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Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Hospitality Management / Kevin R. Roberts / Ethnic foods have gained in popularity and have become mainstream in the diet of most Americans. However, researchers have noted that ethnic food, specifically food served in ethnic restaurants, has been associated with foodborne outbreaks. Little has been done using the Social Cognitive Theory to predict food safety behaviors, especially in independent ethnic restaurants. The purpose of this study was to determine whether self-efficacy, self-regulation, outcome expectations, and environmental determinants are predictive of self-reported food safety behaviors in independent ethnic restaurants. Utilizing a thorough literature review and results of five focus group and group interviews, a questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire was translated to Chinese and Spanish and back-translated to English to ensure consistency. After pilot-testing, a multistage random sampling technique was utilized to collect data, targeting a total of 150 food handlers from independent Mexican and Chinese restaurants. A total of 204 food handlers responded, but due to incomplete data or responses from non-food handlers, 201 responses were usable for a response rate of 80.4%. A multiple regression analysis investigated the prediction of food safety behavioral intentions based on the respondents’ self-efficacy, self-regulation, outcome expectations, and environmental determinants and found the model was significant (F = 75.246, p = 0.002). The significant independent variables in the model were self-regulation (β = 0.467, p = 0.001), environmental determinants (β = 0.181, p = 0.011), and outcome expectations (β = 0.152, p = 0.018), which explained about 60.6 % of the variance in food safety behavioral intentions. Self-efficacy was not significant (β = 0.078, p = 0.219). A mediation analysis showed that behavioral intentions are a significant mediator of the relationships between self-efficacy and self-reported food safety behaviors (b = 0.24, CI [0.161, 0.336], self-regulation and self-reported food safety behaviors (b = 0.252, CI [0.155, 0.366]), outcome expectations and self-reported food safety behaviors (b = 0.355, CI [0.247, 0.469]), and environmental determinants and self-reported food safety behaviors (b = 0.269, CI [0.172, 0.393]). Implications, limitations, and direction for future research were discussed.

Unsafe food handling practices are implicated in many restaurant-associated foodborne disease outbreaks. Factors that contribute to unsafe food handling in restaurants include inadequate food safety knowledge, employees who perceive that safe food handling is not under their control, and restaurant cultures that do not prioritize food safety. The purpose of this study was to determine whether temporary restaurant closures were associated with reduced food handling violations after closure in restaurants from the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority and the Fraser Health Authority, in British Columbia, Canada. The theoretical foundations used were the health action process approach and the theory of planned behavior. Mixed-effects Poisson regression analyses showed that the typical restaurant had an estimated 16% increase in the average number of overall food handling violations per inspection after temporary closure, compared with before closure. Restaurant- and employee-related factors responsible for unsafe food handling practices likely result in the continuation of unsafe food handling practices, despite temporary restaurant closures. This study may contribute to positive social change by challenging the assumption that temporary restaurant closures motivate food handlers to improve their food handling practices. To protect the public's health, additional interventions must follow temporary restaurant closures for reasons such as insanitary conditions and improper food handling. Suggested interventions include the provision of targeted learning resources to restaurant managers, the issuing of directives requiring food handlers to attend recognized food safety training courses, and environmental health managers requiring a reduction in problematic menu items.

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研究目的：失眠為國人常見的健康問題，造成患者夜間睡眠的痛苦，對白天生活品質也有明顯的影響，站在預防失眠慢性化的角度切入，找出情境性失眠高危險群的心理病理特性，應可為防治失眠疾患提供更積極的建議。本研究目的一即是想透過與好眠組的比較，討論壓力因應風格、持續失眠相關病因(對睡眠不適當認知、睡眠相關安全行為、身心激發程度)在失眠高危險族群及慢性失眠者的特性為何。第二個目的則想驗證失眠持續因素對失眠的影響路徑，並探討壓力因應風格在失眠持續模式中的影響性為何。 研究方法：本研究以橫斷式問卷調查法收集資料，蒐集有效問卷情境性失眠高風險群組74份、好眠組75份、與慢性失眠組62份，總共211份有效問卷。統計方法則根據不同研究目的分別採用單因子變異數分析及結構方程模型的路徑分析進行資料處理。 研究結果：慢性失眠者比好眠者與慢性失眠者有更高的睡眠不適當認知、更多睡眠相關安全行為更高的睡前激發程度。慢性失眠者與情境性失眠高危險族群在面對壓力時，也比好眠者使用較多的「社會支持、情緒調節與發洩的調解」、「逃避」、「問題解決、重釋與接受」等因應策略。此外，情境性失眠高危險族群也比好眠者用更多的睡眠相關安全行為來因應疲憊或睡不好的狀況。另外，本研究路徑分析結果發現睡眠不適當認知會透過安全行為及激發程度而影響失眠，且在考驗各個壓力因應風格對失眠持續模式之影響時，發現較一致的結果是逃避因應可能會增加個體使用更多睡眠相關安全行為而惡化失眠 研究討論：研究結果支持過去理論認為睡眠不適當認知、睡眠相關安全行為及睡前激發程度為失眠的持續因子。為預防情境性失眠高危險族群其失眠症狀慢性化，建議重點應放在睡眠的衛生教育，並且不只是教導適當因應失眠的行為，重要的是需包括增強對失眠處理的控制感、建立適當合理的藥物使用概念、矯正對失眠後果的災難化想法。最後，過去少有其他研究討論逃避因應風格與失眠的關係，建議對此有興趣的研究者可對逃避因應風格與失眠的關係做進一步的重覆驗證與探討。 / OBJECTIVE: The goals of the study are to examine (1) the differences of coping, dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep, sleep related safety behaviors and pre-sleep arousals among chronic insomniacs, normal sleepers vulnerable to stress-related sleep disturbance and good sleepers (2) the interactions of coping with other etiological factors in the model of persistent insomnia. METHOD: The sample was composed of 211 participants. Participants were asked to complete a set of questionnaires, including the Ford Insomnia Response to Stress Test (FIRST), the Insomnia Severity Index, the Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale, the Sleep-Related Behaviour Questionnaire, the Dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep questionnaire, COPE, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory. The participants were categorized into three subgroups, 75 good sleepers, 74 normal sleepers vulnerable to stress-related sleep disturbance, and 62 chronic insomniacs, according to clinical interview and/or their scores on the FIRST. RESULT: The results showed that chronic insomniacs reported more dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep, sleep related safety behaviors and pre-sleep arousals than the other groups. In addition, chronic insomniacs and normal sleepers vulnerable to stress-related sleep disturbance used more coping styles of “problem solving, positive reinterpretation and acceptance”, “social support, focus on and venting of emotions”, and “avoidance” than good sleepers. Also, normal sleepers vulnerable to stress-related sleep disturbance reported more safety behaviors to cope insomnia than good sleepers. Furthermore, the path analysis showed that the safety behaviors and arousal play an important mediating role between dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep and insomnia in chronic insomniacs. Finally, data showed that avoidance coping could predict the frequency of sleep related safety behaviors. CONCLUSION: The results imply that in order to prevent normal sleepers vulnerable to stress-related sleep disturbance from becoming chronic insomniacs, sleep hygiene education program should incorporate methods that are designed to reduce maladaptive sleep beliefs and sleep related safety behaviors. The relationship found between avoidance coping and insomnia is also of interest and require replication in future researches.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Efezio de Siqueira Gimenes Junior.pdf: 763293 bytes, checksum: 48eeaa8253a3627835c383c1bc471549 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / While there are a lot of applied researches focused in teaching different behaviors to people with autism, few of these studies have as focus safety behaviors. After identify studies that taught safety behaviors, this review had as objective, to identify variables responsible for the effectiveness in procedures to teach safety behavior for such people. Studies focused on safety behavior instruction were selected of databases Portal periódicos CAPES, ERIC, PubMed, PsycNET, Wiley Online Library and Science Direct, the main keywords used were autism and safety, were found 36 articles, and after a extensive lecture of references, were found three thesis and dissertations, which added are equal to 39 studies. The results indicated that more than a half of the studies were published between the years of 2008 and 2015 in North American institutions, indicating a tendency of interest in the topic on recent years, especially, about elopement. Of 39 studies, 34 were applied researches and in 32 of these was used single subject design, although there were limitations on the stability criteria in the baseline, even when studies were published in JABA. The main target behaviors studied were elopement, which were specially studied in the recent years, pedestrian behaviors and prevention of lures for strangers. The major participants with autism were children and adolescents from 2 to 15 years. In 36 studies were used 22 evidence-based practices, combined in various ways; the most common practices was reinforcement, prompting, discrete trail and functional analysis. In conclusion, in 36 studies where evidence-based practices were used, were changes in the behavior of the participants after the intervention, however there are limitations on the target behavior generalization planning and the extent of follow-up after completion of the intervention / Embora haja grande quantidade de pesquisas aplicadas dirigidas a ensinar diferentes comportamentos a pessoas com autismo, poucas destas pesquisas tiveram como foco o ensino de comportamentos de segurança. Na presente revisão, após a identificação de estudos que ensinavam comportamentos de segurança, teve-se como objetivo identificar variáveis responsáveis pela eficácia de procedimentos de ensino de tais comportamentos para esse público-alvo. Foram selecionados trabalhos que pretenderam ensinar comportamentos de segurança nas bases de dados Portal periódicos CAPES, ERIC, PubMed, PsycNET, Willey Online Library e Science Direct e os principais descritores utilizados foram autism e safety. Foram encontrados 36 relatos de pesquisa, e o esgotamento bibliográfico permitiu identificar três teses e dissertações, que somados, totalizaram 39 estudos. Os resultados indicaram que mais da metade dos estudos publicados o foram entre os anos de 2008 e 2015 e seus autores estavam filiados a instituições norte americanas, indicando uma tendência de interesse no tema nos últimos anos. Dos 39 trabalhos, 34 eram pesquisas aplicadas e em 32 delas foi utilizado um delineamento de sujeito único, embora houvesse limitações nos critérios de estabilidade da linha de base, mesmo quando os estudos foram publicações do periódico JABA. Os principais comportamentos-alvo estudados foram afastar-se de uma área sem supervisão de um cuidador, que foi especialmente investigado nos últimos anos, o comportamento de pedestre e de prevenção da aproximação de estranhos potencialmente perigosos, majoritariamente com participantes crianças e adolescentes dos 2 aos 15 anos. Os procedimentos de ensino utilizados combinaram diferentes práticas baseadas em evidências, derivadas da análise do comportamento e as principais foram reforçamento, hierarquia de dicas, tentativa discreta e análise funcional. Concluiu-se que em todos os 36 estudos em que foram utilizadas práticas baseadas em evidências houve mudanças substanciais no comportamento dos participantes após a intervenção, embora houvesse limitações quanto ao planejamento da generalização do comportamento-alvo e da medida de sua manutenção após o término da intervenção

<p>  </p> <p>Food safety researchers and extension workers are focused on educating the different actors of the supply chain, from farm to fork. To accomplish this, researchers identify areas of improvement and investigate the factors that cause or explain food safety behaviors. This thesis is divided into a systematic literature review with a meta-analysis and qualitative synthesis (Ch. 2), then two case studies that use predictive models to find top predictors of food safety behaviors (Ch.3 and 4). The systematic review (Ch.2) investigates online food safety educational programs and their effectiveness, barriers, and recommendations on different subpopulations of students, consumers, and food workers. The findings showed a limited effect on attitudes in the different subpopulations. Several areas for future research and recommendations for educators were identified. The first case study (Ch.3) developed predictive models of different food safety behaviors at ten time points throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings suggest an effect between changes in COVID-19 case numbers and how well attitudes related to COVID-19 can make predictions. Additionally, findings suggest the importance of attitudes when predicting food safety behaviors. Lastly, results identified that the belief that handwashing protects against foodborne illness was more important than the belief that handwashing protects against COVID-19 when predicting handwashing at most time points. These findings can identify insights into consumer behaviors during the pandemic and several possible areas for future research. The second case study (Ch. 4) developed predictive models of consumer flour handling practices and consumer awareness of flour-related recalls and how they are affected by the total number of flour-related recalls for a state where the consumer lives. Findings identified the importance of risk perceptions in predicting consumer flour handling practices. Results also showed that younger consumers were predicted to be more likely to be aware of flour recalls than consumers of older ages. Lastly, results show that the total number of flour-related recalls for a state where the consumer lives do not affect predictions. Findings identify potential challenges to recall communication and areas for future studies.</p>