O pinhão é uma importante fonte de alimento e renda para comunidades rurais que residem na região de ocorrência da Floresta com Araucária. Embora sua coleta seja praticada por muitos, é pouco conhecida. Diante disto, este estudo objetivou compreender os aspectos históricos, sociais e econômicos relacionados ao extrativismo do pinhão em São Francisco de Paula, RS. Para tanto, utilizou-se a abordagem teórico-metodológica da Teoria de Sistemas Agrários aliada ao estudo sobre os canais de comercialização. A partir da reconstituição e diferenciação da evolução dos Sistemas Agrários de São Francisco de Paula, constatou-se que o pinhão, em tempos pretéritos, estava associado ao livre acesso, sendo este fonte de alimento e renda, principalmente, para os grupos sociais que foram sistematicamente alijados do acesso à terra. No entanto, frente à valorização deste produto em mercados regionais, o extrativismo de pinhão despertou o aumento de interesses de proprietários de terra em explorar esse recurso para si, ocasionando o consequente impedimento ou exigências e contrapartidas para o livre acesso às araucárias. Evidenciou-se, ainda, que esta mudança de postura dos proprietários de terras em relação ao pinhão é decorrente também do processo de cerceamento e vigilância para com as populações locais representados, sobretudo, pelos termos da legislação ambiental. Através do diagnóstico socioeconômico dos sistemas de produção, constatou-se a existência de 2 grupos sociais de coletores de pinhão, os Trabalhadores Rurais e Urbanos e os Pecuaristas. Para ambos os grupos existe a ocorrência de tipos sociais, onde o pinhão é coletado visando o autoconsumo e eventual venda de excedentes, e outros tipos em que a coleta é destinada, basicamente, à comercialização. Em relação aos canais de comercialização de pinhão e seus agentes, identificou-se a existência de canais longos e canais curtos. Observou-se que pinhão in natura é vendido nos dois tipos de canais de comercialização. Contudo, quando o pinhão é vendido via canais curtos o preço praticado pelo produtor primário é mais elevado. Contrariamente, os produtos derivados de pinhão são vendidos, exclusivamente, em canais curtos. Constatou-se ainda, que na região estudada os canais longos de comercialização de pinhão não são estruturados, que o pinhão processado é comercializado, basicamente, por agricultores que possuem acesso às feiras e que não há comercialização de pinhão para os mercados institucionais. Tal situação foi relacionada à grande informalidade das relações comerciais, à falta de instituições que auxiliem no ambiente organizacional dos canais de comercialização do pinhão e a um ambiente institucional que desestimula a atividade de coleta. A partir do empírico estudado pode-se observar que os conceitos para definir o sistema de produção, em nível das unidades de produção agrícola, apresentam limitações e restrições, pois eles não incorporam na sua essência as atividades de extrativismo. Por fim, do ponto de vista do desenvolvimento rural, este trabalho demonstrou que o extrativismo do pinhão, além de se constituir numa forma de inserção econômica e reprodução social, caracteriza-se como um componente cultural muito importante para os agricultores/pecuaristas e trabalhadores da região de São Francisco de Paula, RS. Ao mesmo tempo, em que revelou a necessidade de aprofundar maiores reflexões acerca do extrativismo e do sistema extrativista dentro do sistema de produção. / The brazilian-pine nut is an important source of food and income for rural communities which reside in the region of occurrence of Araucaria Forest. Although their collection is practiced by many, is little known. This study aimed to understand the historical, social and economic issues related to the extraction of the brazilian-pine nut in São Francisco de Paula, RS. For this, we used the theoretical and methodological approach of the Theory of Agrarian Systems and of the study of food supply chains. By reconstructing the evolution and differentiation of the Agrarian Systems of São Francisco de Paula, it was found that the brazilian-pine nut, in past times, was associated with free access and a source of food and income, especially for social groups that were systematically excluded of the access to land. However, facing the increase of the value of this product in regional markets, the extraction of brazilian-pine nut aroused the interests of the landowners to harvest this product to itself, resulting in requirements and demands to the access of the brazilian-pine. This change of attitude of landowners in relation to the brazilian-pine nut is also due the restriction to the local populations mainly by the terms of environmental legislation. Through a socioeconomic diagnosis of production systems, we found the existence of two social groups of collectors of the brazilian-pine nut, Rural and Urban Workers and Farmers. For both groups there is the occurrence of social types, where the brazilian-pine nut is collected in order for selfconsumption and eventual sale, and other types where the collection is designed primarily for marketing. Regarding to the food supply chains of the brazilian-pine nut and their agents, it was identified the existence of short chains and long chains. It was observed that the brazilian-pine nut in natura is sold in the both types of chains. But the products derived from brazilian-pine nut are sold exclusively in short channels. However, when the brazilian-pine nut is sold in the short chains the price is higher to the producer. It was further observed that in the region studied, the long supply chains of the brazilian-pine nut are not structured, the processed product is marketed mainly by farmers who have access to fairs and there is no marketing of the brazilian-pine nut to the institutional markets. This situation was related to the informal trade relations, the lack of institutions to assist in the organizational environment of the food supply chains of the brazilian-pine nut and an institutional environment that discourages the collection activity. From the empirical study it was seen that the concepts to define the production system, in the agricultural production units, have limitations and restrictions, as they do not incorporate in their essence the extractivism activities. Finally, from the point of view of rural development, this study demonstrated that the extraction of the Brazilian- pine nut, besides of being a form of economic integration and social reproduction, is a very important cultural component for farmers and workers in the region of São Francisco de Paula, RS. At the same time, revealed the need of further reflections about the extractivism and extractivism system within the production system.

O pinhão é uma importante fonte de alimento e renda para comunidades rurais que residem na região de ocorrência da Floresta com Araucária. Embora sua coleta seja praticada por muitos, é pouco conhecida. Diante disto, este estudo objetivou compreender os aspectos históricos, sociais e econômicos relacionados ao extrativismo do pinhão em São Francisco de Paula, RS. Para tanto, utilizou-se a abordagem teórico-metodológica da Teoria de Sistemas Agrários aliada ao estudo sobre os canais de comercialização. A partir da reconstituição e diferenciação da evolução dos Sistemas Agrários de São Francisco de Paula, constatou-se que o pinhão, em tempos pretéritos, estava associado ao livre acesso, sendo este fonte de alimento e renda, principalmente, para os grupos sociais que foram sistematicamente alijados do acesso à terra. No entanto, frente à valorização deste produto em mercados regionais, o extrativismo de pinhão despertou o aumento de interesses de proprietários de terra em explorar esse recurso para si, ocasionando o consequente impedimento ou exigências e contrapartidas para o livre acesso às araucárias. Evidenciou-se, ainda, que esta mudança de postura dos proprietários de terras em relação ao pinhão é decorrente também do processo de cerceamento e vigilância para com as populações locais representados, sobretudo, pelos termos da legislação ambiental. Através do diagnóstico socioeconômico dos sistemas de produção, constatou-se a existência de 2 grupos sociais de coletores de pinhão, os Trabalhadores Rurais e Urbanos e os Pecuaristas. Para ambos os grupos existe a ocorrência de tipos sociais, onde o pinhão é coletado visando o autoconsumo e eventual venda de excedentes, e outros tipos em que a coleta é destinada, basicamente, à comercialização. Em relação aos canais de comercialização de pinhão e seus agentes, identificou-se a existência de canais longos e canais curtos. Observou-se que pinhão in natura é vendido nos dois tipos de canais de comercialização. Contudo, quando o pinhão é vendido via canais curtos o preço praticado pelo produtor primário é mais elevado. Contrariamente, os produtos derivados de pinhão são vendidos, exclusivamente, em canais curtos. Constatou-se ainda, que na região estudada os canais longos de comercialização de pinhão não são estruturados, que o pinhão processado é comercializado, basicamente, por agricultores que possuem acesso às feiras e que não há comercialização de pinhão para os mercados institucionais. Tal situação foi relacionada à grande informalidade das relações comerciais, à falta de instituições que auxiliem no ambiente organizacional dos canais de comercialização do pinhão e a um ambiente institucional que desestimula a atividade de coleta. A partir do empírico estudado pode-se observar que os conceitos para definir o sistema de produção, em nível das unidades de produção agrícola, apresentam limitações e restrições, pois eles não incorporam na sua essência as atividades de extrativismo. Por fim, do ponto de vista do desenvolvimento rural, este trabalho demonstrou que o extrativismo do pinhão, além de se constituir numa forma de inserção econômica e reprodução social, caracteriza-se como um componente cultural muito importante para os agricultores/pecuaristas e trabalhadores da região de São Francisco de Paula, RS. Ao mesmo tempo, em que revelou a necessidade de aprofundar maiores reflexões acerca do extrativismo e do sistema extrativista dentro do sistema de produção. / The brazilian-pine nut is an important source of food and income for rural communities which reside in the region of occurrence of Araucaria Forest. Although their collection is practiced by many, is little known. This study aimed to understand the historical, social and economic issues related to the extraction of the brazilian-pine nut in São Francisco de Paula, RS. For this, we used the theoretical and methodological approach of the Theory of Agrarian Systems and of the study of food supply chains. By reconstructing the evolution and differentiation of the Agrarian Systems of São Francisco de Paula, it was found that the brazilian-pine nut, in past times, was associated with free access and a source of food and income, especially for social groups that were systematically excluded of the access to land. However, facing the increase of the value of this product in regional markets, the extraction of brazilian-pine nut aroused the interests of the landowners to harvest this product to itself, resulting in requirements and demands to the access of the brazilian-pine. This change of attitude of landowners in relation to the brazilian-pine nut is also due the restriction to the local populations mainly by the terms of environmental legislation. Through a socioeconomic diagnosis of production systems, we found the existence of two social groups of collectors of the brazilian-pine nut, Rural and Urban Workers and Farmers. For both groups there is the occurrence of social types, where the brazilian-pine nut is collected in order for selfconsumption and eventual sale, and other types where the collection is designed primarily for marketing. Regarding to the food supply chains of the brazilian-pine nut and their agents, it was identified the existence of short chains and long chains. It was observed that the brazilian-pine nut in natura is sold in the both types of chains. But the products derived from brazilian-pine nut are sold exclusively in short channels. However, when the brazilian-pine nut is sold in the short chains the price is higher to the producer. It was further observed that in the region studied, the long supply chains of the brazilian-pine nut are not structured, the processed product is marketed mainly by farmers who have access to fairs and there is no marketing of the brazilian-pine nut to the institutional markets. This situation was related to the informal trade relations, the lack of institutions to assist in the organizational environment of the food supply chains of the brazilian-pine nut and an institutional environment that discourages the collection activity. From the empirical study it was seen that the concepts to define the production system, in the agricultural production units, have limitations and restrictions, as they do not incorporate in their essence the extractivism activities. Finally, from the point of view of rural development, this study demonstrated that the extraction of the Brazilian- pine nut, besides of being a form of economic integration and social reproduction, is a very important cultural component for farmers and workers in the region of São Francisco de Paula, RS. At the same time, revealed the need of further reflections about the extractivism and extractivism system within the production system.

O pinhão é uma importante fonte de alimento e renda para comunidades rurais que residem na região de ocorrência da Floresta com Araucária. Embora sua coleta seja praticada por muitos, é pouco conhecida. Diante disto, este estudo objetivou compreender os aspectos históricos, sociais e econômicos relacionados ao extrativismo do pinhão em São Francisco de Paula, RS. Para tanto, utilizou-se a abordagem teórico-metodológica da Teoria de Sistemas Agrários aliada ao estudo sobre os canais de comercialização. A partir da reconstituição e diferenciação da evolução dos Sistemas Agrários de São Francisco de Paula, constatou-se que o pinhão, em tempos pretéritos, estava associado ao livre acesso, sendo este fonte de alimento e renda, principalmente, para os grupos sociais que foram sistematicamente alijados do acesso à terra. No entanto, frente à valorização deste produto em mercados regionais, o extrativismo de pinhão despertou o aumento de interesses de proprietários de terra em explorar esse recurso para si, ocasionando o consequente impedimento ou exigências e contrapartidas para o livre acesso às araucárias. Evidenciou-se, ainda, que esta mudança de postura dos proprietários de terras em relação ao pinhão é decorrente também do processo de cerceamento e vigilância para com as populações locais representados, sobretudo, pelos termos da legislação ambiental. Através do diagnóstico socioeconômico dos sistemas de produção, constatou-se a existência de 2 grupos sociais de coletores de pinhão, os Trabalhadores Rurais e Urbanos e os Pecuaristas. Para ambos os grupos existe a ocorrência de tipos sociais, onde o pinhão é coletado visando o autoconsumo e eventual venda de excedentes, e outros tipos em que a coleta é destinada, basicamente, à comercialização. Em relação aos canais de comercialização de pinhão e seus agentes, identificou-se a existência de canais longos e canais curtos. Observou-se que pinhão in natura é vendido nos dois tipos de canais de comercialização. Contudo, quando o pinhão é vendido via canais curtos o preço praticado pelo produtor primário é mais elevado. Contrariamente, os produtos derivados de pinhão são vendidos, exclusivamente, em canais curtos. Constatou-se ainda, que na região estudada os canais longos de comercialização de pinhão não são estruturados, que o pinhão processado é comercializado, basicamente, por agricultores que possuem acesso às feiras e que não há comercialização de pinhão para os mercados institucionais. Tal situação foi relacionada à grande informalidade das relações comerciais, à falta de instituições que auxiliem no ambiente organizacional dos canais de comercialização do pinhão e a um ambiente institucional que desestimula a atividade de coleta. A partir do empírico estudado pode-se observar que os conceitos para definir o sistema de produção, em nível das unidades de produção agrícola, apresentam limitações e restrições, pois eles não incorporam na sua essência as atividades de extrativismo. Por fim, do ponto de vista do desenvolvimento rural, este trabalho demonstrou que o extrativismo do pinhão, além de se constituir numa forma de inserção econômica e reprodução social, caracteriza-se como um componente cultural muito importante para os agricultores/pecuaristas e trabalhadores da região de São Francisco de Paula, RS. Ao mesmo tempo, em que revelou a necessidade de aprofundar maiores reflexões acerca do extrativismo e do sistema extrativista dentro do sistema de produção. / The brazilian-pine nut is an important source of food and income for rural communities which reside in the region of occurrence of Araucaria Forest. Although their collection is practiced by many, is little known. This study aimed to understand the historical, social and economic issues related to the extraction of the brazilian-pine nut in São Francisco de Paula, RS. For this, we used the theoretical and methodological approach of the Theory of Agrarian Systems and of the study of food supply chains. By reconstructing the evolution and differentiation of the Agrarian Systems of São Francisco de Paula, it was found that the brazilian-pine nut, in past times, was associated with free access and a source of food and income, especially for social groups that were systematically excluded of the access to land. However, facing the increase of the value of this product in regional markets, the extraction of brazilian-pine nut aroused the interests of the landowners to harvest this product to itself, resulting in requirements and demands to the access of the brazilian-pine. This change of attitude of landowners in relation to the brazilian-pine nut is also due the restriction to the local populations mainly by the terms of environmental legislation. Through a socioeconomic diagnosis of production systems, we found the existence of two social groups of collectors of the brazilian-pine nut, Rural and Urban Workers and Farmers. For both groups there is the occurrence of social types, where the brazilian-pine nut is collected in order for selfconsumption and eventual sale, and other types where the collection is designed primarily for marketing. Regarding to the food supply chains of the brazilian-pine nut and their agents, it was identified the existence of short chains and long chains. It was observed that the brazilian-pine nut in natura is sold in the both types of chains. But the products derived from brazilian-pine nut are sold exclusively in short channels. However, when the brazilian-pine nut is sold in the short chains the price is higher to the producer. It was further observed that in the region studied, the long supply chains of the brazilian-pine nut are not structured, the processed product is marketed mainly by farmers who have access to fairs and there is no marketing of the brazilian-pine nut to the institutional markets. This situation was related to the informal trade relations, the lack of institutions to assist in the organizational environment of the food supply chains of the brazilian-pine nut and an institutional environment that discourages the collection activity. From the empirical study it was seen that the concepts to define the production system, in the agricultural production units, have limitations and restrictions, as they do not incorporate in their essence the extractivism activities. Finally, from the point of view of rural development, this study demonstrated that the extraction of the Brazilian- pine nut, besides of being a form of economic integration and social reproduction, is a very important cultural component for farmers and workers in the region of São Francisco de Paula, RS. At the same time, revealed the need of further reflections about the extractivism and extractivism system within the production system.

Este artículo aborda la ampliación de las fronteras extractivas en elsuroriente del Ecuador, a partir de la licitación de nuevos bloques,con la XI Ronda Petrolera. Presenta reflexiones de una investigaciónrealizada entre 2013 y 2014, cuyo objetivo fue profundizar cómose enlazan las políticas extractivas y el desarrollo con sus efectosen las dinámicas territoriales indígenas. La investigación incluyóentrevistas con dirigentes de organizaciones indígenas y funcionariosgubernamentales en la provincia de Pastaza, realización deforos temáticos y seguimiento de eventos claves (foros), además derevisión de fuentes documentales. Se describen en el artículo políticasgubernamentales que afianzan la cosmografía desarrollista yla colonialidad de la naturaleza en la Amazonía, generando retrocesosen la implementación de los derechos colectivos, mientrasse activan conflictos por el control del territorio y recursos, en undespliegue de diversas posiciones, narrativas y agencia desde lospueblos indígenas. / The article discusses the expansion of extractive frontiers in the southeastern region of Ecuador, with the bidding for oil blocksaround XI Round Oil. It presents the results of a research done 2013-2014, which aimed to analyze the bonds between extractiveand developmental policies and their effects on indigenous people’s territorial dynamics. The research included interviewing leaders ofindigenous organizations and government officials in the province of Pastaza, conducting thematic forums and monitoring of key events(forums), plus reviewing documentary sources. This article describes government policies that strengthen the developmental cosmography and coloniality of nature in the Amazon, and cause setbacks in the implementation of collective rights, while various positions,narratives and indigenous people agency activated conflicts around the control over territory and resources.

The deteriorating quality of democracy in Latin America has been a debated issue for a long time. Numerous theories and authors have proposed different causes and reasons. For instance, Linz argues that the cause is presidentialism, while Brinks, Levitsky, and Murillo suggest that unstable economic and political circumstances have led to institutional weakness in Latin America. Considering the relevance of extractivism in Argentina and Uruguay and bearing in mind that politics and economics are related, this paper builds on dependency theory to investigate how the pink-tide extractive economic model affected democracy from 2005 to 2015. The cross-national comparison results indicate that extractivism is not the only factor negatively impacting their democracy. The findings reveal a positive relationship between fragile institutional checks and balances and the concentration of power in the executive allowing for a greater extractivism impact on democracy. The results of this study support the view that institutional checks and balances are vital to ensure political stability.

Faced with the profound social and ecological threats posed by extractivist projects such as large hydroelectric dams, wind farms, and mining operations, many indigenous communities and their allies in Mexico have articulated new forms of contentious politics into a broad territorial defense movement. This project explores the strategies of contention practiced by an anti-mining movement based in the Municipality of San José del Progreso in the southern state of Oaxaca. As a deeply-divided community that has suffered increased violence and conflict directly related to a Canadian-owned gold and silver mine operating in its vicinity, it presents a valuable case study in how strong social movements can still develop under conditions of disunity. This study combines ethnographic and archival research methods to uncover the deep historical roots of community division, and to develop a close analysis of the contentious strategies employed by the anti-mining movement. The historical record and local narratives show the central role that hacienda colonialism played in creating a salient geography of ethnic discrimination and division in the municipality whose effects can still be seen today. In response to the ongoing processes of colonization and dispossession in San José del Progreso, a legacy of contention has defined and defended both campesino (peasant farmer) and indigenous claims to local territory. More than a series of instrumental strategies designed to expel the hacienda and later mine project, this politics of contention operates as a form of social memory to produce a hybrid form of indigenous/campesino identity linked to healthy land stewardship, an interconnectedness between the earth and human subjects, and a shared history of struggle. As a result, the anti-mining movement in San José del Progreso has shown success in converting its troubled past and checkered present into the foundations of a healthy social and ecological commons, independent of its failure to fully-unite the municipality or close down the mine project in the short-run. / text

La explotación de la Amazonía se sostiene bajo los discursos de la civilización y colonización. Para ello, el aparato ideológico racista construye una imagen negativa de los aborígenes amazónicos. En este artículo, se estudia el discurso del expresidente Alan García como ejemplo de los discursos políticos antiamazónicos. Se demuestra que su discurso está basado en dos creencias discriminatorias: 1) Entre dos clases de ciudadanos, los amazónicos son ciudadanos de segunda clase y 2) El crecimiento económico es obstaculizado por grupos primitivos como los amazónicos. Para ello, desde el análisis crítico del discurso, se examinan las estrategias léxicas y discursivas presentes en un texto del citado mandatario. Finalmente, se concluye que el discurso de Alan García es una manifestación de una práctica social que reproduce discriminación en el país. / The exploitation of the Amazon is based on civilization and colonization discourses. For this, the racist ideological apparatus constructs a negative image of the Amazonian aborigines. In this paper, the speech of the former President Alan García is studied as an example of antiamazonic political discourses. It showed that his discourse is related to two discriminatory beliefs: 1) Between two classes of citizens, the Amazonians are second-class citizens, and 2) Economic growth is hindered by primitive groups such as the Amazonian. Therefore, from the Critical Discourse Analysis, the lexical and discursive strategies are examined. Finally, it is concluded that his speech is a manifestation of a social practice that reproduces discrimination in the country. / Revisión por pares

Cette thèse constitue un essai de géographie régionale visant à expliciter les modalités d’occupation et les conflits qu’elles occasionnent dans une région de la haute Amazonie forestière, celle de la moyenne vallée du fleuve Madeira au sud-est de l’État d’Amazonas. Dans cette région de confins disputée dès l’époque coloniale, cet affluent de rive droite de l’Amazone forme à la fois une limite entre les empires portugais et espagnol et une voie de passage qui servira à dessiner un grand Brésil. Empruntant tour à tour les méthodes de la géohistoire et de la géopolitique, la thèse ouvre le débat sur la prise en compte de la composante environnementale, ici en particulier dans l’analyse du conflit entre une entreprise d’exploitation de bois et des communautés extractivistes vivant de la collecte des produits de la forêt. Avec difficultés, les luttes sociales incorporent la dimension de l’environnement et les entreprises des principes de responsabilité sociale et environnementale, RSE. C’est ce moment d’adaptation des normes que nous avons voulu saisir à plusieurs échelles : celle du cours moyen du fleuve Madeira, de l’immense municipalité de Manicoré et d’un village au nom prédestiné de Democracia [Démocratie]. Les bonnes pratiques d’une véritable gestion forestière, lentes à se mettre en place, ne sont pas pleinement maîtrisées ni acceptées localement et le défi de concilier des usages différenciés des forêts et des fleuves concerne tous les acteurs de la scène environnementaliste qui se préoccupent du devenir des forêts tropicales et de ses habitants, en particulier en prenant la défense de leur conception de l’occupation des territoires. / This thesis is an essay about Regional Geography, aiming at clarifying the modalities of occupation and the conflicts in Western Brazilian Amazonia, especially in the middle Madeira River valley, southern state of Amazonas. Since colonial times, this region is a disputed one: the right bank of the Amazon River became the boundary between the Portuguese and Spanish empires. Besides this passage way allowed to draw a boundary for a Grand Brazil. The thesis is grounded on the methods of geohistory and geopolitics. It opens a debate on how the actors take in account the environmental dimension, and bases its analysis on a conflict between a logging company and extractive communities, that live from collecting forest products. Social struggles hardly incorporate environmental dimension and the companies have difficulties in committing in the principles of social and environmental responsibilities. This work analyzes this time of adaptation to the standards and at various scales: the average course of the Madeira River, territorial vastness of the city of Manicoré and a community with a predestined name of Democracia [Democracy]. Good practices of a true forest management are slowly implemented and hardly handled or accepted in a local level. Nevertheless, all the actors of the environmental scene are challenged with bringing back the different uses of forests and rivers. And in particular those who care with the future of tropical forests and their inhabitants, and take the defense of their conceptions of territorial occupation. / Esta tese consiste em um ensaio de Geografia Regional visando explicitar as modalidades de ocupação e os conflitos por elas ocasionadas na Amazônia Ocidental brasileira, especialmente no vale do médio rio Madeira, no sul do Estado do Amazonas. Nessa região disputada desde a época colonial, esse afluente da margem direita do rio Amazonas passou a ser o limite entre os impérios português e espanhol e uma via de passagem que serviu para desenhar um grande Brasil. Fundamentada nos métodos dageo-história e da geopolítica, a tese abre um debate sobre a tomada de consciência ambiental, aqui em particular com a análise do conflito entre uma empresa madeireira e comunidades extrativistas que vivem da coleta dos produtos florestais. As boas práticas de uma verdadeira gestão florestal, lentas quando aplicadas, não foram plenamente incorporadas nem aceitas localmente. Com dificuldades, as lutas sociais incorporaram a dimensão ambiental e, as empresas, os princípios das responsabilidades social e ambiental. É nesse momento de adaptação às normas que procuramos estudar nas diversas escalas: o curso médio do rio Madeira, a imensidade territorial do município de Manicoré e uma comunidade com um nome predestinado de Democracia. Enfim, fica o desafio de conciliar os usos diferenciados da floresta e dos rios que concerne a todos os atores da cena ambientalista que se preocupam com o futuro das florestas tropicais e de seus habitantes, em particular, em defesa das concepções de ocupação dos territórios pelos moradores.

Ecuador was ‘refounded’ at the turn of the 21st century, with the articulation of progressive and inclusive ideals in a new Constitution. Social movements and leftist intellectuals in Ecuador have expressed that president Rafael Correa has failed to uphold the 2008 Constitution’s goals and values. President Correa and his Alianza PAIS government have utilized the rhetoric of the revolutionary ideals articulated in the Constitution, but in practice, they have continued to implement the status quo Western development model, and a large part of their development strategy involves ‘neo-extractive’ activities. Hydroelectric energy production is contributing to the ‘neo-extractive’ development model in Ecuador, and its implementation has often violated Constitutional rights. This thesis is an analysis of natural resource extraction in Ecuador and its social repercussions, with a focus on hydroelectric energy production. It is shown that the hydroelectric industry in Ecuador is not as “clean,” sustainable, or non-extractive as it is purported to be, through a case study of the San José del Tambo hydroelectric project and the exploration of an international support for hydroelectric extractivism, the United Nations Clean Development Mechanism, and its misleading framing of extractive projects as “sustainable development.” Social movements in Ecuador are acting to reverse the perversion of their originally revolutionary ideals, and to implement a post-extractive model informed by those revolutionary ideals.

Ecuador was ‘refounded’ at the turn of the 21st century, with the articulation of progressive and inclusive ideals in a new Constitution. Social movements and leftist intellectuals in Ecuador have expressed that president Rafael Correa has failed to uphold the 2008 Constitution’s goals and values. President Correa and his Alianza PAIS government have utilized the rhetoric of the revolutionary ideals articulated in the Constitution, but in practice, they have continued to implement the status quo Western development model, and a large part of their development strategy involves ‘neo-extractive’ activities. Hydroelectric energy production is contributing to the ‘neo-extractive’ development model in Ecuador, and its implementation has often violated Constitutional rights. This thesis is an analysis of natural resource extraction in Ecuador and its social repercussions, with a focus on hydroelectric energy production. It is shown that the hydroelectric industry in Ecuador is not as “clean,” sustainable, or non-extractive as it is purported to be, through a case study of the San José del Tambo hydroelectric project and the exploration of an international support for hydroelectric extractivism, the United Nations Clean Development Mechanism, and its misleading framing of extractive projects as “sustainable development.” Social movements in Ecuador are acting to reverse the perversion of their originally revolutionary ideals, and to implement a post-extractive model informed by those revolutionary ideals.