Cette thèse défend l’idée que, dans la lignée des événements qui ont suivi les attentats terroristes du 11 septembre 2001, le paradigme de la gestion du risque est devenu central dans les études de sécurité et dans les analyses de relations internationales. Dans le climat de risque engendré par les actes de terreur, le discours politique a mis en œuvre une biopolitique de la peur dans le but de normaliser les populations. Conséquemment, la surveillance est devenue une méthode de gouvernance de la société du risque, elle-même née d’une culture de la peur et du risque. Cette société du risque est construite politiquement et véhiculée par des récits précis qui ont pour but de gouverner un monde qui se gère de plus en plus difficilement, comme le montre l’ambiguïté des interprétations données aux attentats du 11 septembre 2001 et des différents langages pour les expliquer.

This thesis examines the potential interface that exists between health information, specifically electronic health record (EHR) systems, and notifiable disease surveillance in Canada. It aims to highlight the benefits and barriers experienced by the current national notifiable disease surveillance strategy, as well as to highlight the successes and roadblocks to the successful implementation and adoption of EHR technologies in Canada. Qualitative methodologies, which include the 16 semi-structured interviews conducted with four key stakeholder groups, including public health experts, physicians, health administrators and academics that are concerned with EHR adoption and public health were used to obtain data. Data from interviews was analysed using grounded theory methodology and then verified using member checking and other data validation methods. Emergent themes from obtained data indicated that there is a large potential for the improvement of the current notifiable disease through the use of EHR technologies: however, the barriers currently faced by both the notifiable disease surveillance system and the state of implementation and adoption of EHR technologies prevent this from occurring. These barriers include political, financial, human, security/privacy, and technology barriers. Differences between stakeholder groups were explored, and potential solutions and insights into existing barriers were provided. The information gained from this study provides insight into the efficiency of the current infectious disease surveillance system and the progress of and need for the implementation of EHRs nationwide. In addition, the results of this study provide stakeholders with a deeper understanding of the barriers facing the use of EHR technologies for infectious disease surveillance and provide a starting place to address these issues. The results of this study can help to inform policy regarding public health surveillance and EHR implementation and adoption.

Nesta dissertação estudamos o Imaginário fenomenológico da vigilância a partir de matérias publicadas pelo jornalismo de referência brasileiro que abordam mecanismos de vigilância em suas narrativas, a fim de descobrir quais as motivações pulsionais que orientam essas práticas. Iniciamos a pesquisa tendo como pressuposto a ideia de que o jornalismo tem na vigilância um elemento fundamental de composição de seu Imaginário e que, portanto, oferece um ambiente privilegiado para buscar as simbolizações sobre os mecanismos de vigiar, podendo nos dar acesso ao Imaginário da vigilância e, indiretamente, ao Imaginário do próprio jornalismo. Buscamos, inicialmente, compreender qual o cenário estabelecido entre as comunicações em rede, as novas configurações da vigilância e as formas de estar-junto, apontando o encadeamento entre essas três condições que acabam por instaurar uma socialidade própria no contemporâneo. Consideramos primeiramente que a pulsão estética (de partilha), acompanhando Michel Maffesoli, é a principal norteadora do cimento social da atualidade, sendo uma forma de transfiguração da questão política. Consideramos também o trabalho de Byung-Chun Han para compreender a extensão e a força com que se consolidou o valor da transparência no contemporâneo. Consideramos ainda que tais comunicações em rede, motivadas pela pulsão de partilha e alimentadas pelo valor da transparência, estão intimamente relacionadas aos mecanismos de vigilância do contemporâneo, que atuam de forma sutil, eficiente, descentralizada e distribuída, conforme o trabalho de Fernanda Bruno. Classificamos os mecanismos de vigilância em três grandes regimes (panóptico, escópico e de rastreamento), de acordo com trabalho de Lucia Santaella. Atentamos para o regime mais recente da vigilância e de mais difícil delimitação, o de rastreamento, estudando especialmente sua manifestação na internet e sua configuração nas bolhas de filtros, com auxílio de Eli Pariser. A partir do estudo do social e da vigilância nele implicada, partimos para o detalhamento teórico do Imaginário e da maneira com que se formam as imagens simbólicas no trajeto antropológico, das pulsões às coerções. Isso é feito através do estudo das obras de Gilbert Durand, Mircea Eliade e Ana Taís Martins Portanova Barros, tendo como principal objetivo apresentar os regimes das imagens simbólicas descritos por Durand e como tais imagens se articulam entre o pulsional e o social. A teoria de Durand também nos serve de heurística para realizar a etapa analítica do trabalho, em que buscamos os símbolos universais descritos pelo autor, através de um procedimento chamado de leitura simbólica, dentro de nosso corpus – composto por 17 matérias publicadas na Folha de S.Paulo e no Estadão e que abordam diretamente mecanismos de vigilância panópticos, escópicos e de rastreamento. As leituras simbólicas, que são interpretações das matérias a partir dos grandes símbolos da humanidade, mostraram concentrações e repetições de imagens apenas do regime esquizomorfo, apresentando assim uma narrativa simbólica – paralela à narrativa textual – que dá a ver um cenário de guerra, medo, perigo, incerteza, alerta e queda. Na conclusão, realizamos, primeiramente, uma interpretação sobre a característica de equilibração e compensação do Imaginário para, a partir disso, compreender que essa reincidência de imagens semelhantes representa uma repressão de símbolos de outros regimes simbólicos, relegados no contemporâneo. Ao buscar a interpretação dos símbolos preponderantes em contato com o cenário teórico estabelecido sobre o social, percebemos que o investimento em uma hiper-transparência positiva, que visa a ignorar simbolizações “negativas” do ser, retorna como opacidade que se manifesta como violência e confusão. / In this dissertation we studied the surveillance´s phenomenological Imaginary based on reports published by reference journalism in Brazil that approach the mechanisms of surveillance in its narratives, in order to discover what pulsion motivations guide such practices. We started the research by having as assumption the idea that the journalism has in its surveillance a fundamental element of its Imaginary composition and therefore presents a privileged environment to search for symbolizations on mechanisms of surveillance, giving us access to the Imaginary of surveillance, and indirectly, to the Imaginary of journalism itself. At first, we looked for to understand what is the established scenario amongst network communications, new configurations of surveillance and be-together ways, pointing out the link amongst these three conditions that end up by establishing a particular sociality proper in contemporary. As a following step, taking the work of Michael Maffesoli as a referral, we considered the aesthetic pulsion (of sharing) is the main guide of the social cement in the present, being a form of political question transfiguration. We considered the work of Byung- Chun Han to learn the extent and force wherewith the value of transparency in contemporary has been consolidated, and we looked attentivaly at Fernanda Bruno´s work which say that such network communications, motivated by pulsion for sharing and fed by the value of transparency, are closely related to contemporary mechanisms of surveillance and operate in a subtle, efficient, decentralized and distributed way. We also classified the mechanisms of surveillance into three major regimes (panoptic, scoptic and tracking), according to Lucia Santaella´s work, and aided by Eli Pariser thoughts, we paid attention to the most recent (and more difficult to delimit) regime of surveillance of tracking, carefully studying its manifestation in the internet and its configuration in filters’ bubbles. Based on the study of the social and the surveillance implied in it, we proceeded to the theoretical detailing of the Imaginary and the way wherewith symbolic images are formed on the anthropological path, from pulsions to coercions. That was done by studying the works of Gilbert Durand, Mircea Eliade and Ana Taís Martins Portanova Barros, having as the main goal to present the regimes of the symbolic images described by Durand and how such images articulated itself between the pulsion and the social. Durand's theory also serves us as a heuristic to perform the analytical stage of the work, wherewith we looked for the universal symbols described by the author through a procedure called “symbolic reading” in the corpus – composed by 17 articles were published in Folha de São Paulo and O Estado de São Paulo, that approach in a direct way the mechanisms of surveillance: panoptics, scoptics and tracking. The symbolic readings, understood as interpretations of such articles from the great symbols of humanity, showed concentrations and repetitions of images only in the schizomorphic regime, thus presenting a symbolic narrative - parallel to the textual narrative, that makes it possible to see a scenario of war, fear, danger, uncertainty, attention and fall. In conclusion of this dissertation, we performed an interpretation on the characteristic of equilibration and compensation of the Imaginary in order to understand from this that this recidivism of similar images represents a repression of symbols of other symbolic regimes, relegated in contemporary. By seeking interpretation of preponderant symbols in contact with the established theoretical scenario on the social, we perceived that the investment in a positive hyper-transparency, which aims to ignore "negative" symbolizations of being, returns as opacity that manifests itself as violence and confusion.

Master of Engineering

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13388号 / 論医博第2220号 / 新制||医||1048(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 羽賀 博典, 教授 佐藤 俊哉, 教授 妹尾 浩 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

This research evaluates crime prevention effects/impact of open-street closed circuit television (CCTV) surveillance systems as installed in the selected areas (research sites) of the cities of Johannesburg and Tshwane in the Gauteng Province of South Africa on crimes occurring in these surveilled areas. Currently, CCTV surveillance systems are a common sight in many of the urban areas of South Africa.The principal aim of this study was to explore the evaluation of CCTV for crime prevention, reduction and control. The results show that, despite a lack of empirical evidence as to the value of CCTV surveillance systems in preventing or reducing crime, there is strong public support for these systems and that the foundation for much of this support lies in the perceptions/feelings of members of the public of greater safety generated in areas with CCTV coverage. The method of sampling used was a purposive non-probability sampling approach. Participants were selected for interviews based on their knowledge and experience of CCTV systems. The results show that, despite this lack of empirical evidence, CCTV appears to be a viable option for crime prevention and control when integrated with evidence-based strategies rather than as a stand-alone tactic in order to achieve crime control benefits. / Criminology and Security Science / M. Tech. (Security Management)

African horse sickness (AHS) is a life-threatening disease of equids caused by African horse sickness virus (AHSV), a member of the genus Orbivirus in the family Reoviridae. The virus is transmitted by midges (Culicoides spp.) and the disease is most prevalent during the time of year, and in areas where vector Culicoides spp. are most abundant, namely in late summer in the summer rainfall areas of endemic regions. The disease is of importance to health and international trade in horses worldwide. Effective surveillance is critical in order to establish transparent criteria for animal trade from a country or region where AHS occurs. / The 2011 outbreak of African horse sickness in the African horse sickness controlled area in South Africa: An outbreak of AHS caused by AHSV type one (AHSV1) occurred in the surveillance zone of the AHS controlled area of the Western Cape during the summer of 2011. The epicentre of the outbreak was the town of Mamre in the magisterial district of Malmesbury, and the outbreak was confined to a defined containment zone within this area through movement control of all equids and a blanket vaccination campaign. A total of 73 confirmed cases of AHS were reported during this outbreak, which included four subclinical cases confirmed by virus isolation (VI). The estimated morbidity rate for the outbreak was 16% with an estimated mortality rate of 14% and a case fatality rate of 88% based on the figures above. Outbreak disease surveillance relied on agent identification using AHSV group specific reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (GS RT-qPCR) based assays, which was novel for an AHS outbreak in South Africa. The source of this outbreak was not confirmed at the time, but was believed to be associated with an illegal 2 movement of an infected animal into the Mamre area. A detailed description of the outbreak is given in Chapter 2, and the outbreak provided an opportunity to assess decision making in future AHS outbreaks in the AHS controlled area of South Africa and in countries where AHS is an exotic or emerging disease. This outbreak further highlighted deficiencies and complications of available AHSV diagnostic testing and surveillance methods, and the need for further refinement of these assays and strategies. / Development of three triplex real-time reverse transcription PCR assays for the qualitative molecular typing of the nine types of African horse sickness virus: The typing of the specific AHSV involved in the Mamre outbreak was initially done by partial, direct sequencing of the S10 gene (encoding the non-structural protein NS3) and the L2 gene (encoding the type-specific outer capsid protein VP2) which confirmed the virus to be AHSV1. This process is time consuming and it became evident that a faster alternative was needed. This led to the development of type specific RT-qPCR (TS RT-qPCR) assays to supplement the GS RT-qPCR assay that had already been developed, characterized and validated. Blood samples collected during routine diagnostic investigations from South African horses with clinical signs suggestive of AHS were subjected to analysis with the GS RT-qPCR assay and VI with subsequent serotyping by plaque inhibition (PI) assays using AHSV type-specific antisera. Blood samples that tested positive by AHSV GS RT-qPCR were then selected for analysis using AHSV TS RT-qPCR assays. The TS RT-qPCR assays were evaluated using both historic stocks of the South African reference strains of each of the 9 AHSV types, as well as recently derived stocks of these same viruses. Of the 503 horse blood samples tested, 156 were positive by both AHSV GS RT-qPCR and VI assays, whereas 135 samples that were VI negative were positive by AHSV GS RT-qPCR assay. The virus isolates made from the various blood samples included all 9 AHSV types, and there was 100% agreement between the results of conventional serotyping of individual virus isolates by PI assay and AHSV TS RT-qPCR typing results. Results of this study confirmed that the AHSV TS RT-qPCR assays for the identification of individual AHSV types are applicable and practicable and therefore are potentially highly useful and appropriate for virus typing in AHS outbreak situations in endemic or sporadic incursion areas, which can be crucial in determining appropriate and timely vaccination and control strategies. / Evaluation of the use of foals for active surveillance in an AHS containment zone during the season following an AHS outbreak: In order to further evaluate the AHS status of horses in the Mamre area after the outbreak of 2011, a targeted surveillance strategy was developed. Serial serum and whole blood samples were collected on a monthly basis from January to June, 2012 from foals (identified by microchip) that were born in the Mamre 3 district after the end of the outbreak. Sera were evaluated using traditional serological methods and the results were compared to the results obtained using the newly developed molecular assays for virus detection and identification. This study confirmed that AHSV was eradicated in the Mamre area after the outbreak and, therefore, that the control measures implemented in the area by the State Veterinary Authorities were effective. / Characterization of the dynamics of African horse sickness virus in horses by assessing the RNAaemia and serological responses following immunisation with a commercial polyvalent live attenuated vaccine: As was shown in the 2011 Mamre outbreak, detection of AHSV during outbreaks has become more rapid and efficient with the recent development of quantitative GS RT-qPCR assays to detect AHSV nucleic acid. Use of this assay together with the TS RT-qPCR assays described in Chapter 3, will not only expedite diagnosis of AHS but also facilitate further evaluation of the dynamics of AHSV infection in the equine host. A potential limitation to the application of these assays is that they detect viral nucleic acid originating from any AHSV live attenuated vaccine (AHSVLAV), which is the vaccine type routinely administered to horses in South Africa. A study was, therefore, designed to characterize the dynamics and duration of the RNAaemia as compared to the serological responses of horses following vaccination with a commercial AHSV-LAV, using GS and TS RT-qPCR assays and serum neutralisation tests. This study provided baseline data on the GS and TS nucleic acid dynamics in weanling foals vaccinated for the first time, yearlings vaccinated for a second time and adult mares following a booster to multiple previous vaccinations. These data are fundamental to interpreting results of AHSV GS RT-qPCR testing of vaccinated horses within an area where virological surveillance is being applied. / African horse sickness caused by genome reassortment and reversion to virulence of live, attenuated vaccine viruses, South Africa, 2004 - 2014: In 2014 a further outbreak of AHS caused by AHSV1 occurred in the Porterville area of the AHS protection zone (PZ), spreading into the Wellington area in the AHS surveillance zone (SZ). Further involvement of the Robertson area (AHS PZ) subsequently also occurred. The case fatality rate was much lower than that of the Mamre outbreak. The clinical signs in infected horses were also generally milder in the 2014 outbreak, as compared to the 2011 outbreak. Whole genome sequencing of samples from the Porterville outbreak confirmed that causative virus was a recombination (reassortant) of AHSV types 1 and 4, with genes derived from the relevant vaccine strains contained in OBP comb1 of the commercial polyvalent AHSV-LAV used in South Africa. This led to further analysis of 39 AHSV strains from field cases of AHS that originated from outbreaks within the controlled area, which confirmed reversion to virulence 4 of AHSV type 1 vaccine in two outbreaks (2004 and 2011) and multiple reassortment events in two outbreaks (2004 and 2014) with genes derived from all three AHSV vaccine strains (types 1, 3 and 4). This study provided a molecular and epidemiological comparison of the five unique AHSV type 1 outbreaks in the AHS controlled area. It was shown that all the outbreaks in the AHS controlled area attributed to AHSV type 1 since the inception of the area in 1997, have been due either to reversion to virulence of the AHSV type 1 vaccine strain, or recombination of AHSV type 1 vaccine strain with one or both of the other vaccine strains in OBP comb1 of the commercial AHSV-LAV. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / ERC / Racing South Africa (Pty) Ltd / Equine Health Fund / Mary Slack and Daughters Foundation / THRIP / National Research Foundation / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / PhD / Unrestricted

The Department of Defense (DoD) has recently undergone radical changes as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union. As the United States continues to downsize its conventional armed forces, new threats, both inside and outside its borders, are emerging. These new challenges include narco-traffickers, rising crime rates, and a massive immigration of illegal aliens that threaten to overwhelm our already strained social programs. This scenario is complicated by limited government resources that can no longer afford the luxury of expensive military equipment which takes an average of seven to ten years to design, manufacture, and field. Government agencies desperately need low-cost, off-the-shelf hardware that can reduce manpower requirements and be rapidly fielded to meet these emerging threats. <p> In response to these new threats and declining budgets, a new system, TAClink, recently "came into being". TAClink is a single-man portable system that can receive, record, display, and play back imagery transmitted from a surveillance aircraft. <p> This report describes how the systems engineering process¹ was applied to the development of TAClink. Throughout the process, the author applied the most techniques he could to maintain a "top-down" systems engineering approach. However, the author was operating under severe constraints: no internal or external funding, only a two month period to produce a prototype, and poorly defined system requirements. Consequently, the approach deviated from a pure systems engineering process and became "bottoms-up." <p> TAClink was designed, prototyped, tested, and delivered to the US Army last year. The system was recently upgraded (TAClink II) using technological advances and feedback from operational users. The system is designed using commercial off-the-shelf components, resulting in a dramatic savings in size, weight, and cost over the existing Army ground station. TAClink is currently manufactured in Arlington, VA and has been operationally deployed with U.S. Forces in this nation's war on drugs. <p> The author and Mr. Gerald V. Bate worked side-by-side to develop TAClink for its rapid fielding. Their combined efforts are largely responsible for the creation and success of the system. / Master of Science

Over the past decade the widespread proliferation of mobile devices and wearable technology has significantly changed the landscape of epidemiological data gathering and evolved into a field known as Digital Epidemiology. One source of active digital data collection is online participatory syndromic surveillance systems. These systems actively engage the general public in reporting health-related information and provide timely information about disease trends within the community. This dissertation comprehensively addresses how researchers can effectively use this type of data to answer questions about Influenza-like Illness (ILI) disease burden in the general population. We assess the representativeness and reporting habits of volunteers for these systems and use this information to develop statistically rigorous methods that adjust for potential biases. Specifically, we evaluate how different missing data methods, such as complete case and multiple imputation models, affect estimates of ILI disease burden using both simulated data as well as data from the Australian system, Flutracking.net. We then extend these methods to data from the American system, Flu Near You, which has different patterns. Finally, we provide examples of how this data has been used to answer questions about ILI in the general community and promote better understanding of disease surveillance and data literacy among volunteers.

Human alteration of the landscape and environment is favoring the expansion of ticks and the pathogens they vector throughout the United States. The changes in these distributions are documented through literature and the deposition of specimens in scientific collections. In southern Illinois, tick species records are sporadic and inconsistent with what is actually found in the region. This information is necessary for public health officials to develop prevention strategies against tick-borne illnesses. I conducted research from 2018-2020 to accomplish the following: (1) conduct a ticks species and tick-borne disease survey of southern Illinois, (2) create habitat maps for Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis in the region, and (3) attempt to identify microhabitat variables influencing tick abundance. To accomplish my first objective, I sampled 26 sites from 11 counties in southern Illinois utilizing the tick drag method. Ticks were then tested for their associated pathogens using quantitative PCR. Four species of tick, Amblyomma americanum (the lone star tick), Dermacentor variabilis (the American dog tick), Ixodes scapularis (the black-legged deer tick), and Amblyomma maculatum (the Gulf Coast tick) were identified. Rickettsia rickettsii and Rickettsia parkeri causative agents of human rickettsiosis, Ehrilichia ewingii and Ehrlichia chaffeensis, causative agents of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, and Rickettsia amblyommii whose effects are not known, were all found in the study region. The second objective, lone star and American dog tick species distribution models (SDMs), was accomplished using the popular SDM program, Maxent. Maxent uses species presence data and their associated environmental characteristics to create predictions of habitat suitability. The resulting models indicate a correlation for both species with the Shawnee National Forest, likely due to the fragmented habitat structure as indicated by the strong impact of cultivated and managed vegetation on both species models. Lastly, I attempted to identify microhabitat characteristics that influence tick species abundance. Temperature, humidity, canopy closure, and wind speed were measured and recorded and vegetation density estimates and soil moisture were recorded categorically at each site, each visit. Using a chi-squared test I proved that tick abundance is not static, and varies throughout the summer months. I then used a principal component analysis (PCA) to assess correlation between habitat variables and tick abundance, but no signal was detected. This study established a baseline for tick species and tick-borne disease presence in southern Illinois. The information resulting from this study can be used to inform public health officials and inform future tick-borne disease prevention strategies. I recommend continued surveillance of the area to monitor species distributions and resulting pathogen risk to residents.