Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Sinsey E. Johnson has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Gabriel Telleria, Committee Chairperson, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Dr. George Larkin, Committee Member, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Dr. Tanya Settles, University Reviewer, Public Policy and Administration Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2016 Workplace bullying is a source of distress and contributes to productivity losses and poor mental health among workers in the United States. Little, though, is known about how organizational structure and culture may impact the frequency of bullying within the context of federal public organizations. Using Schein's theory of organizational climate as the foundation, this correlational study examined the relationship between organizational size, type including protective services, the United States Postal Service, or other government agencies, and climate as defined by Schein. Survey data using the modifications of the Negative Acts Questionnaire and the Psychosocial Safety Climate Scale were used to collect data from a sample of 78 employees of the federal government. Data were analyzed using a linear regression technique. Results indicate that organizational size and type are not predictive of bullying behavior, but there is a statistically significant relationship between organizational climate and bullying (p = .001). The positive social change implications stemming from this study includes recommendations to federal government executives to explore organizational policies and rules to mitigate bullying behaviors through attention to organizational climate, thereby potentially increasing organizational efficiency and improving the work experience of federal employees.

Bakgrund: Bristande kommunikation och informationsöverföring är huvudorsaken till upp-komsten av vårdskador i hälso- och sjukvården. Komplexiteten i hälso- och sjukvårds organisat-ion i kombination med den mänskliga faktorn ställer krav på struktur i kommunikationen med hjälp av standardisering. En utmaning för hälso- och sjukvården är att implementera och studera standardiserade kommunikationsmetoder och studera effekten på patientsäkerhet och arbets-miljö. SBAR (Situation-Bakgrund-Aktuell Status-Rekommendation) är en kunskapsbaserad kommunikationsmetod, utvecklad för överföring av kritisk information i komplexa arbetssituat-ioner. Metoden hjälper till att skapa den struktur och förutsägbarhet som krävs för effektiv kommunikation i komplexa arbetssituationer såväl under normala förhållanden som under stress. Syfte: Att studera implementering av SBAR på en kardiologisk vårdavdelning med fokus på stra-tegier som kan underlätta processen. Metod: Studien är en kvalitativ intervjustudie med analytisk ansats. Den baseras på tio intervjuer med sjuksköterskor och läkare som arbetar på vårdavdelningen. Dessutom har en kvantitativ basundersökning om samarbets- och säkerhetsklimatet (enligt Safety Attitude Questionnaire) och kommunikationen genomförts under implementeringen, mars 2011-december 2011. Resultat: På vårdavdelningen har ca 95 % av sjuksköterskor och ca 70 % av läkare har fått ut-bildning i SBAR och flertalet av dessa har fått repetitionsutbildning. Sjuksköterskorna upplever en förbättring i den intraprofessionella kommunikationen efter att SBAR implementerats. Sjuk-sköterskorna beskriver att kommunikationen efter implementeringen följer SBAR strukturen i högre utsträckning, den är saklig och mer avgränsad samt innehåller i högre omfattning än tidi-gare en planering för och uppföljning av patientens vård. Endast enstaka läkare anger att de an-vänder SBAR i den intra- och interprofessionella kommunikationen. I den kvalitativa studien har såväl strategier som underlättar implementeringen av SBAR som fallgropar identifierats och beskrivits. De strategier som identifierats handlar om bl.a. ledningsan-svar, definiering av ansvar och roller i vård-teamet, skapande av mötesstrukturer för tvärprofess-ionellt samarbete, kommunikation och helhetssyn, identifiering och förebyggande av hierarkiska strukturer och introducering av förbättringskunskap i projektets genomförande. De fallgropar som identifierats har att göra med bristande föranalys, otydliga uppdrag, brister i resurser som metodstöd och tid, bemötande av kritiska röster, bristande läkarmedverkan, yttre påverkans fak-torer. Resultaten av den kvantitativa enkätundersökningen visade att det inte finns några skillna-der mellan läkarnas och sjuksköterskornas uppfattning om säkerhetsklimat eller samarrbete och kommunikation med den egna arbetsgruppen. Däremot finns det signifikanta skillnader mellan läkare och sjuksköterskor beträffande det gemensamma samarbetet och kommunikationen där sjuksköterskor uppfattar samarbetet och kommunikationen som mindre väl fungerande (Bilaga 1-3) Diskussion: Implementeringsprocessen visat sig vara kunskaps- och meningsskapande genom den ovan beskrivna analytiska ansatsen. Resultaten visar att implementeringen av SBAR behöver kompletteras med flera andra åtgärder som kan bidra till att skapa förutsättningar för ökat tvär-professionellt samarbete och kommunikation. Studien bekräftar det kommunikationsgap som finns mellan sjuksköterskor och läkare och behovet av förståelse för varandras olika roller och ansvar för att kunna skapa en helhetssyn med fokus på patienten i vården. Identifiering och före-byggande av de hierarkiska strukturer samt tydliggörande av innebörden i ledarskapet i vårdtea-met har visat sig vara avgörande. Implementering av SBAR är en satsning på en av de viktigaste patientsäkerhetsfrågorna och kräver tydlig och engagerat ledning. / Background: Poor professional communication and information transfer are main causes for medical error in the health care systems. The complexity in health care organisations in combina-tion with human factors issues raises a demand for structured and standardised communication. One challenge is to implement standardised communication models and study its effect on pa-tient safety and working conditions. SBAR (Situation, Background, Assessment and Recommen-dation) is a knowledge based communication model, developed to transfer critical information in complex work environments, both in normal and stressful conditions. Aim: To study implementation of SBAR on a Cardiology ward with focus on strategies that could facilitate the process. Method: Ten qualitative interviews with members of staff during the implementation process and quantitative data (130 anonymous questionnaires among staff, Safety Attitude Questionnaire, SAQ, during the implementation of SBAR have been collected (March- December 2011) Results: 95 % of the nurses and 70 % of the physicians have received SBAR education. In the interviews, the nurses describe an improved intra-professional communication after the imple-mentation of SBAR. The nurses also describe the communication to be more focused on the patients’ care, follow the SBAR process. However, only a few physicians explain that they are using SBAR in the intra- and/or inter professional communication. Strategies (leadership, role definitions within the team, structure for multi-professional cooperation, identification and prevention of hierarchical structures and introduc-tion of improvement knowledge) and hinders (limited clinical analyses before the project, unclear assignment, limited resources e.g. time and methodology, handling critical voices, limited input from physicians and external impact factors) for implementation of the SBAR model were identi-fied. The response rate for the baseline SAQ questionnaire was 94 % among nurses and 69% among physicians. No differences were found in nurses and physicians’ attitudes on safety climate and teamwork within their own groups. Some significant differences however were found concerning cooperation and communication between the two groups; nurses were less satisfied with cooperation and communication compared to the level of satisfaction in the group of physi-cians. Discussion: The implementation process has been meaningful in regards to an increase in knowledge trough the analytic outlook of the study. The result indicates that the actual imple-menting of SBAR requires further steps to create optimal conditions to achieve better results in communication and collaboration in cross-professional teams. The study confirms the communi-cation gap that exist between doctors and nurses and highlights the need for a better understand-ing of each other`s roles and responsibilities, in order to achieve an integral patient-centred ap-proach. It is crucial to identify and to prevent existing structures of hierarchy and to clarify the meaning of leadership within the team. The process of implementing SBAR is an effort to ad-dress one of the most important issues in patient safety and requires firm and committed leader-ship.

No description available.

Despite the facts that vehicle incidents continue to be the most common mechanism for Australian compensated fatalities and that employers have statutory obligations to provide safe workplaces, very few organisations are proactively and comprehensively managing their work-related road risks. Unfortunately, limited guidance is provided in the existing literature to assist practitioners in managing work-related road risks. The current research addresses this gap in the literature. To explore how work-related road safety can be enhanced, three studies were conducted. Study one explored the effectiveness of a range of risk management initiatives and whether comprehensive risk management practices were associated with safety outcomes. Study two explored barriers to, and facilitators for, accepting risk management initiatives. Study three explored the influence of organisational factors on road safety outcomes to identify optimal work environments for managing road risks. To maximise the research sample and increase generalisability, the studies were designed to allow data collection to be conducted simultaneously drawing upon the same sample obtained from four Australian organisations. Data was collected via four methods. A structured document review of published articles was conducted to identify what outcomes have been observed in previously investigated work-related road safety initiatives. The documents reviewed collectively assessed the effectiveness of 19 work-related road safety initiatives. Audits of organisational practices and process operating within the four researched organisations were conducted to identify whether organisations with comprehensive work-related road risk management practices and processes have better safety outcomes than organisations with limited risk management practices and processes. Interviews were conducted with a sample of 24 participants, comprising 16 employees and eight managers. The interviews were conducted to identify what barriers and facilitators within organisations are involved in implementing work-related road safety initiatives and whether differences in fleet safety climate, stage of change and safety ownership relate to work-related road safety outcomes. Finally, questionnaires were administered to a sample of 679 participants. The questionnaires were conducted to identify which initiatives are perceived by employees to be effective in managing work-related road risks and whether differences in fleet safety climate, stage of change and safety ownership relate to work-related road safety outcomes. Seven research questions were addressed in the current research project. The key findings with respect to each of the research questions are presented below. Research question one: What outcomes have been observed in previously investigated work-related road safety initiatives? The structured document review indicated that initiatives found to be positively associated with occupational road safety both during and after the intervention period included: a pay rise; driver training; group discussions; enlisting employees as community road safety change agents; safety reminders; and group and individual rewards. Research question two: Which initiatives are perceived by employees to be effective in managing work-related road risks? Questionnaire findings revealed that employees believed occupational road risks could best be managed through making vehicle safety features standard, providing practical driver skills training and through investigating serious vehicle incidents. In comparison, employees believed initiatives including signing a promise card commitment to drive safely, advertising the organisation’s phone number on vehicles and consideration of driving competency in staff selection process would have limited effectiveness in managing occupational road safety. Research question three: Do organisations with comprehensive work-related road risk management practices and processes have better safety outcomes than organisations with limited risk management practices and processes? The audit identified a difference among the organisations in their management of work-related road risks. Comprehensive risk management practices were associated with employees engaging in overall safer driving behaviours, committing less driving errors, and experiencing less fatigue and distraction issues when driving. Given that only four organisations participated in this research, these findings should only be considered as preliminary. Further research should be conducted to explore the relationship between comprehensiveness of risk management practices and road safety outcomes with a larger sample of organisations. Research question four: What barriers and facilitators within organisations are involved in implementing work-related road safety initiatives? The interviews identified that employees perceived six organisational characteristics as potential barriers to implementing work-related road safety initiatives. These included: prioritisation of production over safety; complacency towards work-related road risks; insufficient resources; diversity; limited employee input in safety decisions; and a perception that road safety initiatives were an unnecessary burden. In comparison, employees perceived three organisational characteristics as potential facilitators to implementing work-related road safety initiatives. These included: management commitment; the presence of existing systems that could support the implementation of initiatives; and supportive relationships. Research question five: Do differences in fleet safety climate relate to work-related road safety outcomes? The interviews and questionnaires identified that organisational climates with high management commitment, support for managing work demands, appropriate safety rules and safety communication were associated with employees who engaged in safer driving behaviours. Regression analyses indicated that as participants’ perceptions of safety climate increased, the corresponding likelihood of them engaging in safer driving behaviours increased. Fleet safety climate was perceived to influence road safety outcomes through several avenues. Some of these included: the allocation of sufficient resources to manage occupational road risks; fostering a supportive environment of mutual responsibility; resolving safety issues openly and fairly; clearly communicating to employees that safety is the top priority; and developing appropriate work-related road safety policies and procedures. Research question six: Do differences in stage of change relate to work-related road safety outcomes? The interviews and questionnaires identified that participants’ perceptions of initiative effectiveness were found to vary with respect to their individual stage of readiness, with stage-matched initiatives being perceived most effective. In regards to safety outcomes, regression analyses identified that as participants’ progress through the stages of change, the corresponding likelihood of them being involved in vehicle crashes decreases. Research question seven: Do differences in safety ownership relate to work-related road safety outcomes? The interviews and questionnaires revealed that management of road risks is often given less attention than other areas of health and safety management in organisations. In regards to safety outcomes, regression analyses identified that perceived authority and perceived shared ownership both emerged as significant independent predictors of self-reported driving behaviours pertaining to fatigue and distractions. The regression models indicated that as participants’ perceptions of the authority of the person managing road risks increases, and perceptions of shared ownership of safety tasks increases, the corresponding likelihood of them engaging in driving while fatigued or multitasking while driving decreases. Based on the findings from the current research, the author makes several recommendations to assist practitioners in developing proactive and comprehensive approaches to managing occupational road risks. The author also suggests several avenues for future research in the area of work-related road safety.

Instituições de saúde onde a cultura de segurança do paciente é positiva caracterizam-se por comunicação pautada em confiança mútua, por percepções compartilhadas sobre a importância de prestar cuidados seguros e pela confiança na eficácia de medidas preventivas. Nesta perspectiva, o objetivo geral do estudo consistiu em analisar a cultura de segurança do paciente junto à equipe multiprofissional de um centro avançado de neurologia e neurocirurgia da região sul do Brasil. À luz do pensamento restaurativo, desenvolveu-se o estudo com método misto sequencial explanatório. A pesquisa tramitou na Plataforma Brasil, obteve aprovação mediante CAAE 39941114.4.0000.5347 e os dados foram coletados entre outubro de 2015 e fevereiro de 2016, em duas fases. A primeira, de abordagem quantitativa, compreendeu a aplicação do Safety Attitudes Questionnaire, totalizando 31 participantes; a segunda, de abordagem qualitativa, foi realizada por meio da técnica de grupos focais com 7 participantes, oriundos da primeira fase, empregando o método fotográfico e a respectiva narração fotográfica, em que se discutiu acerca dos resultados do Safety Attitudes Questionnaire em concomitância à elicitação das fotografias. No grupo focal adotaram-se os princípios do Diálogo Deliberativo como uma estratégia de Translação do Conhecimento para fomentar a aplicabilidade dos resultados da pesquisa no cenário da prática. A estatística descritiva e bivariada ancorou a análise dos dados quantitativos considerando significativo p≤0,05; na fase qualitativa, adotou-se a análise de conteúdo do tipo temática. Os resultados apontaram escore total de 65 relativo ao clima de segurança, sendo considerado positivo quando ≥ a 75. Houve diferença significativa no domínio Percepção da gerência da unidade (p=0,034) entre a média dos médicos (74,2±17,9) e de outros profissionais (77,4±14,7), mostrando-se mais elevadas quando comparadas aos técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem (52,1±23,2 p<0,05) e enfermeiros (56,0±17,2 p<0,05). Em relação à Percepção da gerência da instituição a diferença significativa (p=0,032) detectada apontou que a média dos médicos (71,7±22,0) e de outros profissionais (76,0±15,8) foram mais elevadas quando comparados aos enfermeiros (53,0±18,3 p<0,05) e técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem (50,3±18,2 p<0,05). Foi detectada diferença significativa no domínio Condições de Trabalho (p=0,008), indicando que o escore médio dos médicos (81,9±15,1; mediana: 87,5) foi mais elevado quando comparado às médias dos demais profissionais. Durante a elicitação fotográfica e as discussões no grupo focal os participantes puderam discutir com os colegas buscando explicações para os resultados quantitativos, de onde foram elencados entraves organizacionais, tais como: condições de trabalho precárias; dimensionamento de pessoal inadequado; pouca resolutividade nas ações dos gestores; modelo de gestão mecanicista que privilegia a hierarquia; ausência de feedback; franco distanciamento entre os gestores e seus subordinados, especialmente dos trabalhadores considerados como de beira de leito; enfoque punitivo na ocorrência de erros; falta de um plano de educação para o desenvolvimento dos trabalhadores. Estratégias prioritárias para melhorar a cultura de segurança foram elencadas pelos participantes no último encontro do grupo focal, tais como, implantar os processos de segurança do paciente e iniciar uma aproximação da gestão com os demais colaboradores permitindo feedback em todos os turnos. Persiste uma abordagem punitiva que suprime a notificação de eventos adversos, o que impede a instituição de utilizar e ou transformar esses dados em conhecimento para aplicá-lo e, assim, promover mudanças sustentáveis na promoção da cultura de segurança do paciente. / Health care institutions with positive patient safety have their communication based on mutual trust, shared perceptions on the importance of providing safe care, and on reliable preventive measures. Under this perspective, this study aimed to analyze patient safety culture among a multi-professional team in an advanced neurology and neurosurgery center in southern Brazil. In light of restorative thinking, a sequential explanatory mixed methods design was developed. This research was submitted to Plataforma Brasil and received approval (CAAE 39941114.4.0000.5347) and the data were collected in two phases between October 2015 and February 2016. Phase 1 presented a quantitative approach and comprised the application of the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire to a total of 31 participants. Phase 2 followed a qualitative approach and was carried out through focus groups with 7 participants who took part in the previous phase. In addition, the photographic method with photo narration allowed the discussion of the outcomes of Safety Attitudes Questionnaire with photo elicitation. The principles of Deliberative Dialogue were adopted in the focus group as a strategy of Knowledge Translation to foster the application of the research outcomes to clinical practice. The quantitative data analysis was based on descriptive and bivariate statistics, considering p≤0.05 significant. In the qualitative phase, thematic content analysis was adopted. The results showed a total score of 65 regarding safety climate, which is considered positive, when ≥ 75. There was a significant difference in Perception of Unit Management (p=0.034) between the physicians’ average (74.2±17.9) and other professionals’ (77.4±14.7), both being higher when compared with the average of nursing technicians and assistants (52.1±23.2 p<0.05) and nurses (56.0±17,2 p<0.05). Regarding Perception of Hospital Management, the significant difference (p=0.032) showed that both the average of physicians (71.7±22.0) and other professionals’ average (76.0±15.8) were higher when compared to nurses (53.0±18.3 p<0.05) and nursing technicians and assistants (50.3±18.2 p<0.05). A significant difference was detected in Working Conditions (p=0.008), indicating that the average score of the physicians (81.9±15.1; median: 87.5) was higher when compared to the average of the other professionals. During photo elicitation and discussions in the focus group, the participants were able to discuss quantitative results. These outcomes showed organizational barriers such as poor working conditions; inadequate staffing; insufficient resolute actions by managers; mechanistic management which promotes hierarchy; lack of feedback; distance between managers and their employees, especially bedside professionals; punitive approach to errors; lack of a plan for employee training and development programs. In the last focus group meeting the participants worked in priority setting to improve safety culture, such as implementing patient safety processes and decreasing the distance between managers and employees, allowing more feedback in all shifts. A punitive approach that discourages adverse event and error reporting still persists, which prevents the institution from using and/ or transforming these data into applicable knowledge, and then use it toward sustainable changes that promote patient safety culture. / Instituciones de salud en las cuales la cultura de seguridad del paciente es positiva se caracteriza por comunicación basada en confianza mutua, por percepciones compartidas sobre la importancia de servir con cuidados seguros y por la confianza en la eficacia de medidas preventivas. En esta perspectiva, el objetivo general del estudio se constituye en analizar la cultura del paciente junto al equipo multiprofesional de un centro avanzado de neurología y neuroquirurgia de la región sur de Brasil. Con base en el pensamiento de restauración, se desarrolló el estudio con método mixto secuencial explanatorio. La investigación tramitó en la Plataforma Brasil, obteniendo aprobación mediante CAAE 3991114.4.0000.5347 y los datos fueron recolectados entre octubre de 2015 y febrero de 2016, en dos etapas. La primera, de abordaje cuantitativo, comprendió la aplicación del Safety Attitudes Questionaire, con un total de 31 participantes; la segunda, de abordaje cualitativo, fue realizada a través de la técnica de grupos focales con 7 participantes, oriundos de la primera fase, empleando el método fotográfico y la respectiva narrativa fotográfica, en que se discutió sobre los resultados del Safety Attitudes Questionnaire en concomitancia a la explicitación de las fotografías. En el grupo focal se adoptaron principios del Diálogo Deliberativo como una estrategia de Translación del Conocimiento para incentivar la aplicabilidad de los resultados de la investigación en el escenario de la práctica. La estadística descriptiva y bivariada fue utilizada como soporte para el análisis de los datos cuantitativos considerando significativo p≤0,05; en la fase cualitativa, se adoptó el análisis de contenido del tipo temático. Los resultados apuntaron una puntuación del 65 relativo al clima de seguridad, siendo considerado positivo cuando ≥ a 75. Hubo una diferencia significativa en el dominio Percepción del gerenciamiento de la unidad (p=0,034) entre la media de los médicos (74,2±17,9) y de otros profesionales (77,4±14,7), mostrándose más altas cuando comparadas a los técnicos y auxiliares de enfermería (52,1±23,2 p<0,05) y enfermeros (56,0±17,2 p<0,05). Sobre la percepción de la gerencia institucional la diferencia significativa (p=0,032) observada apuntó que la media de los médicos (71,7±22,0) y de otros profesionales (76,0±15,8) fue más alta cuando comparados a los enfermeros (53,0±18,3 p<0,05) y técnicos y auxiliares de enfermería (50,3±18,2 p<0,05). Fue detectada una significativa diferencia en el dominio de las condiciones de Trabajo (p=0,008), indicando que el placar medio de los médicos (81,9±15,1; mediana: 87,5) fue más elevado cuando comparado a las medias de los demás profesionales. Durante la explicación fotográfica y las discusiones en el grupo focal los participantes pudieron discutir con sus colegas buscando explicaciones para los resultados cuantitativos, donde fueron enumerados embargos institucionales, tales como: condiciones de trabajo de poca estabilidad; dimensionamiento de personal de forma inadecuada; poca presteza en las acciones de los gestores; modelo de gestión mecanicista que privilegia la jerarquía; ausencia de respuesta; distancia entre los gestores y sus subordinados, especialmente de los trabajadores considerados como de soporte (costado del lecho); punición cuando ocurren errores; falta de un plan educacional para el desarrollo de los trabajadores. Estrategias prioritarias para mejorar la cultura de seguridad fueron enumeradas por los participantes en el último encuentro del grupo focal, tales como establecer los procesos de seguridad del paciente e iniciar una aproximación de la gestión con los demás colaboradores permitiendo feedback en todos los turnos. Se mantiene un abordaje punitivo que cesa la notificación de eventos adversos, lo que impide a la institución utilizar o transformar esos datos en conocimiento para aplicarlo y, así, promocionar cambios posibles en la promoción de la cultura de seguridad del paciente.

Instituições de saúde onde a cultura de segurança do paciente é positiva caracterizam-se por comunicação pautada em confiança mútua, por percepções compartilhadas sobre a importância de prestar cuidados seguros e pela confiança na eficácia de medidas preventivas. Nesta perspectiva, o objetivo geral do estudo consistiu em analisar a cultura de segurança do paciente junto à equipe multiprofissional de um centro avançado de neurologia e neurocirurgia da região sul do Brasil. À luz do pensamento restaurativo, desenvolveu-se o estudo com método misto sequencial explanatório. A pesquisa tramitou na Plataforma Brasil, obteve aprovação mediante CAAE 39941114.4.0000.5347 e os dados foram coletados entre outubro de 2015 e fevereiro de 2016, em duas fases. A primeira, de abordagem quantitativa, compreendeu a aplicação do Safety Attitudes Questionnaire, totalizando 31 participantes; a segunda, de abordagem qualitativa, foi realizada por meio da técnica de grupos focais com 7 participantes, oriundos da primeira fase, empregando o método fotográfico e a respectiva narração fotográfica, em que se discutiu acerca dos resultados do Safety Attitudes Questionnaire em concomitância à elicitação das fotografias. No grupo focal adotaram-se os princípios do Diálogo Deliberativo como uma estratégia de Translação do Conhecimento para fomentar a aplicabilidade dos resultados da pesquisa no cenário da prática. A estatística descritiva e bivariada ancorou a análise dos dados quantitativos considerando significativo p≤0,05; na fase qualitativa, adotou-se a análise de conteúdo do tipo temática. Os resultados apontaram escore total de 65 relativo ao clima de segurança, sendo considerado positivo quando ≥ a 75. Houve diferença significativa no domínio Percepção da gerência da unidade (p=0,034) entre a média dos médicos (74,2±17,9) e de outros profissionais (77,4±14,7), mostrando-se mais elevadas quando comparadas aos técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem (52,1±23,2 p<0,05) e enfermeiros (56,0±17,2 p<0,05). Em relação à Percepção da gerência da instituição a diferença significativa (p=0,032) detectada apontou que a média dos médicos (71,7±22,0) e de outros profissionais (76,0±15,8) foram mais elevadas quando comparados aos enfermeiros (53,0±18,3 p<0,05) e técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem (50,3±18,2 p<0,05). Foi detectada diferença significativa no domínio Condições de Trabalho (p=0,008), indicando que o escore médio dos médicos (81,9±15,1; mediana: 87,5) foi mais elevado quando comparado às médias dos demais profissionais. Durante a elicitação fotográfica e as discussões no grupo focal os participantes puderam discutir com os colegas buscando explicações para os resultados quantitativos, de onde foram elencados entraves organizacionais, tais como: condições de trabalho precárias; dimensionamento de pessoal inadequado; pouca resolutividade nas ações dos gestores; modelo de gestão mecanicista que privilegia a hierarquia; ausência de feedback; franco distanciamento entre os gestores e seus subordinados, especialmente dos trabalhadores considerados como de beira de leito; enfoque punitivo na ocorrência de erros; falta de um plano de educação para o desenvolvimento dos trabalhadores. Estratégias prioritárias para melhorar a cultura de segurança foram elencadas pelos participantes no último encontro do grupo focal, tais como, implantar os processos de segurança do paciente e iniciar uma aproximação da gestão com os demais colaboradores permitindo feedback em todos os turnos. Persiste uma abordagem punitiva que suprime a notificação de eventos adversos, o que impede a instituição de utilizar e ou transformar esses dados em conhecimento para aplicá-lo e, assim, promover mudanças sustentáveis na promoção da cultura de segurança do paciente. / Health care institutions with positive patient safety have their communication based on mutual trust, shared perceptions on the importance of providing safe care, and on reliable preventive measures. Under this perspective, this study aimed to analyze patient safety culture among a multi-professional team in an advanced neurology and neurosurgery center in southern Brazil. In light of restorative thinking, a sequential explanatory mixed methods design was developed. This research was submitted to Plataforma Brasil and received approval (CAAE 39941114.4.0000.5347) and the data were collected in two phases between October 2015 and February 2016. Phase 1 presented a quantitative approach and comprised the application of the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire to a total of 31 participants. Phase 2 followed a qualitative approach and was carried out through focus groups with 7 participants who took part in the previous phase. In addition, the photographic method with photo narration allowed the discussion of the outcomes of Safety Attitudes Questionnaire with photo elicitation. The principles of Deliberative Dialogue were adopted in the focus group as a strategy of Knowledge Translation to foster the application of the research outcomes to clinical practice. The quantitative data analysis was based on descriptive and bivariate statistics, considering p≤0.05 significant. In the qualitative phase, thematic content analysis was adopted. The results showed a total score of 65 regarding safety climate, which is considered positive, when ≥ 75. There was a significant difference in Perception of Unit Management (p=0.034) between the physicians’ average (74.2±17.9) and other professionals’ (77.4±14.7), both being higher when compared with the average of nursing technicians and assistants (52.1±23.2 p<0.05) and nurses (56.0±17,2 p<0.05). Regarding Perception of Hospital Management, the significant difference (p=0.032) showed that both the average of physicians (71.7±22.0) and other professionals’ average (76.0±15.8) were higher when compared to nurses (53.0±18.3 p<0.05) and nursing technicians and assistants (50.3±18.2 p<0.05). A significant difference was detected in Working Conditions (p=0.008), indicating that the average score of the physicians (81.9±15.1; median: 87.5) was higher when compared to the average of the other professionals. During photo elicitation and discussions in the focus group, the participants were able to discuss quantitative results. These outcomes showed organizational barriers such as poor working conditions; inadequate staffing; insufficient resolute actions by managers; mechanistic management which promotes hierarchy; lack of feedback; distance between managers and their employees, especially bedside professionals; punitive approach to errors; lack of a plan for employee training and development programs. In the last focus group meeting the participants worked in priority setting to improve safety culture, such as implementing patient safety processes and decreasing the distance between managers and employees, allowing more feedback in all shifts. A punitive approach that discourages adverse event and error reporting still persists, which prevents the institution from using and/ or transforming these data into applicable knowledge, and then use it toward sustainable changes that promote patient safety culture. / Instituciones de salud en las cuales la cultura de seguridad del paciente es positiva se caracteriza por comunicación basada en confianza mutua, por percepciones compartidas sobre la importancia de servir con cuidados seguros y por la confianza en la eficacia de medidas preventivas. En esta perspectiva, el objetivo general del estudio se constituye en analizar la cultura del paciente junto al equipo multiprofesional de un centro avanzado de neurología y neuroquirurgia de la región sur de Brasil. Con base en el pensamiento de restauración, se desarrolló el estudio con método mixto secuencial explanatorio. La investigación tramitó en la Plataforma Brasil, obteniendo aprobación mediante CAAE 3991114.4.0000.5347 y los datos fueron recolectados entre octubre de 2015 y febrero de 2016, en dos etapas. La primera, de abordaje cuantitativo, comprendió la aplicación del Safety Attitudes Questionaire, con un total de 31 participantes; la segunda, de abordaje cualitativo, fue realizada a través de la técnica de grupos focales con 7 participantes, oriundos de la primera fase, empleando el método fotográfico y la respectiva narrativa fotográfica, en que se discutió sobre los resultados del Safety Attitudes Questionnaire en concomitancia a la explicitación de las fotografías. En el grupo focal se adoptaron principios del Diálogo Deliberativo como una estrategia de Translación del Conocimiento para incentivar la aplicabilidad de los resultados de la investigación en el escenario de la práctica. La estadística descriptiva y bivariada fue utilizada como soporte para el análisis de los datos cuantitativos considerando significativo p≤0,05; en la fase cualitativa, se adoptó el análisis de contenido del tipo temático. Los resultados apuntaron una puntuación del 65 relativo al clima de seguridad, siendo considerado positivo cuando ≥ a 75. Hubo una diferencia significativa en el dominio Percepción del gerenciamiento de la unidad (p=0,034) entre la media de los médicos (74,2±17,9) y de otros profesionales (77,4±14,7), mostrándose más altas cuando comparadas a los técnicos y auxiliares de enfermería (52,1±23,2 p<0,05) y enfermeros (56,0±17,2 p<0,05). Sobre la percepción de la gerencia institucional la diferencia significativa (p=0,032) observada apuntó que la media de los médicos (71,7±22,0) y de otros profesionales (76,0±15,8) fue más alta cuando comparados a los enfermeros (53,0±18,3 p<0,05) y técnicos y auxiliares de enfermería (50,3±18,2 p<0,05). Fue detectada una significativa diferencia en el dominio de las condiciones de Trabajo (p=0,008), indicando que el placar medio de los médicos (81,9±15,1; mediana: 87,5) fue más elevado cuando comparado a las medias de los demás profesionales. Durante la explicación fotográfica y las discusiones en el grupo focal los participantes pudieron discutir con sus colegas buscando explicaciones para los resultados cuantitativos, donde fueron enumerados embargos institucionales, tales como: condiciones de trabajo de poca estabilidad; dimensionamiento de personal de forma inadecuada; poca presteza en las acciones de los gestores; modelo de gestión mecanicista que privilegia la jerarquía; ausencia de respuesta; distancia entre los gestores y sus subordinados, especialmente de los trabajadores considerados como de soporte (costado del lecho); punición cuando ocurren errores; falta de un plan educacional para el desarrollo de los trabajadores. Estrategias prioritarias para mejorar la cultura de seguridad fueron enumeradas por los participantes en el último encuentro del grupo focal, tales como establecer los procesos de seguridad del paciente e iniciar una aproximación de la gestión con los demás colaboradores permitiendo feedback en todos los turnos. Se mantiene un abordaje punitivo que cesa la notificación de eventos adversos, lo que impide a la institución utilizar o transformar esos datos en conocimiento para aplicarlo y, así, promocionar cambios posibles en la promoción de la cultura de seguridad del paciente.

Em 2004, a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) definiu como prioridade o desenvolvimento de pesquisas baseadas em evidências científicas com melhores práticas voltadas para a segurança do paciente. Desde então, vários estudos surgiram com o objetivo de avaliar a cultura de segurança nas instituições de saúde, por meio de instrumentos de mensuração do clima de segurança. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi realizar a adaptação transcultural do Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) - Short Form 2006 para a língua portuguesa. O instrumento foi aplicado em seis hospitais de três regiões do Brasil, Nordeste, Sudeste e Centro- Oeste. Para a tradução e adaptação cultural do instrumento seguiu-se a proposta metodológica de Beaton et al (2002). A validade de conteúdo e face foi realizada pela análise dos juízes e pelo pré-teste. A validade de construto foi realizada pelas análises fatorial exploratória e confirmatória e comparação entre grupos. A análise da confiabilidade do instrumento foi realizada por meio da análise da consistência interna dos itens, através do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. A amostra do estudo foi composta por 1301 profissionais das enfermarias clínicas e cirúrgicas dos seis hospitais. A aplicação do instrumento ocorreu nos meses de julho a outubro de 2010. O estudo foi aprovado pelos comitês de Ética em Pesquisa das seis instituições. A versão adaptada para a língua portuguesa do SAQ apresentou alfa de Cronbach total de 0,89. As correlações item-total entre os domínios foram consideradas de moderada a forte, com exceção do domínio Percepção do Estresse. A análise confirmatória mostrou que o ajuste do modelo final dos 41 itens foi considerado satisfatório. Na análise fatorial exploratória o item 14, que não pertence a nenhum domínio na escala original, foi alocado no domínio Percepção da Gerência e os itens 33, 34 e 35 foram alocados em um único domínio. Quanto ao método de comparação de grupos identificou-se diferença de médias estatisticamente significativa entre hospitais e tempo de atuação. Conclui-se, portanto que a versão adaptada do Safety Attitudes Questionnaire para o Português é considerada válida e confiável em nossa amostra. / In 2004, the World Health Organization (WHO) has defined as priority the development of evidence-based research with best practices for patient safety. Since then, several studies have begun to evaluate the safety culture in healthcare institutions, by means of instruments measuring the safety climate. Thus, the objective of this study was the cultural adaptation of the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) - Short Form 2006 for the Portuguese language. The instrument was applied in six hospitals in three regions of Brazil: Northeast, Southeast and Midwest. For the translation and cultural adaptation of the instrument followed the methodological approach of Beaton et al (2002). The face and content validity analysis was performed by judges and the pre-test. Construct validity was performed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and method of comparison groups. Analysis of instrument reliability was performed by analyzing the internal consistency of items through the Cronbach coefficient. The study sample was comprised of 1,301 professionals in clinics and surgical wards of six hospitals. The application of the instrument occurred from July to October 2010. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of six institutions. A version adapted to Portuguese SAQ showed Cronbach\'s alpha of 0.89. The item-total correlations between the domains were considered moderate to strong, except for domain Stress Recognition. The confirmatory analysis showed that the model fitting end of the 41 items was satisfactory. The exploratory factor analysis the item 14, which has no domain in the original scale, was allocated in the domain Perception of Management and items 33, 34 and 35 were allocated in a single component. The method of comparison groups were identified statistically significant average difference between hospitals and years specialty. We conclude that the SAQ Portuguese version was considered valid and reliable in our sample.

A Segurança no Trabalho no Brasil é um tema que merece ser explorado. Todos os anos milhares de trabalhadores sofrem lesões durante a realização de suas atividades laborais. Diversos estudos demonstram a influência do ambiente sobre o comportamento das pessoas, sendo o Clima de Segurança um construto bastante explorado. Este trabalho tem como objetivo geral identificar fatores que explicam o comportamento dos trabalhadores em relação à segurança bem como analisar a relação existente entre esses fatores. Tendo em vista a importância do ambiente organizacional nas questões relacionadas à segurança do trabalho, foi escolhida uma empresa industrial brasileira de grande porte para a realização desta pesquisa. Foi realizada uma análise do contexto organizacional, bem como uma avaliação do comportamento dos trabalhadores em relação à segurança com base na Teoria da Ação Planejada. Com base no modelo proposto, também foi avaliada a relação entre a Supervisão direta dos operadores como fator que explica o comportamento desses em relação à segurança. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram que o comportamento dos trabalhadores pode ser explicado com base na Teoria da Ação Planejada e que a Supervisão tem relação com o comportamento, mediada pelos construtos do modelo proposto. / Occupational Safety and Health issue in Brazil in a subject that matters. Every year thousands of workers get injuries along its working activities. Several researches demonstrate the environment influence over people behavior, being Safety Climate a well explored construct. This research brings as general objective identify the factors that explain the worker\'s behavior toward safety and also analyze the relationship among these factors. Considering the organizational environment relevance regarding safety issues, a large industrial Brazilian company was selected to contribute to this study. Its organizational context was evaluated, as well as the worker\'s behavior toward safety based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. Based on the proposed model, it was also evaluated the relationship between worker\'s direct Supervision as a factor that explain their behaviors toward safety. The results demonstrated that the worker\'s behavior can be explained based on Theory of Planned Behavior and that Supervision set influence on worker\'s behavior, mediated by TPB constructs.

In the U.S., construction accidents remain a significant economic and social problem. Despite recent improvement, the Construction industry, generally, has lagged behind other industries in implementing safety as a total management process for achieving zero accidents and developing a high-performance safety culture. One aspect of this total approach to safety that has frustrated the construction industry the most has been “measurement”, which involves identifying and quantifying the factors that critically influence safe work behaviors. The basic problem attributed is the difficulty in assessing what to measure and how to measure it – particularly the intangible aspects of safety. Without measurement, the notion of continuous improvement is hard to follow. This research was undertaken to develop a strategic framework for the measurement and continuous improvement of total safety in order to achieve and sustain the goal of zero accidents, while improving the quality, productivity and the competitiveness of the construction industry as it moves forward. The research based itself on an integral model of total safety that allowed decomposition of safety into interior and exterior characteristics using a multiattribute analysis technique. Statistical relationships between total safety dimensions and safety performance (measured by safe work behavior) were revealed through a series of latent variables (factors) that describe the total safety environment of a construction organization. A structural equation model (SEM) was estimated for the latent variables to quantify relationships among them and between these total safety determinants and safety performance of a construction organization. The developed SEM constituted a strategic framework for identifying, measuring, and continuously improving safety as a total concern for achieving and sustaining the goal of zero accidents.

It is the responsibility of the employer to keep all workers safe and to promote a healthy work environment. Though there still remain work safety concerns, the construction industry has made a lot of progress addressing these issues over the last few decades. Safety research has and will continue to be a crucial part of this improvement.  The focus of this study is to chart the structure for on-site dispersal of safety information amongst construction workers. The aim is to identify the known factors affecting information flow that are present at the construction site. Using Safety Climate theory as a framework enables the combining of Interorganizational Relations theory and Network theory, creating a tool for data analysis. Chosen method for data collection is semi-structured interviews followed by a study of the digital platforms mentioned by the respondents. The stock take of the information structure shows that the supervisor, and to a lesser degree the site manager, enables the information flow between actors within the construction site. The Safety Climate theory suggests that frequent communication between participants across all levels of the organization tend to facilitate ongoing discussions regarding safety. The results of the study confirm this conclusion. These discussions can, according to Safety Climate theory, lead to fewer accidents. The data indicate that well communicated safety information structure regarding both content and proceedings resulted in transparent information exchange. Language is a factor connected to difficulties with information exchange. Translations were found to be performed satisfactory, although the responsibility to perform said translations was not as well communicated. Overall the safety climate was regarded as satisfactory by the respondents at the construction site. The findings of this study have practical implications for construction safety efforts, due to the identified factors which can improve safety communication. / Arbetsgivaren ansvarar för en sund och hälsosam arbetsmiljö, där medarbetarna kan känna sig trygga. Byggarbetsbranschen, med sin diversitet gällande såväl arbetsuppgifter, arbetsgivare och nationaliteter, har trots bestående problem kommit långt i säkerhetsarbetet de senaste decennierna. Forskning gällande säkerhet har varit, och kommer att fortsätta vara, en viktig hörnsten gällande detta förbättringsarbete. Förevarande studie fokuserar på kartläggning av säkerhetsinformationens struktur vid en byggarbetsplats. Syftet är, utöver kartläggningen, att identifiera kända faktorer med påverkan på informationsflödet. Med säkerhetsklimatteorin som grund kombineras interorganisationell relationsteori med nätverksteori. Resultatet analyseras enligt den sammantagna förklaringsmodellen. Datainsamling genomförs i första hand genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Därefter utförs undersökning av digitala dem plattformar som respondenterna nämner. Kartläggningen visar att arbetsledaren, och i viss mån platschefen, fungerar som möjliggörare för kommunikation mellan olika aktörer. En faktor som påvisats i säkerhetsklimatteorin är att frekvent kommunikation mellan personer på olika befattningsnivåer i organisationen kan leda till diskussioner gällande säkerhet, detta samband påvisas även i resultatet. Dessa diskussioner kan enligt säkerhetsklimatteorin leda till minskat antal olyckor. När strukturen för säkerhetsinformation var väl kommunicerad gällande såväl informationsväg som innehåll visade resultatet att informationsutbytet fungerade bäst. En potentiell problemfaktor är språket. Analysen visar att översättningar fungerade väl, men ansvarsfördelningen för översättningarna var mindre tydlig. Respondenterna lyfter överlag säkerhetsarbetet och informationsdelningen som välfungerande. Studien har praktisk nytta då påverkansfaktorer identifierats vilket möjliggör systematiskt förbättringsarbete med säkerhetskommunikation.