The paper describes a layout and a development of the software product used for fully automatic data exchange and synchronization between a business information system (ERP system) and a web system (an e-shop). The reason for designing such a system is an effort to minimize human work performed when handling the data in both systems. The data integrity in both systems is established due to this mechanism and a significant time saving is likewise a key factor. If the data are changed in one system, the changes are detected and synchronized with the data from the other system which constantly ensures up to date data.

Orientador: José Luiz Moraes Vasconcelos / Resumo: Os objetivos foram avaliar o efeito da remoção de bezerros (RB) no desenvolvimento folicular e na indução de ciclicidade e a eficácia do MGA precedendo protocolos de IATF, que utilizam GnRH ou BE, nas taxas de concepção a IATF e gestação. Foram utilizadas 163 vacas paridas em anestro da raça Nelore com 80 ± 29 dias pós-parto e ECC de 3,0 ± 0,29, divididas em 4 grupos: G1: (n=40, controle); G2: (n=42, RB): RB (60 h) 11 dias antes da estação de monta (EM); G3: (n=43, MGA + GnRH): MGA (MGA PREMIX®, 0,5 mg/dia, v.o.) por 10 dias, seguido por RB (60 h), após este período receberam GnRH (CYSTORELIN®, 50 mcg, i.m). Após 6,5 dias, PGF2α (LUTALYSE®, 25 mg, i.m.) que foi seguida por outra RB (54h). Após a RB, todos os animais receberam GnRH e foram inseminados; G4: (n=38, MGA + BE): MGA por 10 dias, seguido por RB (60h), após este período receberam BE (Estrogin , 1,0 mg, i.m.). Após 7 dias, PGF2α que foi seguida por outra RB (54h). Após 24 horas da PGF2α, os animais receberam BE e foram inseminados 30 horas depois. Após a IATF, nos 4 grupos, foi realizado observação de cio e IA (30 d) e por monta natural por mais 32 dias. A ciclicidade, o efeito do MGA e RB no desenvolvimento folicular, as taxas de sincronização, concepção e gestação foram determinados por exames ultra-sonográficos. A variável dias para ficar gestante foi analisada pela curva de sobrevivência, enquanto que as variáveis binomiais e contínuas foram analisadas por regressão logística e pelo GLM do SAS, respectivamente. Foram incluídos no modelo efeito de tratamento, ordem, sexo da cria e suas interações e ECC como co-variável. O MGA foi fornecido, ao G3 e G4, diariamente e os animais ingeriram, em média, 0,99 mg/dia de MGA. O MGA aumentou (P<0,05) o diâmetro do maior folículo (11,2 ± 0,28 vs. 10,3 ± 0,29 mm, respectivamente), que também foi maior (P<0,05) na associação MGA + RB... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objectives of this trial were to evaluate the effects of calf removal (CR) on follicular development and its ability to induce cyclicity and the effects of melengestrol acetate (MGA) preceding TAI protocols, with GnRH or EB on conception and pregnancy rates. Suckled anestrous Nellore cows (n=163) with 80 ± 29 days postpartum and BCS of 3.0 ± 0.29 were assigned into one of four groups: G1: (n=40, control); G2: (n=42, CR): calf removal (60 h) 11 days before the breeding season (BS). G3: (n=43, MGA + GnRH): MGA (MGA PREMIX®, 0.5 mg/day, v.o.) per 10 days, followed by CR (60 h), and GnRH (CYSTORELIN®, 50 mcg, i.m) after CR. Cows received by PGF2α (LUTALYSE®, 25 mg, i.m.) 6.5 days later, and another CR (54h) followed by GnRH and TAI; G4: (n=38, MGA + EB): MGA per 10 days, followed by CR (60h) and injection of EB (Estrogin , 1.0 mg, i.m.) after CR. Cows received PGF2α 7 days later and 24 hours after that, all animals received another EB and were TAI 30 hours later. Calf removal was performed between PGF2α and EB (54 h). After TAI, in all groups, was performed heat detection and AI (30 d) and natural service per more 32 days. Cyclicity status, effect of MGA supplementation and CR on follicular development, synchronization, conception and pregnancy rates were determined by ultrasound. The variable days to pregnancy was analyzed by survival analyses and the binomial and continuous variables were analyzed by logistic regression and GLM of SAS, respectively. The effects of treatment, parity, calf gender and interactions were included in the model, BCS was included as covariable. The MGA was offered to G3 and 4 daily (mixed into the mineral) and the average consumption was 0.99 mg/day. MGA supplementation increased (P<0.05) follicular diameter (11.2 ± 0.28 vs. 10.3 ± 0.29 mm, respectively) Follicular diameter was also increased (P<0.05) when MGA was associated with CR (11.3 ± 0.26 mm)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

One of the significant side-effects of growing urbanization is the constantly increasing amount of freight transportation in cities. This is mainly performed by conventional vans and trucks and causes a variety of problems such as road congestion, noise nuisance and pollution. Yet delivering goods to residents is a necessity. Sustainable concepts of city distribution networks are one way of mitigating difficulties of freight services. In this paper we develop a two-echelon city distribution scheme with temporal and spatial synchronization between cargo bikes and vans. The resulting heuristic is based on a greedy randomized adaptive search procedure with path relinking. In our computational experiments we use artificial data as well as real-world data of the city of Vienna. Furthermore we compare three distribution policies. The results show the costs caused by temporal synchronization and can give companies decision-support in planning a sustainable city distribution concept.

Today’s microprocessors with millions of transistors perform high-complexity computing at multi-gigahertz clock frequencies. The ever-increasing chip size and speed call for new methodologies in clock distribution network. Conventional global synchronization techniques exhibit many drawbacks in the advanced VLSI chips such as high-speed microprocessors. A significant percentage of the total power consumption in a microprocessor is dissipated in the clock distribution network. Also since the chip dimensions increase, clock skew management becomes very challenging in the framework of conventional methodology. Long interconnect delays limit the maximum clock frequency and become a bottleneck for future microprocessor design. In such a situation, new alternative techniques for synchronization in system-on-chip are demanded. This thesis presents new alternatives for traditional clocking and synchronization methods, in which, speed and power consumption bottlenecks are treated. For this purpose, two new techniques based on mesochronous synchronization and resonant clocking are investigated. The mesochronous synchronization technique deals with remedies for skew and delay management. Using this technique, clock frequency up to 5 GHz for on-chip communication is achievable in 0.18-μm CMOS process. On the other hand the resonant clocking solves significant power dissipation problem in the clock network. This method shows a great potential in power saving in very large-scale integrated circuits. According to measurements, 2.3X power saving in clock distribution network is achieved in 130-nm CMOS process. In the resonant clocking, oscillator plays a crucial role as a clock generator. Therefore an investigation about oscillators and possible techniques for jitter and phase noise reduction in clock generators has been done in this research framework. For this purpose a study of injection locking phenomenon in ring oscillators is presented. This phenomenon can be used as a jitter suppression mechanism in the oscillators. Also a new implementation of the DLL-based clock generators using ring oscillators is presented in 130-nm CMOS process. The measurements show that this structure operates in the frequency range of 100 MHz-1.5 GHz, and consumes less power and area compared to the previously reported structures. Finally a new implementation of a 1.8-GHz quadrature oscillator with wide tuning range is presented. The quadrature oscillators potentially can be used as future clock generators where multi-phase clock is needed. / Report code: LiU-TEK-LIC-2006:22

This dissertation investigated the nature of pulse in the tempo fluctuation of music performance and how people entrain with these performed musical rhythms. In Experiment 1, one skilled pianist performed four compositions with natural tempo fluctuation. The changes in tempo showed long-range correlation and fractal (1/f) scaling for all four performances. To determine whether the finding of 1/f structure would generalize to other pianists, musical styles, and performance practices, fractal analyses were conducted on a large database of piano performances in Experiment 3. Analyses revealed signicant long-range serial correlations in 96% of the performances. Analysis showed that the degree of fractal structure depended on piece, suggesting that there is something in the composition's musical structure which causes pianists' tempo fluctuations to have a similar degree of fractal structure. Thus, musical tempo fluctuations exhibit long-range correlations and fractal scaling. To examine how people entrain to these temporal fluctuations, a series of behavioral experiments were conducted where subjects were asked to tap the pulse (beat) to temporally fluctuating stimuli. The stimuli for Experiment 2 were musical performances from Experiment 1, with mechanical versions serving as controls. Subjects entrained to all stimuli at two metrical levels, and predicted the tempo fluctuations observed in Experiment 1. Fractal analyses showed that the fractal structure of the stimuli was reected in the inter-tap intervals, suggesting a possible relationship between fractal tempo scaling, pulse perception, and entrainment. Experiments 4-7 investigated the extent to which people use long-range correlation and fractal scaling to predict tempo fluctuations in fluctuating rhythmic sequences. / Both natural and synthetic long-range correlations enabled prediction, as well as shuffled versions which contained no long-term fluctuations. Fractal structure of the stimuli was again in the inter-tap intervals, with persistence for the fractal stimuli, and antipersistence for the shuffled stimuli. 1/f temporal structure is suficient though not necessary for prediction of fluctuations in a stimulus with large temporal fluctuations. / by Summer K. Rankin. / Vita. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Geographically distributed networks of acoustic sensors can be used to identify and localize the origin of acoustic phenomena. One area of use is localization of snipers by detecting the bullet's shock wave and the muzzle blast. At FOI Linköping, this system is planned to be adapted from a wire bounded sensor network into a wireless sensor network (WSN). When changing from wire bounded communication to wireless, the issue of synchronization becomes present. Synchronization can be achieved in multiple ways with different benefits depending of the method of choice. This thesis studies the synchronization method of using the highly accurate clock in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) modules. This synchronization method is developed into an independent time stamping device that can be connected to each sensor in the WSN. This ensure that all sensors are synchronized to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The thesis starts with a pre-study where different solutions are investigated and evaluated. After the pre-study, a development stage is begun where the best solution is developed into a model to be easily implemented in the future. The result is a model existing of a microcontroller, a timing module and an ADC with built in filter and amplification.

As redes de distribuição de sinais de tempo - ou redes de sincronismo - têm a tarefa de distribuir os sinais de fase e freqüência ao longo de relógios geograficamente dispersos. Este tipo de rede é parte integrante de inúmeras aplicações e sistemas em Engenharia, tais como sistemas de comunicação e transmissão de dados, navegação e rastreamento, sistemas de monitoração e controle de processos, etc. Devido ao baixo custo e facilidade de implementação, a topologia mestre-escravo tem sido predominante na implementação das redes. Recentemente, devido ao surgimento das redes sem fio - wireless - de conexões dinâmicas, e ao aumento da freqüência de operação dos circuitos integrados, topologias complexas, tais como as redes mutuamente conectadas e small world têm ganhado importância. Essencialmente cada nó da rede é composto por um PLL - Phase-Locked Loop - cuja função é sincronizar um oscilador local a um sinal de entrada. Devido ao seu comportamentamento não-linear, o PLL apresenta um jitter com o dobro da freqüência de livre curso dos osciladores, prejudicando o desempenho das redes. Dessa forma, este trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo analítico e por simulação das condições que garantam a existência de estados síncronos, e do comportamento do jitter de fase nas redes de sincronismo. São analisadas as topologias mestre-escravo e mutuamente conectada para o PLL analógico clássico. / Network synchronization deals with the problem of distributing time and fre- quency among spatially remote locations. This kind of network is a constituent element of countless aplications and systems in Engineering, such as communication and data transmission systems, navigation and position determination, monitoring and process control systems, etc. Due to its low cost and simplicity, the master-slave architec- ture has been widely used. In the last few years, with the growth of the dynamically connected wireless networks and the rising operational frequencies of the integrated cir- cuits, the study of the mutually connected and small world architectures are becoming relevant. Essentially, each node of a synchronization network is constituted by a PLL - Phase-Locked Loop - circuit that must automatically adjust the phase of a local oscillator to the phase of an incoming signal. Because of its nonlinear behavior the PLL presents a phase jitter with the double of the free running frequency of the oscillators, impairing the network performance. Thus, this work aims to study, both analytically and by simulation, the existence conditions of the synchronous states and the behavior of the double frequency jitter in the synchronization networks. Specifically the One Way Master Slave (OWMS) and Mutually Connected (MC) network architectures for classical analogical PLLs are analyzed.

O hormônio progesterona é utilizado para tratamento de infertilidade, anticoncepção e problemas ovarianos. Na medicina veterinária, além dessas aplicações, a progesterona é utilizada para a sincronização do ciclo estral das fêmeas economicamente exploráveis, otimizando as técnicas de reprodução, como a inseminação artificial e a transferência de embriões. Devido à sua baixa capacidade imunogênica, atoxicidade e abundância na natureza, o colágeno é um biopolímero que têm sido amplamente empregado para fins biomédicos. Neste trabalho obteve-se matrizes de colágeno e colágeno contendo progesterona nas proporções de 5% e 10% sobre a massa de colágeno (m/m), estudou-se a interação entre o hormônio e o biopolímero e a liberação de progesterona. Analisou-se, também, nas matrizes: estabilidade térmica, por TG e DSC; capacidade de hidratação por tampão PBS; morfologia, por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e estabilidade biológica, por ensaios in vitro de hidrólise enzimática do colágeno por colagenase. Observou-se que a presença de progesterona nas matrizes de colágeno não alterou a capacidade de hidratação por tampão, aumentou a resistência frente à degradação enzimática e diminuiu a temperatura de degradação do colágeno. A incorporação manual do hormônio apresentou cerca de 88% de eficiência e os ensaios de liberação mostraram que a incorporação a 5% (m/m) libera mais rapidamente que a incorporação a 10%, sugerindo a dispersão do hormônio nas matrizes colagênicas. Os dados obtidos apontam a possibilidade da construção de um sistema de liberação usando colágeno aniônico para liberar a quantidade necessária de progesterona por períodos de até 10 dias, tempo necessário para a sincronização do ciclo estral em fêmeas bovinas / Progesterone is an hormone used for treatment of infertility, contraception and to control ovarian problems in some species. In veterinary medicine, beyond these applications, progesterone is also used for estral cycle synchronization, and to optimizing reproduction tecniques, like artificial insemination and embryos transfer in the economically explored species. Due to its low immunogenic capacity, low toxicity and abundance in the nature, collagen is a biopolymer that have been widely used for biomedical purposes. In this work collagen matrices with progesterone loadings of 5% and 10% (w/w) were prepared and characterized by thermal stability (TG and DSC), hydration capacity (PBS buffer), morphology by electronic microscopy, biological stability by in vitro hydrolysis of collagen by colagenase, and in vitro progesterone release assays. It was observed that the progesterone did not modify the hydrate capacity, increased the resistance to enzymatic degradation and diminished degradation temperature of the collagen. Manual incorporation of the hormone presented about 88% of efficiency and the release assays had showed that 5% (w/w) loading matrix liberates more quickly the hormone than 10% loading matrix, suggesting the dispersion of the hormone in the collagen. Obtained results pointed to the possibility of using anionic collagen in the development of a release system that could potencialy be used to deliver progesterone over an extend period of about 10 days, an ideal period for estral cycle synchronization in calves

In recent years, in dairy cattle, while it was observed a gradual increase in productivity, a decrease occurred in the reproductive efficiency. Several factors, such as increased incidence of diseases, higher susceptibility to heat stress and increase of dry matter intake, have been awarded as possible causes for the decrease in fertility. Increased dry matter intake is associated with increased liver blood flow, which is associated with an increase in liver metabolism of steroid hormones. Given the high metabolism of steroid hormones in high producing dairy cows, six studies were carried out, which in this thesis are divided in three chapters, involving hormone supplementation in lactating dairy cows. The first study aimed to increase the synchronization rate of dairy cows submitted to a fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI) estradiol (E2)/progesterone (P4)-based protocol. For this purpose, two experiments were performed, the first (n = 44 cows) compared a 2.0 vs 3.0 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) associated to a P4 implant at the beginning of the protocol. The second experiment (n = 82 cows) performed presynchronization with GnRH prior to the onset of a FTAI protocol to produced different follicular development stages at the time of E2/P4: emergence vs. dominance. Daily ultrasound and hormone evaluations were performed. Other four experiments are described in the second (n = 1070 cows) and third (n = 1498 cows) chapter, which have been developed to evaluate the effect of P4 supplementation after ovulation in lactating dairy cows. In general, these studies evaluated the effect of supplementation on the corpus luteum (CL) development and function, mRNA abundance for interferon stimulated genes (ISG), on fertility of cows subjected to AI after estrus detection or FTAI protocol, or to embryo transfer. Increasing the EB dose from 2.0 for 3.0 mg did not improve emergence wave synchronization. In fact, it induced luteolysis in a larger number of cows. Altering the stage of the estrous cycle of the cows at the beginning of the E2/P4-based FTAI protocol did not improve synchronization of wave emergence. Post ovulation P4 supplementation did not affect CL development and function, and did not increase the mRNA abundance for ISG. Cows subjected to AI after estrus detection or after an E2/P4-based FTAI protocol did not have increased fertility. However when P4-supplemented cows were subjected to a GnRH-based FTAI protocol there was an improvement in the fertility of about 8%. Thus, we can concluded that regardless of the EB dose or stage of the estrous cycle at beginning of the E2/P4-based FTAI protocol, still there are cows that fail to have a synchronized emergence of a new wave and/or to ovulate at the end protocol. Additionally, depending on the protocol used, P4 supplementation may increase the fertility of dairy cows, but compromises the fertility when embryos are transferred. / Nos últimos anos, em rebanhos leiteiros, foi observado um aumento acentuado da produtividade acompanhado de uma diminuição da eficiência reprodutiva das vacas lactantes. Diversos fatores, como o aumento da incidência de doenças, da suscetibilidade ao estresse térmico e da ingestão de matéria seca, têm sido atribuídos como possíveis causas para esse decréscimo na fertilidade. Aumento da ingestão de matéria seca está associado maior fluxo sanguíneo hepático, que por sua vez está relacionado com aumento da metabolização hepática de diversas moléculas, entre elas os hormônios esteroides. Tendo em vista o alto metabolismo destes hormônios nas vacas leiteiras, foram realizados seis estudos, que na presente tese estão divididos em três capítulos, envolvendo suplementação hormonal em vacas leiteiras lactantes. O primeiro capítulo teve como objetivo aumentar a taxa de sincronização de vacas leiteiras ao protocolo de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo (IATF) à base de estradiol (E2)/progesterona (P4). Para isso foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo o primeiro (n = 44 vacas) utilizando dose de 2.0 ou 3.0 mg de benzoato de estradiol (BE) associado a um dispositivo de P4, no início do protocolo. No segundo (n = 82 vacas), foi realizada uma pré-sincronização com GnRH para iniciar o protocolo de IATF em diferentes estágios foliculares: recrutamento vs. dominância. Avaliações ultrassonográficas e dosagens hormonais foram feitas. Outros 4 experimentos, descritos no segundo (n = 1070 vacas) e no terceiro (n = 1498 vacas) capítulo, foram desenvolvidos para avaliar o efeito da suplementação de P4 após a ovulação em vacas leiteiras. Nesses estudos, foram avaliados os efeitos desta suplementação na formação e função do corpo lúteo (CL), na expressão de genes estimulados por interferon (ISG), na fertilidade de vacas submetidas a IA, através da observação de estro ou de protocolo de IATF, e em receptoras de embrião. A dose de 3.0 mg de BE, além de não aumentar a taxa de sincronização da emergência de uma nova onda folicular, induziu luteólise em um maior número de vacas que a dose de 2.0 mg. Independente da fase do ciclo estral, no início do protocolo a base de E2/P4, houve falhas na indução na sincronização da emergência e de ovulação. A suplementação com P4 após a ovulação não alterou a formação e função do CL, mas também não aumentou a expressão de ISG. Vacas submetidas a IA após detecção de estro ou submetidas à IATF em protocolos a base de E2/P4 não apresentaram aumento na fertilidade, no entanto quando submetidas ao protocolo de IATF à base de GnRH foi observado em torno de 8% de incremento de fertilidade. Contudo, receptoras de embrião suplementadas com P4 tiveram menor fertilidade. Assim, concluiu-se que independente da dose de EB ou do momento do ciclo estral em que se inicia o protocolo de IATF à base de E2/P4 há falhas de emergência de uma nova onda e/ou de ovulação ao final do protocolo. Além disso, dependendo do protocolo utilizado, a suplementação com P4 pósovulação pode aumentar a fertilidade de vacas submetidas à IATF, contudo compromete a fertilidade de receptoras de embrião.

Os planos de coordenação semafórica são reconhecidamente eficientes para promover a fluidez das correntes de tráfego e melhorar a qualidade operacional do sistema viário. Portanto, os técnicos responsáveis pela gestão do tráfego deveriam, sempre que possível, adotar métodos para a definição adequada das defasagens, utilizando ferramentas que auxiliem na decisão das operações. Porém, uma pesquisa realizada em cidades das regiões Sul e Sudeste sobre as estratégias de coordenação empregadas, demonstrou especialmente para municípios de porte médio que somente 13% utilizam ferramentas computacionais para prover planos de coordenação nos semáforos monitorados por centrais. Para os demais corredores semaforizados, cerca de 27% utilizam o diagrama espaço-tempo, 36% realizam ajustes locais através da observação do tráfego, 14% utilizam veículo-teste e 23% não adotam esquemas de coordenação. O objetivo desta dissertação é avaliar a eficiência de dois programas de coordenação semafórica que poderiam ser utilizados em cidades que não dispõem de técnicas mais eficientes para definir os planos semafóricos. Uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os métodos mais conhecidos foi realizada, identificando que os programas disponíveis seguem três critérios distintos: a maximização da largura da banda verde; a minimização dos atrasos e paradas; e a combinação das vantagens de ambos os critérios. O primeiro programa, cujo nome é SBAND, consiste em uma implementação computacional do critério de maximização de banda baseada no método half-integer synchronization, proposto por Morgan e Little. O segundo programa é o simulador INTEGRATION, que coordena semáforos baseado no critério de minimização de atrasos e paradas. Com esses programas, foram gerados planos semafóricos para diversas condições de tráfego em vias arteriais de Londrina e São Carlos, simuladas com o INTEGRATION. A análise das medidas de desempenho - tempo de percurso, atraso médio e número médio de paradas - indica que é possível planos semafóricos melhores do que aqueles em vigência nos corredores analisados, com redução dos valores médios destas medidas. A análise sugere que o programa INTEGRATION é mais recomendado para os casos em que o fluxo de veículos é elevado e semelhante na via principal e nas transversais, enquanto o programa SBAND é recomendado quando a via principal apresenta volume de tráfego leve ou moderado, maior do que nas vias secundárias. / Traffic signal synchronization strategies are useful to improve traffic flow mobility and level of service of arterial streets. Therefore, technicians in charge of management of the traffic system operation should take advantage of the benefits of these tools, as always as possible, in order to define the most adequate traffic signal offsets. However, interviews carried on mid-size cities of southern and southwestern regions of Brazil indicated that only 13% of these cities define plans for traffic signal networks, controlled by a central control room, based on any type of traffic signal coordination software. For non-controlled streets, 27% of the cities define offsets using the traditional space-time diagram, 36% make local adjustments in a trial and error basis, 14% use a test vehicle and the remaining 23% do not use any strategy for synchronization. Based on these findings, the objective of this master thesis is to assess the performance of two traffic signal synchronization tools that might be used in cities which do not make use of more efficient techniques to define signal plans. Literature review indicates that the available softwares are developed according to three distinct approaches: bandwidth maximization, minimization of delays and stops and combination of both previous methods. The first software tested, named SBAND, is based on the Morgan and Little half-integer synchronization algorithm, which maximizes bandwidth of signalized arterial streets. The second software is the INTEGRATION traffic simulation tool, which synchronizes traffic signals minimizing delays and stops. Different signal plans were defined by means of these two softwares, for several traffic conditions in arterial streets of Londrina and São Carlos, and simulated with INTEGRATION. The analysis of measures of effectiveness generated on the simulations – travel time, average delay and average number of stops – indicate that is possible to obtain better traffic signal plans, with reduction on the measures of effectiveness for the plans currently adopted for these arterials. The results also suggest that INTEGRATION is more recommended for scenarios when traffic flow on principal arterials is heavy and similar to the traffic on secondary streets, while SBAND is recommended for light to moderate traffic flow on main street, with through trips predominating and lighter traffic on secondary streets.