O pinhão é uma importante fonte de alimento e renda para comunidades rurais que residem na região de ocorrência da Floresta com Araucária. Embora sua coleta seja praticada por muitos, é pouco conhecida. Diante disto, este estudo objetivou compreender os aspectos históricos, sociais e econômicos relacionados ao extrativismo do pinhão em São Francisco de Paula, RS. Para tanto, utilizou-se a abordagem teórico-metodológica da Teoria de Sistemas Agrários aliada ao estudo sobre os canais de comercialização. A partir da reconstituição e diferenciação da evolução dos Sistemas Agrários de São Francisco de Paula, constatou-se que o pinhão, em tempos pretéritos, estava associado ao livre acesso, sendo este fonte de alimento e renda, principalmente, para os grupos sociais que foram sistematicamente alijados do acesso à terra. No entanto, frente à valorização deste produto em mercados regionais, o extrativismo de pinhão despertou o aumento de interesses de proprietários de terra em explorar esse recurso para si, ocasionando o consequente impedimento ou exigências e contrapartidas para o livre acesso às araucárias. Evidenciou-se, ainda, que esta mudança de postura dos proprietários de terras em relação ao pinhão é decorrente também do processo de cerceamento e vigilância para com as populações locais representados, sobretudo, pelos termos da legislação ambiental. Através do diagnóstico socioeconômico dos sistemas de produção, constatou-se a existência de 2 grupos sociais de coletores de pinhão, os Trabalhadores Rurais e Urbanos e os Pecuaristas. Para ambos os grupos existe a ocorrência de tipos sociais, onde o pinhão é coletado visando o autoconsumo e eventual venda de excedentes, e outros tipos em que a coleta é destinada, basicamente, à comercialização. Em relação aos canais de comercialização de pinhão e seus agentes, identificou-se a existência de canais longos e canais curtos. Observou-se que pinhão in natura é vendido nos dois tipos de canais de comercialização. Contudo, quando o pinhão é vendido via canais curtos o preço praticado pelo produtor primário é mais elevado. Contrariamente, os produtos derivados de pinhão são vendidos, exclusivamente, em canais curtos. Constatou-se ainda, que na região estudada os canais longos de comercialização de pinhão não são estruturados, que o pinhão processado é comercializado, basicamente, por agricultores que possuem acesso às feiras e que não há comercialização de pinhão para os mercados institucionais. Tal situação foi relacionada à grande informalidade das relações comerciais, à falta de instituições que auxiliem no ambiente organizacional dos canais de comercialização do pinhão e a um ambiente institucional que desestimula a atividade de coleta. A partir do empírico estudado pode-se observar que os conceitos para definir o sistema de produção, em nível das unidades de produção agrícola, apresentam limitações e restrições, pois eles não incorporam na sua essência as atividades de extrativismo. Por fim, do ponto de vista do desenvolvimento rural, este trabalho demonstrou que o extrativismo do pinhão, além de se constituir numa forma de inserção econômica e reprodução social, caracteriza-se como um componente cultural muito importante para os agricultores/pecuaristas e trabalhadores da região de São Francisco de Paula, RS. Ao mesmo tempo, em que revelou a necessidade de aprofundar maiores reflexões acerca do extrativismo e do sistema extrativista dentro do sistema de produção. / The brazilian-pine nut is an important source of food and income for rural communities which reside in the region of occurrence of Araucaria Forest. Although their collection is practiced by many, is little known. This study aimed to understand the historical, social and economic issues related to the extraction of the brazilian-pine nut in São Francisco de Paula, RS. For this, we used the theoretical and methodological approach of the Theory of Agrarian Systems and of the study of food supply chains. By reconstructing the evolution and differentiation of the Agrarian Systems of São Francisco de Paula, it was found that the brazilian-pine nut, in past times, was associated with free access and a source of food and income, especially for social groups that were systematically excluded of the access to land. However, facing the increase of the value of this product in regional markets, the extraction of brazilian-pine nut aroused the interests of the landowners to harvest this product to itself, resulting in requirements and demands to the access of the brazilian-pine. This change of attitude of landowners in relation to the brazilian-pine nut is also due the restriction to the local populations mainly by the terms of environmental legislation. Through a socioeconomic diagnosis of production systems, we found the existence of two social groups of collectors of the brazilian-pine nut, Rural and Urban Workers and Farmers. For both groups there is the occurrence of social types, where the brazilian-pine nut is collected in order for selfconsumption and eventual sale, and other types where the collection is designed primarily for marketing. Regarding to the food supply chains of the brazilian-pine nut and their agents, it was identified the existence of short chains and long chains. It was observed that the brazilian-pine nut in natura is sold in the both types of chains. But the products derived from brazilian-pine nut are sold exclusively in short channels. However, when the brazilian-pine nut is sold in the short chains the price is higher to the producer. It was further observed that in the region studied, the long supply chains of the brazilian-pine nut are not structured, the processed product is marketed mainly by farmers who have access to fairs and there is no marketing of the brazilian-pine nut to the institutional markets. This situation was related to the informal trade relations, the lack of institutions to assist in the organizational environment of the food supply chains of the brazilian-pine nut and an institutional environment that discourages the collection activity. From the empirical study it was seen that the concepts to define the production system, in the agricultural production units, have limitations and restrictions, as they do not incorporate in their essence the extractivism activities. Finally, from the point of view of rural development, this study demonstrated that the extraction of the Brazilian- pine nut, besides of being a form of economic integration and social reproduction, is a very important cultural component for farmers and workers in the region of São Francisco de Paula, RS. At the same time, revealed the need of further reflections about the extractivism and extractivism system within the production system.

O pinhão é uma importante fonte de alimento e renda para comunidades rurais que residem na região de ocorrência da Floresta com Araucária. Embora sua coleta seja praticada por muitos, é pouco conhecida. Diante disto, este estudo objetivou compreender os aspectos históricos, sociais e econômicos relacionados ao extrativismo do pinhão em São Francisco de Paula, RS. Para tanto, utilizou-se a abordagem teórico-metodológica da Teoria de Sistemas Agrários aliada ao estudo sobre os canais de comercialização. A partir da reconstituição e diferenciação da evolução dos Sistemas Agrários de São Francisco de Paula, constatou-se que o pinhão, em tempos pretéritos, estava associado ao livre acesso, sendo este fonte de alimento e renda, principalmente, para os grupos sociais que foram sistematicamente alijados do acesso à terra. No entanto, frente à valorização deste produto em mercados regionais, o extrativismo de pinhão despertou o aumento de interesses de proprietários de terra em explorar esse recurso para si, ocasionando o consequente impedimento ou exigências e contrapartidas para o livre acesso às araucárias. Evidenciou-se, ainda, que esta mudança de postura dos proprietários de terras em relação ao pinhão é decorrente também do processo de cerceamento e vigilância para com as populações locais representados, sobretudo, pelos termos da legislação ambiental. Através do diagnóstico socioeconômico dos sistemas de produção, constatou-se a existência de 2 grupos sociais de coletores de pinhão, os Trabalhadores Rurais e Urbanos e os Pecuaristas. Para ambos os grupos existe a ocorrência de tipos sociais, onde o pinhão é coletado visando o autoconsumo e eventual venda de excedentes, e outros tipos em que a coleta é destinada, basicamente, à comercialização. Em relação aos canais de comercialização de pinhão e seus agentes, identificou-se a existência de canais longos e canais curtos. Observou-se que pinhão in natura é vendido nos dois tipos de canais de comercialização. Contudo, quando o pinhão é vendido via canais curtos o preço praticado pelo produtor primário é mais elevado. Contrariamente, os produtos derivados de pinhão são vendidos, exclusivamente, em canais curtos. Constatou-se ainda, que na região estudada os canais longos de comercialização de pinhão não são estruturados, que o pinhão processado é comercializado, basicamente, por agricultores que possuem acesso às feiras e que não há comercialização de pinhão para os mercados institucionais. Tal situação foi relacionada à grande informalidade das relações comerciais, à falta de instituições que auxiliem no ambiente organizacional dos canais de comercialização do pinhão e a um ambiente institucional que desestimula a atividade de coleta. A partir do empírico estudado pode-se observar que os conceitos para definir o sistema de produção, em nível das unidades de produção agrícola, apresentam limitações e restrições, pois eles não incorporam na sua essência as atividades de extrativismo. Por fim, do ponto de vista do desenvolvimento rural, este trabalho demonstrou que o extrativismo do pinhão, além de se constituir numa forma de inserção econômica e reprodução social, caracteriza-se como um componente cultural muito importante para os agricultores/pecuaristas e trabalhadores da região de São Francisco de Paula, RS. Ao mesmo tempo, em que revelou a necessidade de aprofundar maiores reflexões acerca do extrativismo e do sistema extrativista dentro do sistema de produção. / The brazilian-pine nut is an important source of food and income for rural communities which reside in the region of occurrence of Araucaria Forest. Although their collection is practiced by many, is little known. This study aimed to understand the historical, social and economic issues related to the extraction of the brazilian-pine nut in São Francisco de Paula, RS. For this, we used the theoretical and methodological approach of the Theory of Agrarian Systems and of the study of food supply chains. By reconstructing the evolution and differentiation of the Agrarian Systems of São Francisco de Paula, it was found that the brazilian-pine nut, in past times, was associated with free access and a source of food and income, especially for social groups that were systematically excluded of the access to land. However, facing the increase of the value of this product in regional markets, the extraction of brazilian-pine nut aroused the interests of the landowners to harvest this product to itself, resulting in requirements and demands to the access of the brazilian-pine. This change of attitude of landowners in relation to the brazilian-pine nut is also due the restriction to the local populations mainly by the terms of environmental legislation. Through a socioeconomic diagnosis of production systems, we found the existence of two social groups of collectors of the brazilian-pine nut, Rural and Urban Workers and Farmers. For both groups there is the occurrence of social types, where the brazilian-pine nut is collected in order for selfconsumption and eventual sale, and other types where the collection is designed primarily for marketing. Regarding to the food supply chains of the brazilian-pine nut and their agents, it was identified the existence of short chains and long chains. It was observed that the brazilian-pine nut in natura is sold in the both types of chains. But the products derived from brazilian-pine nut are sold exclusively in short channels. However, when the brazilian-pine nut is sold in the short chains the price is higher to the producer. It was further observed that in the region studied, the long supply chains of the brazilian-pine nut are not structured, the processed product is marketed mainly by farmers who have access to fairs and there is no marketing of the brazilian-pine nut to the institutional markets. This situation was related to the informal trade relations, the lack of institutions to assist in the organizational environment of the food supply chains of the brazilian-pine nut and an institutional environment that discourages the collection activity. From the empirical study it was seen that the concepts to define the production system, in the agricultural production units, have limitations and restrictions, as they do not incorporate in their essence the extractivism activities. Finally, from the point of view of rural development, this study demonstrated that the extraction of the Brazilian- pine nut, besides of being a form of economic integration and social reproduction, is a very important cultural component for farmers and workers in the region of São Francisco de Paula, RS. At the same time, revealed the need of further reflections about the extractivism and extractivism system within the production system.

Orientadores: Flávio Keidi Miyazawa, Maxim Sviridenko / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T09:17:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedrosa_LehiltonLelisChaves_D.pdf: 3649302 bytes, checksum: 9f37cca5fca5af1697c2099c8e0f2798 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O resumo poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: The abstract is available with the full electronic document / Doutorado / Ciência da Computação / Doutor em Ciência da Computação

Ett ERP-system syftar till att ta hand om företagets resurser och skapa ett enhetligt integrerat system för dessa. ERP-system kan också användas för informationsutbyte mellan företaget, kunden och leverantörens system. Behov av ERP-system finns inom de flesta branscher oavsett storlek och inriktning men kritik har riktats mot att systemen inte lever upp till användarnas förväntningar eller tillfredställer användarens behov. Arbetets fokus ligger koncentrerat på hur mindre företags uppfattning om ERP-system är och vad som krävs av en ERP-leverantör för att i framtiden tillfredställa mindre företag. En surveyundersökning har använts för att få fram relevant information för att lösa min problemprecisering. Resultatet av arbetet visar att integrering med företagets externa aktörer, framför allt med kunders informationssystem, är det kriterium som är mest betydelsefullt i ett ERP-system i framtiden. ERP-leverantörer bör också inrikta sig mot att öka integreringen med de interna informationssystemen i företaget.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present study had as aims to identify the determinants of competitiveness of the production chain of sheep of the Rio Grande do Sul, with a focus on production and processing segments. To evaluate the performance of the determinants of competitiveness was adopted as drivers the institutional environment, technology, market structure, the governance structure and coordination, the firm's management and inputs and infrastructure. Each driver was divided into indicators, which in turn, were classified according to their degree of control. Drivers and indicators were given a weight according to their representative for the competitive performance of the chain. Considering these weights and a field research on the type rapid appraisal, it became possible to quantitatively evaluation the drivers and indicators of competitiveness. Qualitative analysis was obtained by the position of the value of the final evaluation on a Likert scale, offering to characterize the competitive performance evaluation options: very unfavorable (MD), unfavorable (D), neutral (N), favorable (F) and very favorable (MF). The analysis of the competitive performance of the production chain of meat sheep of Rio Grande do Sul was formalized with the method described above and a field research with key players in the segment production and processing. The present study revealed that most of the drivers of competitiveness listed are favorable to the thread processing. In the segment production was found a more balanced distribution between drivers unfavorable, neutral and positive. Allowing to conclude that this segment, the main determinants of competitive performance are technology and governance structures and coordination. / O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar os determinantes da competitividade da cadeia produtiva de carne ovina do Rio Grande do Sul, com foco nos segmentos produção e processamento. Para avaliar o desempenho dos determinantes da competitividade adotou-se como direcionadores o ambiente institucional, a tecnologia, a estrutura de mercado, a estrutura de governança e coordenação, a gestão da firma e insumos e infraestrutura. Cada direcionador foi então dividido em indicadores, que por sua vez, foram classificados quanto ao seu grau de controle. Direcionadores e indicadores receberam um peso conforme sua representatividade para o desempenho competitivo da cadeia. Considerando estes pesos e a pesquisa de campo do tipo rapid appraisal, tornou-se possível uma avaliação quantitativa dos direcionadores e indicadores de competitividade. A avaliação qualitativa foi obtida pela posição do valor da avaliação final em uma escala do tipo likert, que oferece para caracterizar o desempenho competitivo as opções de avaliação: muito desfavorável (MD), desfavorável (D), neutro (N), favorável (F) e muito favorável (MF). A análise do desempenho competitivo da cadeia produtiva de carne ovina do Rio Grande do Sul formalizou-se com a aplicação do método descrito acima e da pesquisa de campo com os principais agentes do segmento produção e do segmento processamento. O presente estudo revelou que a maioria dos direcionadores de competitividade elencados são favoráveis para o segmento processamento. Já no segmento produção há uma distribuição mais equilibrada entre direcionadores desfavoráveis, neutros e favoráveis. Permitindo concluir que, neste segmento, os principais determinantes do desempenho competitivo são tecnologia e estruturas de governança e coordenação.

Short Food Supply Chains (SFSC) can be understood as ‘alternatives’ to conventional, complex food chains that tend to dominate contemporary agri-food systems. They redefine producer-consumer relations through socially and physically ‘closer’, more transparent supply chains founded upon quality cues associated with provenance, whereby products become embedded with information about the spaces of production. It has been argued that SFSC can have significant socio-economic benefits for rural development, providing livelihoods for small-scale, independent food producers who would otherwise be marginalised from food markets. SFSC have received plenty of attention amongst ‘alternative’ agri-food scholars in recent years. However, empirical research has typically addressed SFSC in relation to a specific set of values, politics and traditions, examining a locale or region in relation to cultural structures ingrained in a particular context. This has resulted in vast amounts of agri-food literature with specific reference to the contexts of Europe, North America and other global North regions. Attention to countries from the global South has increased recently, but there are limited cross-cultural, comparative analyses between regions from the global North and South. This is surprising given that small-scale food producers the world over face similar obstacles associated with access to markets, adaptation to climate change, contradictory policies and development programmes and increased competition from imports. This research investigates how SFSC operate in context, drawing on evidence from case studies in rural regions of The Gambia, West Africa and East England; illustrative cases of the global North and South. This thesis adopts an inductive methodology, incorporating grounded theory and a range of qualitative methods and data analysis techniques. The regional food group Tastes of Anglia and social enterprise named ‘Gambia is Good’ served as gatekeepers and provided access to small-scale food producers in each case. The Sustainable (Rural) Livelihoods Framework as originally conceived by the Department for International Development (DFID) was used as a conceptual toolkit to guide data collection and analyses. This involved an amalgamation of the largely disparate ‘alternative’ agri-food literature with that of sustainable livelihoods, revealing the important role that horizontal embeddedness and vertical embeddedness have in the context of SFSC. This research has found that in The Gambia, limited access to capital assets, infrastructural constraints and a lack of social embeddedness between rural producers and customers in the high value tourist industry undermines SFSC as viable livelihood strategies. This is in contrast to the UK, where food producers have access to a wider set of resources and can also draw on established ‘quality’ cues associated with Product-Process-Place linkages to market their products. Results suggest this is due to the historical (agri)cultural trajectories of East Anglia and spatial-temporal synergies that enable products embedded with information to be differentiated in competitive marketplaces. The processes enabling this differentiation can be considered as a form of cultural capital. This cannot be as readily drawn upon in The Gambia given its different agricultural and political-economic histories, and comparatively weaker forms of vertical embeddedness. This raises questions about the relevance and transferability of SFSC models to contexts such as The Gambia and other ‘similar’ regions in sub-Saharan Africa and the global South. The broader implications of these findings are discussed and five future research agendas that explore the key processes of horizontal and vertical embeddedness in both the global North and South are presented.

This dissertation delivers a framework to diagnose the Bull-Whip Effect (BWE) in supply chains and then identify methods to minimize it. Such a framework is needed because in spite of the significant amount of literature discussing the bull-whip effect, many companies continue to experience the wide variations in demand that are indicative of the bull-whip effect. While the theory and knowledge of the bull-whip effect is well established, there still is the lack of an engineering framework and method to systematically identify the problem, diagnose its causes, and identify remedies. The present work seeks to fill this gap by providing a holistic, systems perspective to bull-whip identification and diagnosis. The framework employs the SCOR reference model to examine the supply chain processes with a baseline measure of demand amplification. Then, research of the supply chain structural and behavioral features is conducted by means of the system dynamics modeling method. The contribution of the diagnostic framework, is called Demand Amplification Protocol (DAMP), relies not only on the improvement of existent methods but also contributes with original developments introduced to accomplish successful diagnosis. DAMP contributes a comprehensive methodology that captures the dynamic complexities of supply chain processes. The method also contributes a BWE measurement method that is suitable for actual supply chains because of its low data requirements, and introduces a BWE scorecard for relating established causes to a central BWE metric. In addition, the dissertation makes a methodological contribution to the analysis of system dynamic models with a technique for statistical screening called SS-Opt, which determines the inputs with the greatest impact on the bull-whip effect by means of perturbation analysis and subsequent multivariate optimization. The dissertation describes the implementation of the DAMP framework in an actual case study that exposes the approach, analysis, results and conclusions. The case study suggests a balanced solution between costs and demand amplification can better serve both firms and supply chain interests. Insights pinpoint to supplier network redesign, postponement in manufacturing operations and collaborative forecasting agreements with main distributors.

This thesis examines the numerous roles that nonhumans (and especially livestock) played in the creation, maintenance, and reproduction of settler space in the colonial city of Victoria, British Columbia, and details the gradual processes by which city space paradoxically became designated as such through the selective removal of animal life over the turn of the twentieth century. I use extensive archival material, newspaper coverage, and secondary analysis to explore the varied roles nonhumans played in the establishment of settler society, and investigate the ways that animals were paradoxically fundamental and antithetical to modernizing and industrializing settler space across nearly a century of urban history. In the earliest days of colonial settlement, when Victoria was established as a fur-trading post and depot for the Hudson’s Bay Company’s Columbia Department, animals played crucial dispossessive roles in forcibly reorganizing Indigenous territory and establishing settler space, and were indeed vital to the broader British colonizing project. As the city experienced dramatic demographic growth and tightening urban space across two gold rushes in the mid-nineteenth century, Victoria’s livestock faced increased scrutiny from legislators and citizens through the application of the common law category of “public nuisance.” Urban subsistence strategies such as pig-keeping and free-range grazing began to encroach on settler property and offend nascent middle-class ratepayers as the city grew in population and density, causing a selective process of removal, even as some livestock (such as milk-producing cattle) remained vital to many of the city’s households. Yet new understandings of disease transmission and sanitation sparked the gradual removal of domestic milch cows from Victoria’s backyards and lots, as medical scrutiny began to view the city’s dairy supply as a potential vector for the spread of the “White Plague,” bovine tuberculosis. The resulting consolidation of privately-owned and co-operative dairies would largely spell the end to urban livestock husbandry in the city, relocating nonhuman bodies out of sight and out of mind. Meanwhile, the extension of a cattle frontier into the mainland Interior Plateau continued a process of dispossession instigated on Lekwungen territories in Victoria, inflicting devastation on grassland ecologies and Indigenous livelihoods in the arid interior of British Columbia, while the injection of outside capital and advances in transportation, retail and supply chain infrastructure placed consumers at a greater and greater spatial and conceptual divide from the animals with whom they had formerly shared their urban spaces. / Graduate / 2022-08-30

<div>With the rapid development of clean energy technologies, various bottlenecks on supplies of related critical materials emerged. Since supply chains of critical materials often involved with multiple layers of markets with different characteristics, to better identify bottlenecks and increase critical material availability, it is vital to have better understanding and projection on these markets.</div><div>Agent-based modeling is a bottom-up approach that can imitate heterogenous objects in a changing environment. Therefore, it is an excellent tool to simulate markets with fierce competition and fast revolution. This work demonstrates the application of agent-based modeling by discussing three different topics related to critical material demand and supply induced by clean energy products.</div><div>The first application focused on LED residential lighting market. LED lighting market grew rapidly and introduced potential demand on several critical materials including indium. The work modeled consumers as heterogenous and irrational agents in network purchasing new bulbs based</div>

Background: Globalization has resulted in a more interconnected world than ever before. Global supply chains are a phenomenon which has led corporations to rely on a network of suppliers in various parts of the world. Such global reliance brings benefits but also exposes organizations to an elevated level of risks. The covid 19 pandemic boosted the digital transformation in societies which put a lot of stress on the already strained semiconductor supply chain. Markets are currently facing supply shortages of semiconductors which leads to adverse impacts on company's operations. Purpose: The purpose is to develop the knowledge and develop patterns and trends regarding how Swedish companies handle disruptions stemming from the semiconductor crisis. Method: By engaging in a comprehensive analysis and gathering of previous literature in the field it will provide a theoretical ground for the research. Thereafter, an empirical data collection in the form of interviews with representatives from the industries in question, has been conducted to provide insights and knowledge regarding the issue. The interview data has then been synthesized and analysed to spot patterns. Conclusion: The results show that the issue is complex, companies may have different abilities and possibilities to impact the situation. Although closer communication with the supply chain,Isac Pihl, Jonathan Lind &amp; Simon Henkow Ulf Linnman2022-05-19shortage”, “SCRM process”, “Crisis management”.Date:Key terms: “Supply chain risk management”, “Global supply chains”, “Semiconductor2engaging in supplier development, stockpiling inventory, utilizing the open market to acquire semiconductors (SPOT market), and quickly adapt to the changing conditions can be concluded to be the most common patterns spotted