive interference on stress reactivity estimated in a 14-day daily diary design. Study two (Chapter 3) utilized measurement burst data from a large U.S. sample of adults, assessed across multiple time-scales, to examine long-term changes in short-term within-person associations. Random within-person slopes were specified as exogenous predictor variables of individual differences in global levels of psychological well-being. Study three (Chapter 4) used simulation data to examine the conditions where specifying within-person measurement scales as latent variables compared to unit-weighted composite scores optimized detection of within-person effects. This dissertation demonstrates the importance of innovative design and analysis to appropriately model and understand the complex, dynamic associations that operate within and across individuals in predicting their experiences of well-being. / Graduate / 2019-05-14

In general, scholars and practitioners agree that sales coaching enhances sales performance. Sales firms continue to invest billions of dollars towards coaching endeavors. However, despite the positive benefits of sales coaching, the fact is that most sales coaches are ineffective. In three essays, this dissertation aims to offer insight that will help companies and coaching programs improve the effectiveness of their sales coaches. The first essay explores the sales coaching process and how it is affected by factors related to the sales manager (coach) and the salesperson (coachee). Using in-depth interviews, we identified various skills, behaviors, and abilities that reflect the overall effectiveness of the sales manager as a coach, as well as gained a better understanding of how effective sales coach indirectly affects a salesperson’s performance. We also identified different behaviors, preferences, and characteristics related to the salesperson that affect the sales coaching process. The second essay is focused on the development and validation of a sales coaching effectiveness scale (SCES). We identified, measured and validated a three-factor, 16-item scale that reflect dimensions of effective sales coaches: involvement, rapport, and adaptability. The SCES scale is distinguished from previous coaching scales that were designed and validated in non-coaching contexts. The SCES scale offers benefits to practitioners and academics. The third essay is focused on measuring how effective sales coaches affect sales performance. Drawing on self-determination theory, we proposed a dual-process model in which effective sales coaches influence performance through motivation and through sales development. One, the results suggested that effective sales coaches intrinsically (versus extrinsically) motivate salespeople to exert extra effort towards selling, which increases their overall sales performance. Two, the results suggested that effective sales coaches enhance the selling confidence among salespeople, which allows them to adapt their selling behaviors to various selling situations and buyers, thus increasing their overall sales performance.

Abstract Small businesses are numerous in any country. However, we have very limited knowledge regarding their management accounting (MA) and management control systems (MCS). Traditionally, it has been stated that small firms do not need and use MCS due to their simple structures and poor resources. On the other hand, a few studies on high technology firms have shown that these firms have developed their MCS and are also utilizing sophisticated management accounting practices and information. The aim of this study is to analyse small firms' use of MCS practices as well as to examine the role of MCS practices and information of small firms in a contingency theoretical framework. Furthermore, the study is not only focusing on small, rapidly growing firms but also on traditional, more stable small firms, all employing from 10 to 49 persons. Based on the survey responses of 183 managing directors of small Finnish firms, the study describes the diffusion and penetration of MCS practices and information among small firms. Two theoretical models are constructed linking the use of MCS with strategy, perceived environmental uncertainty (PEU), use of diversified management team and financial performance of small firms. Tests are made by using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results suggest that small firms do use a wide range of MCS practices and information. The main results also indicate that the use of a more diversified management team seems to increase the use of MCS practices and information. The use of more advanced practices is related to small firms which have been more profitable or which have had lower growth rates in sales. In addition, the use of MCS seems to be associated with small firms' strategies, both realized and intended. The pursued strategy seems to drive small firms' profitability and growth in net sales. However, such an association was not found between the intended strategy and financial performance after two years. The use of MCS seems to have only a few positive effects on small firm's financial performance. Nevertheless, more use of advanced dimensions of MCS seems to predict significant improvements for longer-term growth in net sales.

This study focuses on the interrelationships between gender, self-control and intimate partner violence (IPV). The sample consists of 960 undergraduate and graduate university students who are currently in a dating relationship. A series of bivariate and multivariate analyses are used to: 1) determine if self-control and IPV vary across gender and 2) assess the effect of gender on the relationship between self-control and IPV. Overall, results provide partial support for Gottfredson and Hirschi’s (1990) general theory of crime. Self-control operated similarly on IPV for both males and females, supporting the gender-neutrality of their theory. However, the gender gap in crime, as it relates to self-control, remains in question as females were more likely than males to commit more types of IPV. The implications of these findings, limitations of the current study, and directions for future research are discussed.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第15656号 / 工博第3314号 / 新制||工||1500(附属図書館) / 28193 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 岡田 憲夫, 教授 藤井 聡, 教授 矢守 克也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Abstract The present study develops our understanding of consumers’ emerging interest in novel mobile services by adopting two approaches. First, structural equation modeling is used as a statistical tool to create a context-sensitive model for consumer acceptance of novel mobile services. Secondly, the study creates an interpretive framework of contemporary consumer culture to help understand how consumers construct their emerging practices in novel mobile services based on their actual experiences. The empirical data was gathered at a Housing Fair, where a Mobile Fair Diary was piloted, and it is that Mobile Fair Diary application that provides the selected tool of the empirical study. Therefore, real user experience played a significant role in how our consumers perceived mobile services and the way the cultural discourse was produced. The model developed indicates that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, anxiety, trust and attitude have an impact on consumers’ intention to use mobile services. Furthermore, the various representations related to mobile services were identified in order to understand emerging practices. Consumers are likely to change the routines involved in the management of information if useful alternatives are available to them. An ongoing insecurity emerging from technology change is often a characteristic of the contemporary life of consumers. On the one hand, consumers are dependent on technology, but on the other hand, do not fully understand it. Therefore, consumers have to be active to keep up with the continuous changes going on around them. Furthermore, consumers need support from the service provider and their social context. Consumers should also believe in their own capability to learn and their power to make choices, which will result in changes to their practices.

Population-based evidence suggests that the prevalence of psychotic symptoms varies with ethnicity. However, the validity of these self-reported experiences, both as measures of psychotic symptoms per se and as measures of ethnic variation in risk for reporting these symptoms, is questionable. Cultural background and social position may affect the experience and expression of symptoms, which may in turn affect their measurement in survey research. This thesis explores these issues by assessing the psychometric properties of psychosis screening instruments as measures of ethnic differences in psychosis risk in two contexts, Great Britain and the United States. Following this, differences in risk for reporting psychotic symptoms were examined in the context of the varying social and economic conditions to which different ethnic groups and migrant generations are exposed. This was accomplished in the following way: Firstly, the prevalence of self-reported psychotic symptoms was examined across ethnic and generational groups in two large samples of British and American populations; Secondly, the construct validity of the instruments was assessed by means of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of response to their symptom indicators. The concurrent validity of the symptoms with measures of self-perceived cognitive and social dysfunction was then examined in a structural equation modeling framework; Thirdly, the cross-ethnic and cross-generational validity of response to these screening instruments was assessed in a multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis framework in which in which the psychometric characteristics of the instruments were compared; And finally, ethnic and generational differences in risk for reporting psychotic symptoms were examined in the context of differential exposure to racial discrimination. Both instruments had construct validity in their measurement of psychotic symptoms, with the exception of one item in the British instrument, as well as concurrent validity with measures of self-perceived cognitive or social dysfunction. The British instrument performed adequately in the measurement of psychotic symptoms across ethnic groups, but did not across migrant generations. The American instrument performed adequately in the measurement of psychotic symptoms across generations, but not across ethnic groups. The effect of measurement noninvariance on the estimation of risk across groups was, however, modest in size. Finally, there was evidence for risk of reporting psychotic symptoms being raised among those who were exposed to racial discrimination. These findings suggest that these self-reported psychotic symptoms constitute clinically relevant phenomena which appear phenotypically similar to the clinical symptoms in diagnosed psychotic disorder. Risk is distributed unevenly over ethnic groups in Britain and the US, is higher among minorities who were exposed to social adversity, and higher among the second generation (in most cases). These patterns are, therefore, highly suggestive of social causation in the aetiology of these self-reported symptoms.

Companies are increasing their investment in technologies to enable better access to information and to gain a competitive advantage. Global competition is driving companies to reduce costs and enhance productivity, increasing their dependence on information technology. Information is a key asset within an organization and needs to be protected. Expanded connectivity and greater interdependence between companies and consumers has increased the damage potential of a security breach to a company's information systems. Improper unauthorized use of computer systems can create a devastating financial loss even to the point of causing the organization to go out of business. It is critically important to understand what causes users to understand, accept and to follow the organization's information systems security measures so that companies can realize the benefits of their technological investments. In the past several years, computer security breaches have stemmed from insider misuse and abuse of the information systems and non-compliance to the information systems security measures. The purpose of this study was to address the factors that affect employee acceptance of information systems security measures. The Technology Acceptance Model was extended and served as the theoretical framework for this study to examine the factors that affect employee adoption of information systems security measures. The research model included three independent dimensions, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness and subjective norm. These constructs were hypothesized to predict intention to use information systems security measures, moderated by management support affecting subjective norm. Five hypotheses were posited. A questionnaire was developed to collect data from employees across multiple industry segments to test these hypotheses. Partial least squares statistical methodology was used to analyze the data and to test the hypotheses. The results of the statistical analysis supported three of the five hypotheses with subjective norm and management support showing the strongest effect on intention to use information systems security measures. Few studies have used TAM to study acceptance of systems in a mandatory environment and to specifically examine the employee acceptance of computer information systems security measures. This study, therefore, adds to the body of knowledge. Further, it provides important information for senior management and security professionals across multiple industries regarding the need to develop security policies and processes and to effectively communicate them throughout the organization and to design these measures to promote their use by employees in the organization.