Orientador: Hércules Menezes / Banca: Rosana Bellan de Oliveira e Silva / Banca: Carlos Renato Corso / Banca: Cassiana Maria Reganhan Coneglian / Banca: Ana Paula de Arruda Greraldes Kataoka / Resumo: Este estudo avaliou a atividade antimicrobiana (AA) de extratos hidroalcoólicos, obtidos de diferentes órgãos de 43 espécies de árvores medicinais nativas do Brasil, frente a 10 microrganismos isolados de focos de infecções clínicas (IFI) e 4 microrganismos de referência catalogados na American Type Culture Collection-EUA (ATCC), analisando-se assim, além do potencial antimicrobiano destas plantas, as futuras perspectivas que estas árvores nativas oferecem ao serem utilizadas em projetos de extrativismo auto-sustentável (conservação) e projetos de recuperação de áreas degradadas (reflorestamento) em florestas tropicais. Para os ensaios de antibiose, foi utilizado o método da difusão em ágar, utilizando discos (BAUER et al., 1966). Dos 602 (100%) testes realizados, 31 (5,2%) mostraram halo de inibição Intermediário (I) e 84 (14%) dos testes, mostraram AA, com halo de inibição Sensível (S), destacando-se os extratos de: Bixa orellana e Mimosa tenuiflora frente à [Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus (IFI) e Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC)]; Vernonia polyanthes frente à [Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp coagulase negativa (IFI) e Staphylococcus aureus e Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC)]; Psidium guajava frente à [Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus (IFI), e Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis e Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC)]; Anacardium occidentale frente à [Proteus mirabilis, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus (IFI), Staphylococcus aureus e Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC)]; Stryphnodendron adstringens frente à [Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp coagulase negativa (IFI), e Staphylococcus aureus e Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC)]. Foi observado maior destaque da AA, com o extrato hidroalcoólico de Eugenia uniflora frente a ... / Abstract: This study evaluated the antimicrobial activities (AA) of hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from different parts of 43 species of native Brazilian medicinal trees, against 10 different microorganisms isolated from clinically infected spots (IFI) and 4 microorganisms from American Type Culture Collection-EUA (ATCC), analysing in a manner, beyond of antimicrobial potency of this plants, the future perspectives which this native trees offerer, when will be utilized in a projects of auto-sustainable extrative (conservation) and in a projects of recuperation in degraded areas (reforestation) in tropical forest. The agar diffusion method was used, utilizing discs for antibiosis assay purposes (BAUER et al., 1966). Of the 602 (100%) tested carried out, 31 (5,2%) exhibited Intermediary inhibition halo (I); and 84 (14%) exhibited Sensitive inhibition halo (S) showing the most outstanding extracts qualities: Bixa orellana and Mimosa tenuiflora against [Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus (IFI) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC)]; Vernonia polyanthes against [Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp negative coagulase (IFI) and Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC)]; Psidium guajava against [Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus (IFI), and Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC)]; Stryphnodendron adstringens against [Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp negative coagulase (IFI), and Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC)]. Prominence of AA was observed with the extract of Eugenia uniflora against [Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp negative coagulase (IFI), and Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis / Doutor

Este artículo discute los procesos de modernización minera que se han dado en Latinoamérica, particularmente en el contexto de una nueva geografía de industrialización tardía cuyo centro gravitacional ha girado hacia las economías del Este asiático. A través de la crítica marxista de la ecología, se pretende explicar la manera en que tanto el territorio como el ser humano se han visto despojados de su especificidad concreta para pasar a ser parte de los poderes enajenados del capital. La intensificación en el uso del suelo que se da tras la robotización y computarización de la actividad minera no solo ha convertido el entorno biogeofísico en un momento constitutivo de las fuerzas de producción: también ha implicado la transformación sistemática de campesinados en muchedumbres que se desempeñan como meros apéndices de los sistemas técnicos de la extracción, o como poblaciones sobrantes. El llamado superciclo de materias primas se inserta de esta manera en una nueva fase de acumulación mundial, cuya determinación concreta es el incremento en la productividad a través de la automatización de la maquinaria y la fragmentación de la subjetividad productiva de la clase obrera internacional. / This article addresses the processes of technological modernization that have taken place in Latin America’s mining industry, especially in the context of a new geography of late industrialization whose gravitational center has shifted towards East Asian economies. Through the Marxist critique of ecology, the paper explains the ways in which both human and nonhuman natures have been emptied of their concrete specificity in order to be transformed into the alienatedpowers of capital. The intensification in land use that has followed the robotization and computerization of large-scale mining has not only reconfigured the biogeophysical environment into a constitutive moment of the forces of production, but also entailed the systematic transformation of peasantries into dispossessed multitudes that act as mere appendages of technical systems of extraction, or as surplus populations. The reorganization of the mining industry into global supply chains requires rethinking extraction beyond primary commodity production, and interrogating its organic unity with the modern mode of production generally considered.

In the current Peruvian context, the provincial mayors face serious problems to remain inoffice or to pursue a future political race. In this scenario, the social conflicts arise as an alternative for obtaining such legitimacy; however, depending on the type of participation adopted, the mayor could or could not be benefited from such an opportunity. The paper presents an analysis of the participation of those authorities in social conflicts and its effects on his political career.It is argued that the participatory scheme, which provides a clear firmness in support of demands immediately; but, at the same time, the ability to negotiate with the State; would yield the expected political revenue. On the other hand, if the authority is very weak or very radical, his attempts to use the social conflict to their advantage could fail. To test this hypothesis, I studied the conflicts of Arequipa in 2002 and Espinar in 2012. / En el actual contexto peruano, los alcaldes provinciales enfrentan serios problemas para mantenerse en el cargo obtenido o perseguir un futuro político. En este escenario, los conflictos sociales aparecen como una alternativa para obtener dicha legitimidad; sin embargo, dependerá del tipo de participación que se adopte si es que el alcalde se ve o no beneficiado de dicha opor- tunidad. El documento plantea un análisis de la participación de dichas autoridades en los con- flictos sociales y los efectos de ésta en su carrera política.En ese sentido, se argumenta que el esquema de participación, que contempla una clara firmeza en apoyo a las demandas de manera inmediata; pero, a la vez, la capacidad de negocia- ción con el Estado; permitiría obtener el rédito político esperado. De otro lado, si la autoridad es o muy débil o muy radical, sus intentos de utilizar el conflicto social para su beneficio podrían fracasar. Para comprobar dicha hipótesis, se estudiaron los conflictos de Arequipa en el año 2002, y el conflicto de Espinar en el 2012.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:56:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_Evely.pdf: 12250111 bytes, checksum: 6ff6a66ab98aa111cbd39471fbad523e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-13 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The basic objectives of sustainable use Conservation Units is to promote biodiversity conservation, assuring the conditions and the means necessary for the social reproduction and the enhancement of the life quality of traditional populations. Natural resource use by these populations is often associated with the knowledge and management techniques adopted in their exploitation. However, in order that management be done effectively, specific research on the techniques is necessary to identify gaps, avoiding that the sustainability of the use of those resources be compromised. Many extractive products are not only resources that supply subsistence needs, they are also part of the political, institutional, and cultural life of the families who are involved in their harvest and consumption. Among the nontimber forest products that are managed by Amazonian populations, the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) is considered an important resource, with high potential for sustainable use. The study was conducted in the communities Divino Espírito Santo, Nossa Senhora de Nazaré and São João do Uauaçu, located in the Piagaçu-Purus Sustainable Development Reserve (RDS-Piagaçu-Purus). The methodological procedure used combined qualitative and quantitative aspects in the execution of the following phases: socioeconomic description of the families, survey of the management practices adopted in Brazil nut extractivism, description of the productive processes, and characterization of the exploited Brazil nut tree groves (condominiums and roads) by the communities in primary and secondary forest areas. 30% of the families in each studied commuty were interviewed. The health, education, and infrastructure sectors were observed to receive little or no assistance. Brazil nut extractivism encompasses three main steps: nut harvest, storage, and commercialization. Brazil nut extractivism is identified as an important source of income in the Reserve communities, having obtained a mean production of 1,8 tons of coated nut per community in three years of production. The activity is performed using family manpower, and is associated with other production activities, like agriculture and small livestock raising. The techniques adopted by the people in Brazil nut extractivism remain the same as in the beginning of its exploitation, when no technological strategies were adapted for the gathering and storage towards the achievement of better fruit quality. The main uses identified in the studied communities are: food, medicine, energy production, and handicraft. In Brazil nut tree groves, extractivists eliminate lianas, termites, and other undesired species, and enrich secondary forest areas with Brazil nut trees. / As Unidades de Conservação de uso sustentável têm como objetivo básico promover a conservação da biodiversidade, assegurando as condições e os meios necessários para a reprodução social e melhoria da qualidade de vida das populações tradicionais. O uso dos recursos naturais por essas populações está frequentemente associado a conhecimentos e técnicas de manejo adotadas em sua exploração. No entanto, para que o manejo seja realizado de forma efetiva, é necessário que se realize de estudos específicos sobre as técnicas empregadas a fim de identificar a existência de lacunas, evitando o comprometimento da sustentabilidade do uso desses recursos. Muitos produtos extrativistas são, não apenas recursos para suprir necessidades de subsistência, como também fazem parte da vida política, institucional e cultural das famílias envolvidas na sua coleta e consumo. Entre os produtos florestais não-madeireiros manejados por populações amazônicas, destaca-se a castanha-do-brasil (Bertholletia excelsa), considerada importante recurso e apresentando alto potencial para uso sustentável. A pesquisa foi realizada nas comunidades Divino Espírito Santo, Nossa Senhora de Nazaré e São João do Uauaçu, localizadas na Área Focal da Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Piagaçu-Purus (RDS Piagaçu-Purus). O procedimento metodológico utilizado combinou aspectos qualitativos e quantitativos na execução das seguintes etapas: descrição sócio-econômica das famílias, levantamento de práticas de manejo adotadas no extrativismo da castanha, descrição dos processos produtivos, e caracterização dos castanhais explorados (condomínios e estradas) pelas comunidades em áreas de floresta primária e secundária. Foram entrevistadas 30% das famílias em cada uma das comunidades pesquisadas. Observou-se que os setores de saúde, educação e infra-estrutura recebem pouca ou nenhuma assistência. O extrativismo da castanha passa por três fases principais: coleta, armazenamento e comercialização. O extrativismo da castanha-do-brasil é identificado como importante fonte de renda nas comunidades da reserva, tendo obtido produção média de 1,8 toneladas de castanha com casca por comunidade, em três anos de produção. A atividade é exercida utilizando mão-de-obra familiar e está associada a outras atividades produtivas, como agricultura e criação de pequenos animais. As técnicas adotadas pelos moradores no extrativismo da castanha permanecem as mesmas desde o início de sua exploração, onde nenhuma estratégia tecnológica foi adaptada quanto a colheita e armazenamento para melhoria da qualidade dos frutos. Os principais usos identificados nas comunidades pesquisadas são: alimentício, medicinal, energético e artesanato. No manejo dos castanhais, os extrativistas realizam eliminação de cipós, cupins e outras espécies indesejáveis, e enriquecem áreas de floresta secundária com castanheiras.

Orientador: Mónica Graciela Zoppi-Fontana / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T15:05:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_ValeriaCristina_M.pdf: 2856941 bytes, checksum: bd88b3d37061a6f133a0fa28f2951513 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A tarefa de conciliar produção de alimentos e uso sustentável de recursos naturais depende também da eliminação de restrições de gênero no campo, onde a mulher é mais de 40% da força de trabalho, em países em desenvolvimento, mas detém apenas 2% das terras agricultáveis, no Brasil. Assim, problematizamos acerca da invisibilidade da mulher rural na atuação da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, focalizando o caso da comunidade tradicional das Catadoras de Mangaba, afetada pela perda de remanescentes da fruteira nativa do Brasil. No entendimento de que invisibilidade implica em silenciamento, buscamos na Análise Materialista de Discurso, meios de refletir sobre as formas e sentidos do silêncio nas práticas discursivas e comunicacionais da Empresa refletidas em duas peças de divulgação científica e confrontadas com material colhido, em 2013, por meio de entrevistas e de observação participativa da interlocução pesquisa-agroextrativistas em dois povoados sergipanos. Tal abordagem metodológica foi adotada para, ao atender o quadro analítico da Teoria Ator-Rede, potencializar o alcance da Análise de Discurso e observar que tecnologias, extrativistas, instituições, pesquisadores/as se entrelaçam em práticas discursivas que constituem redes ¿ entendidas como posições-sujeito ¿ que ou reproduzem os sentidos dominantes ou expressam práticas de resistência, respectivamente, silenciando ou revelando o protagonismo das catadoras, na conservação da fruteira e na sobrevivência física e cultural da família e da comunidade, na medida em que tais sentidos são negociados pelos sujeitos em interação. Ao colocar a comunicação da Embrapa entre os atores investigados na interlocução com a mulher rural, observou-se a pertinência da efetiva atuação multidisciplinar da equipe (agronomia, sociologia, comunicação), desde 2003 no caso, junto à comunidade tradicional com impacto na identificação da diversidade de segmentos afetados pela perda de remanescentes da mangabeira, na simetria do diálogo entre os saberes científico e popular, e na ampliação do leque de soluções de pesquisa / Abstract: Reconciling food production and sustainable use of natural resources also depends on the removal of gender restrictions in the countryside, where women represent over 40% of the workforce in the developing countries, and here in Brazil have only 2% of agricultural land. Thus, we question about country women¿s invisibility in Embrapa¿s procedures, focusing on the case study of the traditional mangaba¿s picker women community, which is affected by the loss of these native remaining trees. Considering that invisibility implies a "silence", we search, by the Materialist Discourse Analysis, for means to reflect upon senses and meanings of this "silence" in the Embrapa¿s discursive and communicative practices, which appear in two scientific articles, and confronting them with some material collected in 2013 from interviews and participative observations from the interaction between researchers and mangaba¿s picker women that live in two villages in Sergipe. Such a methodological approach has been adopted to boost the reach of the "Discourse Analysis", considering the analytical description of the "Actor-Network Theory", and to show that technologies, picker women, institutions, and researches interact, using discourse practices which constitute a network ¿ this latter meaning subject positions ¿ which either reproduces hegemonic meanings or express resistance practices, respectively, silencing or disclosing the picker women¿s major role in the preservation of native trees, and in the physical and cultural survival of family and community, to the extent that such meanings are negotiated by subjects in interaction. By putting Embrapa among the actors investigated in the interaction with rural women, we could observe the relevance of the effective multidisciplinary group activity (Agronomy, Sociology, Communication), which is working with the traditional community since 2003, noticing the impact on the identification of the segments diversity affected by the loss of native remaining trees, the symmetry of the dialogue between scientific and popular knowledges, and the growth of the range of scientific solutions as well / Mestrado / Divulgação Científica e Cultural / Mestra em Divulgação Científica e Cultural

Sweden is the leading mining country in Europe and the Swedish government intends to retain this position by fostering innovation, investments and cooperation. However, mining is an extractive industry with massive consequences on the surrounding environment and the people living there. In resource abundant northern Sweden mineral extraction is a contested subject, not least in respect to the traditional land use by the Sami population. This study intends to increase the understanding of the current mining trial process in Sweden, the effects on sustainable regional development and the implications for local communities. To do so, this study aims to identify which aspects that are brought forward during the trial for exploitation concession and how different interests are evaluated. For the purpose of this study, the bureaucratic mining trial process is examined and 15 mining cases studied in detail considering the exploitation concession phase. The material indicates that conflicts over the bureaucratic process is based both in what aspects that should be included in the assessment, how these aspects are evaluated and at what stage in the formal process various aspects should be brought up. Guided by the concepts of extractivism and subnational resource curse, the main finding identified is that the mining trial process is state-centred. This is displayed in the limited influence of local actors on the decision and in the use of national interest as a policy tool to evaluate conflicting land use claims. These characteristics can in turn increase the risk of a subnational resource curse in northern Sweden.

This paper uses an environmental justice framework which is expanded through decolonial theory to analyse whether the mine permitting process used by the Swedish state does justice to local people’s opinions, perspectives and cultural histories. The specific case of Gállok is chosen as it is widely known in national and international circles and therefore has potential to make long-term impact. Research analysing the Swedish permitting process and its implications is severely lacking, thus this paper aims to act as an important stepping stone for future research into the subject. To answer the question, yarning was used to capture local perspectives in Jokkmokk. The conversations were later transcribed and coded using the expanded forms of justice as main coding topics. The results show that the inclusion of local communities in the consultation process is mostly symbolic and that they have no say or power over project details. The conversations also revealed that there is an overwhelming belief that the benefits to the local community are greatly exaggerated, while costs are understated. The analysis shows that the local communities, especially the Sámi sub-group, would have to bare the largest part of ecological and social damages, while overall benefits would be minimal. Finally, the paper argues that the Indigenous community members in northern Sweden cannot live according to their own ways, as land alterations from industrial developments force them to adapt, in order to be able to continue herding reindeer. This study fills a gap in research looking at the permitting process in the Swedish context as a potential source of oppression from a local community’s perspective. It emphasises the importance of understanding and addressing a larger system’s subsystems in order to cause an eventual transition towards more equitable functioning.

[pt] A modernidade e o neoliberalismo foram reproduzidos e construídos na América Latina de uma forma diferente daquela tida como original. Isso porque a partir da compreensão de conceitos de Nestor Garcia Canclini, Veronica Gago e Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui, enxergo que todo discurso ou racionalidade sempre vai ser transformado, distorcido, na medida em que é reproduzido, especialmente se essa reprodução ocorre alhures ao berço dessas racionalidades, mesmo que exista um desejo ativo por parte dessas sociedades de reproduzir essas categorias seguindo modelos Europeus ou da América do Norte. Dessa forma, a impossibilidade de integridade de toda reprodução acaba por criar fraturas na superfície desses discursos, com um grande potencial desestabilizante que tem a capacidade de fazer surgir um novo cenário, não somente apesar dessas racionalidades, mas justamente a partir das ruínas imprimidas nas sociedades que foram atravessadas por essas racionalidades. Daqueles que tiveram seus corações empedrados pela dureza dessas racionalidades. A partir disso, utilizando da metodologia do recorazonar, pensarei ao lado de intelectuais e artistas com o objetivo de estimular nos descolarmos de categorias hegemônicas, forçando as fraturas evidenciadas pelas crises eco-socioeconômicas, para surgir novas possibilidades. Paralelamente, busco resgatar aquelas racionalidades que foram sufocadas e tratadas com desdém pelo ambiente moderno e neoliberal. Essas fraturas podem ser provocadas e aprofundadas ao nos debruçarmos sobre as formas como esses processos se deram, ao mergulharmos e também ao pensarmos ao lado de certas obras de arte politizadas e artefatos estéticos críticos a esses mundos que habitamos. Assim, meu texto no que tange à mobilização desses artefatos estéticos funciona de uma maneira dupla: potencializar as erosões dessas falésias da modernidade e do neoliberalismo da forma que se deram na América Latina, mas também pensar em conjunto com as obras, ao ter meu pensamento por elas guiado para um lugar de pensamento crítico que elas suscitam. / [en] Modernity and neoliberalism have been reproduced and constructed in Latin America in a different way from that taken as original. This is because from the understanding of concepts by Veronica Gago, Nestor Garcia Canclini, and Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui, I understand that every discourse or rationality will always be transformed, distorted, to the extent that it is reproduced, especially if this reproduction occurs outside the birthplace of these rationalities, even if there is an active desire on the part of these societies to reproduce these categories, following European or North American models. In this way, the impossibility of the integrity of all reproduction ends up creating fractures on the surface of these discourses, with a great destabilizing potential that has the capacity to make a new scenario emerge, not only in spite of these rationalities, but precisely from the ruins imprinted in the societies that were crossed by these rationalities. Those who had their hearts turned into stone by the harshness of those rationalities. From this, using the methodology of Recorazonar, I will think alongside intellectuals and artists with the objective of stimulating us to detach from hegemonic categories, forcing the fractures evidenced by the eco-socioeconomic crises, in order to emerge new possibilities. In parallel, I seek to rescue those rationalities that have been suffocated and treated with disdain by the modern and neoliberal environment. These fractures can be provoked and deepened by looking at the ways in which these processes took place. But also, if we think alongside certain politicized artworks and aesthetic artifacts critical to these worlds we inhabit. Thus, my text in terms of mobilizing these aesthetic artifacts works in a twofold way: to potentiate the erosions of these cliffs of modernity and neoliberalism in the ways that they have occurred in Latin America, but also to think alongside the works by having my thinking guided by them into a place of critical thinking that they elicit.

Cette thèse porte sur les modalités d’appropriation de l’exploitation de ressource naturelle par des acteurs territoriaux. Nous faisons ici l’hypothèse de l’existence d’un opérateur territorial, défini comme une organisation construite par des acteurs localement ancrés afin de transformer une ressource extractiviste en une ressource territoriale. Cette hypothèse est ici travaillée par une étude de cas autour de deux projets de mini-centrales hydroélectriques dans la région du Lac-Saint-Jean (Québec, Canada) portées par les autorités municipales locales et la communauté autochtone Innue. Le développement régional du Lac-Saint-Jean, comme l’ensemble des régions ressources canadiennes, se caractérise en effet par la prédominance de sociétés industrielles exogènes qui exploitent les ressources naturelles vers un marché et des besoins extérieurs au territoire, au sein de circuits marchands mondialisés. La thèse s’articule ainsi en deux parties. La première partie pose le cadre théorique et contextuel de la réflexion. Elle aboutit à la formalisation de plusieurs formes d’opérateur et à la définition des caractéristiques d’un opérateur territorial. Elle présente également l’extractivisme comme modèle de développement historique des régions ressources québécoises à travers le cas de la filière hydroélectrique au Lac-Saint-Jean. L’analyse du cas d’étude retenu intervient au cours de la seconde partie. Les résultats soulignent que la structuration en opérateur territorial permet aux acteurs locaux de construire une gouvernance territoriale de la ressource tout au long des différentes étapes du projet. L’opérateur territorial se singularise également par sa capacité à capter l’ensemble des revenus de la production et à les redistribuer au sein d’une économie territoriale. Enfin, il s’efforce de construire la spécificité de la ressource, c’est-à-dire de l’articuler dans le cadre d’un projet de territoire à d’autres ressources présentes localement. L’opérateur territorial s’avère ainsi un outil puissant d’appropriation d’une ressource historiquement extractiviste par des acteurs territoriaux. / This thesis is about the process of appropriation of natural resource exploitation by territorial actors. We analyse the impact of the extraction of resources by territorial operators, defined as an organization established by local actors with a view to transforming a extractive resource into a territorial resource. The chosen case study is the hydroelectricity sector in the Lac-Saint-Jean region in Quebec Province, Canada. We focus on two hydroelectric projects that were led by local municipal authorities and the Innu First Nation community. The regional development of Lac-Saint-Jean, like other Canadian “natural resource regions”, is characterised by the predominance of exogenous industrial enterprises exploiting natural resources. Revenues from resource production have been found to only marginally benefit the wider region. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part of this thesis outlines the theoretical and contextual framework for analysis. It enables the categorisation of several types of operator and the definition of the characteristics of a territorial operator. It also introduces both institutional and local contexts of the case study, particularly the conventional model of natural resource exploitation in Canada and the Lac Saint-Jean region. The second part provides a detailed analysis of the case study. The findings underline that the territorial operator model can allow local actors to establish regional governance over extractive resources throughout the different stages of resource production. The territorial operator is also characterised by its capacity to capture the revenues from production and to redistribute these revenues across the regional economy. Finally, territorial operator leads to create the specific attributes of a resource, thereby enabling its use locally alongside other types of resources in the framework of a regional project. The regional operator model is thus found to be a powerful model for the territorial appropriation of a natural resource.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marina Ghirotto Santos.pdf: 12286350 bytes, checksum: 2831581c37923bb271879abb96cd702a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-24 / In recent years, the Latin America political scene was marked by the election of leftist governments that fostered a process called by some as "revolutionary neoconstitutionalism", of which Constitutions of Ecuador (2008) and Bolivia (2009) are emblematic. The Equadorian Constitution incorporates plurinationality and sumak kawsay (in kichwa, translated as "buen vivir" or good living) concepts, as well as interculturality and the rights of nature, which conform the bases of the new plurinational Ecuador State. This study, a result of bibliographic research and fieldwork, analyzes two of these concepts settled in practices and knowledge of indigenous people: plurinationality, which inspires a discussion of decolonizing political forms, structures and institutions of the modern State, as well as the nation as an unique and monocultural concept that corresponds to it; and sumak kawsay, that describes the "life in plenitude" rooted in the indigenous community and built upon a harmonious relationship with the nature (Mother Earth or Pachamama), that points to a post-development and post-extractivist perspective. Both the plurinationality and the sumak kawsay are political projects that implies multiple ways of practicing indigenous autonomy with the aim of decolonize the society and refound the nation State, its structures and institutions, as well as the narratives that legitimize it, and not just incorporate the indigenous into the existing institutional framework. The decolonial impulse of this project aims to overcome practices and discourses based on the coloniality of power, of knowledge, of being and of nature that have remained active even after the formal independence of Ecuador in the XIX century and still supports the subalternization of those taken as "different" of the national referent the indigenous people. Therefore, the indigenous political project simultaneously builds the decoloniality perspective - as a theoretical and methodological field of social thought - at the same time that it is influenced by it. In the post-constitutional scenario, the apparent consensus that had been reached between different political forces is diluted, leading to a bifurcation between governmental and indigenous political project and a dispute over meanings and forms of implementation of plurinationality and sumak kawsay. The current government defends the State's role in eliminating poverty and promoting development, based on revenues from the deepening of extractivism - particularly oil and mining - and placing the citizen as its main interlocutor. The oil extraction intends to move forward indigenous territories of the called "South-Eastern Amazon", historically out of the exploration route concentrated in Northern Amazon. For the vast majority of indigenous people who inhabit affected communities, it is precisely this policy that will make them poor, as it impedes the reproduction of "life in plenitude" that sumak kawsay makes reference to and denies the alterity contained in the plurinational and intercultural proposal. In this scenario, socio-environmental, political, cultural and epistemic struggles are emerging and relighting a dispute for this decolonizing concepts, tensioning the consolidation of the plurinational State to sumak kawsay. This highlights the existence of multiple paths to the realization of indigenous autonomy within the constitutional framework - and also beyond that / Nos últimos anos, o cenário político latino-americano esteve marcado pela eleição de governos progressistas, que impulsionaram um processo chamado por alguns de neoconstitucionalismo transformador , do qual as Constituições do Equador (2008) e da Bolívia (2009) são emblemáticas. A Constituição equatoriana incorpora os conceitos de plurinacionalidade e sumak kawsay (em kichwa, traduzido como buen vivir ou bem viver), assim como a interculturalidade e os direitos da natureza, que conformariam as bases de um novo Estado plurinacional equatoriano. Este estudo, resultado de revisão bibliográfica e trabalho de campo, analisa dois desses conceitos enraizados nas práticas e nos saberes indígenas: a plurinacionalidade, que inspira uma discussão de viés decolonial das formas políticas, estruturas e instituições do Estado moderno, assim como da concepção de nação única e monocultural que lhe corresponde; e o sumak kawsay, que descreve a vida em plenitude enraizada na comunidade, construída mediante uma relação harmônica com a Natureza (Mãe-Terra ou Pachamama) e aponta para um horizonte pós-desenvolvimentista e pós-extrativista. Tanto a plurinacionalidade quanto o sumak kawsay são projetos políticos que sugerem múltiplas formas de exercício da autonomia indígena com o intuito de descolonizar a sociedade e refundar o Estado nacional, suas estruturas e instituições, bem como as narrativas que o legitimam, e não apenas incorporar os indígenas à institucionalidade existente. O ímpeto decolonial desse projeto pretende superar práticas e discursos pautados na colonialidade do poder, do saber, do ser e da natureza que permanecem em vigência mesmo após a independência formal do Equador no século XIX e seguem subalternizando a existência daqueles tidos como o diferente do referente nacional os povos e nacionalidades indígenas. Por isso, o projeto político indígena simultaneamente constrói a perspectiva da decolonialidade como campo teórico-metodológico do pensamento social ao mesmo tempo em que é por ela influenciado. No cenário pós-constituinte, o aparente consenso que havia sido alcançado entre distintas forças políticas se dilui, dando origem a uma bifurcação entre o projeto político governamental e o do movimento indígena e uma disputa pelos significados e formas de implementação dos conceitos de plurinacionalidade e de sumak kawsay. O atual governo defende o papel do Estado para a eliminação da pobreza e promoção do desenvolvimento , baseando-se nas receitas decorrentes do aprofundamento do extrativismo sobretudo petróleo e mineração e colocando o cidadão como seu principal interlocutor. O extrativismo petroleiro pretende avançar sobre os territórios indígenas da chamada Amazônia Sul-Oriental , historicamente fora da rota de exploração concentrada na região norte da Amazônia. Para grande parte dos indígenas que habitam as comunidades afetadas, é justamente esta política que os tornarão pobres, já que inviabiliza a reprodução da vida em plenitude , à qual remete o sumak kawsay, e nega a alteridade contida na proposta plurinacional e intercultural. Delineiam-se, neste cenário, embates socioambientais, políticos, culturais e epistêmicos que tensionam a consolidação do Estado plurinacional para o sumak kawsay e reacendem as disputas por tais conceitos decolonizantes, evidenciando os múltiplos caminhos existentes para o exercício da autonomia nos marcos constitucionalmente definidos e também para além destes