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A busca por alimentos saudáveis, seguros e sustentáveis tem levado a um grande aumento do consumo de alimentos orgânicos, em todo o mundo. Embora esses alimentos sejam claramente menos expostos aos perigos químicos, diversos estudos têm demonstrado contaminação microbiológica significativa em produtos como as alfaces orgânicas, as quais são amplamente comercializadas. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a cadeia produtiva de alfaces orgânicas no sul do Brasil, através de análises microbiológicas e dos sistemas de gestão da inocuidade, buscando identificar possíveis medidas de intervenção a partir do ponto de vista da segurança dos alimentos. Três propriedades rurais de alface orgânica foram analisadas, utilizando as ferramentas Horticultural Assessment Scheme (HAS) e Horticulture Safety Management System Diagnosis (HSMS-DI). Amostras de adubo, solo adubado, mudas de alface, alface, água de irrigação e lavagem foram coletadas ao longo da cadeia produtiva, seguindo a ordem de inicio do plantio, durante o crescimento e na colheita das alfaces. As análises microbiológicas foram realizadas segundo o protocolo do HAS e normas internacionais. Para avaliação dos sistemas de gestão de segurança dos alimentos a ferramenta de diagnóstico HSMS-DI, com 58 questões, foi aplicada em cada propriedade rural. As Informações obtidas no HAS e HSMS-DI foram combinadas e um diagnóstico de cada propriedade foi elaborado, assim como foram sugeridas medidas de intervenção. Os resultados do HSMS-DI indicaram que as propriedades rurais apresentavam clara organização e forte embasamento quanto à prevenção dos riscos químicos, no entanto estavam operando em um contexto de risco microbiológico moderado a elevado. Os resultados obtidos com o HAS demonstraram contaminação por microrganismos de origem fecal em diversas amostras, além disso, foi detectada a presença de E. coli O157:H7 na água de irrigação e lavagem das alfaces, e a presença de Salmonella em adubo. Estes resultados demonstraram a existência natural e inerente de fontes de contaminação microbiológica na cadeia de produção de alfaces orgânicas. Contudo, destaca-se a necessidade de maior apoio aos produtores orgânicos, principalmente na implementação de medidas de controle da compostagem dos adubos e na qualidade da água de irrigação e lavagem dessas propriedades. / The search for healthy, safe and sustainable food has led to a large increase in the consumption of organic foods worldwide. Although these foods are clearly less exposed to chemical hazards, several studies have demonstrated significant microbial contamination in products such as organic lettuces, which are widely marketed. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the production chain of organic lettuce in southern Brazil, through microbiological analyses and safety management systems in order to identify potential measures from the point of view of food safety. Three rural properties of organic lettuce were analyzed using the Horticultural Assessment Scheme (HAS) and the Horticulture and Safety Management System Diagnosis (HSMS-DI) tools. Samples of compost, fertilized soil, lettuce seedlings, lettuce, irrigation and wash water were collected along the production chain, following the beginning of the planting, the growing and the harvesting of lettuce. Microbiological analyzes were performed according to protocol HAS and international standards. For evaluation of the food safety management, the diagnostic tool HSMS-DI, with 58 questions, was administered to each farm. Information collected on HAS and HSMS-DI was combined and a diagnosis of each property was developed, as were suggested intervention measures. The results of the HSMS-DI indicate that the farms had clear and strong organizational foundation for the prevention of chemical risks, however, were operating in a context of moderate to high microbiological risk. The results obtained with the HAS showed contamination by microorganisms of fecal origin in several samples, furthermore, we detected the presence of E. coli O157: H7 in irrigation and wash water, and the presence of Salmonella in manure. These results demonstrated the existence of inherent and natural sources of microbiological contamination in the production chain of organic lettuces. However, there is a need for greater support for organic producers, especially in the implementation of control measures for fertilizer composting and in the quality of irrigation and wash water of these properties.

A busca por alimentos saudáveis, seguros e sustentáveis tem levado a um grande aumento do consumo de alimentos orgânicos, em todo o mundo. Embora esses alimentos sejam claramente menos expostos aos perigos químicos, diversos estudos têm demonstrado contaminação microbiológica significativa em produtos como as alfaces orgânicas, as quais são amplamente comercializadas. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a cadeia produtiva de alfaces orgânicas no sul do Brasil, através de análises microbiológicas e dos sistemas de gestão da inocuidade, buscando identificar possíveis medidas de intervenção a partir do ponto de vista da segurança dos alimentos. Três propriedades rurais de alface orgânica foram analisadas, utilizando as ferramentas Horticultural Assessment Scheme (HAS) e Horticulture Safety Management System Diagnosis (HSMS-DI). Amostras de adubo, solo adubado, mudas de alface, alface, água de irrigação e lavagem foram coletadas ao longo da cadeia produtiva, seguindo a ordem de inicio do plantio, durante o crescimento e na colheita das alfaces. As análises microbiológicas foram realizadas segundo o protocolo do HAS e normas internacionais. Para avaliação dos sistemas de gestão de segurança dos alimentos a ferramenta de diagnóstico HSMS-DI, com 58 questões, foi aplicada em cada propriedade rural. As Informações obtidas no HAS e HSMS-DI foram combinadas e um diagnóstico de cada propriedade foi elaborado, assim como foram sugeridas medidas de intervenção. Os resultados do HSMS-DI indicaram que as propriedades rurais apresentavam clara organização e forte embasamento quanto à prevenção dos riscos químicos, no entanto estavam operando em um contexto de risco microbiológico moderado a elevado. Os resultados obtidos com o HAS demonstraram contaminação por microrganismos de origem fecal em diversas amostras, além disso, foi detectada a presença de E. coli O157:H7 na água de irrigação e lavagem das alfaces, e a presença de Salmonella em adubo. Estes resultados demonstraram a existência natural e inerente de fontes de contaminação microbiológica na cadeia de produção de alfaces orgânicas. Contudo, destaca-se a necessidade de maior apoio aos produtores orgânicos, principalmente na implementação de medidas de controle da compostagem dos adubos e na qualidade da água de irrigação e lavagem dessas propriedades. / The search for healthy, safe and sustainable food has led to a large increase in the consumption of organic foods worldwide. Although these foods are clearly less exposed to chemical hazards, several studies have demonstrated significant microbial contamination in products such as organic lettuces, which are widely marketed. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the production chain of organic lettuce in southern Brazil, through microbiological analyses and safety management systems in order to identify potential measures from the point of view of food safety. Three rural properties of organic lettuce were analyzed using the Horticultural Assessment Scheme (HAS) and the Horticulture and Safety Management System Diagnosis (HSMS-DI) tools. Samples of compost, fertilized soil, lettuce seedlings, lettuce, irrigation and wash water were collected along the production chain, following the beginning of the planting, the growing and the harvesting of lettuce. Microbiological analyzes were performed according to protocol HAS and international standards. For evaluation of the food safety management, the diagnostic tool HSMS-DI, with 58 questions, was administered to each farm. Information collected on HAS and HSMS-DI was combined and a diagnosis of each property was developed, as were suggested intervention measures. The results of the HSMS-DI indicate that the farms had clear and strong organizational foundation for the prevention of chemical risks, however, were operating in a context of moderate to high microbiological risk. The results obtained with the HAS showed contamination by microorganisms of fecal origin in several samples, furthermore, we detected the presence of E. coli O157: H7 in irrigation and wash water, and the presence of Salmonella in manure. These results demonstrated the existence of inherent and natural sources of microbiological contamination in the production chain of organic lettuces. However, there is a need for greater support for organic producers, especially in the implementation of control measures for fertilizer composting and in the quality of irrigation and wash water of these properties.

A busca por alimentos saudáveis, seguros e sustentáveis tem levado a um grande aumento do consumo de alimentos orgânicos, em todo o mundo. Embora esses alimentos sejam claramente menos expostos aos perigos químicos, diversos estudos têm demonstrado contaminação microbiológica significativa em produtos como as alfaces orgânicas, as quais são amplamente comercializadas. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a cadeia produtiva de alfaces orgânicas no sul do Brasil, através de análises microbiológicas e dos sistemas de gestão da inocuidade, buscando identificar possíveis medidas de intervenção a partir do ponto de vista da segurança dos alimentos. Três propriedades rurais de alface orgânica foram analisadas, utilizando as ferramentas Horticultural Assessment Scheme (HAS) e Horticulture Safety Management System Diagnosis (HSMS-DI). Amostras de adubo, solo adubado, mudas de alface, alface, água de irrigação e lavagem foram coletadas ao longo da cadeia produtiva, seguindo a ordem de inicio do plantio, durante o crescimento e na colheita das alfaces. As análises microbiológicas foram realizadas segundo o protocolo do HAS e normas internacionais. Para avaliação dos sistemas de gestão de segurança dos alimentos a ferramenta de diagnóstico HSMS-DI, com 58 questões, foi aplicada em cada propriedade rural. As Informações obtidas no HAS e HSMS-DI foram combinadas e um diagnóstico de cada propriedade foi elaborado, assim como foram sugeridas medidas de intervenção. Os resultados do HSMS-DI indicaram que as propriedades rurais apresentavam clara organização e forte embasamento quanto à prevenção dos riscos químicos, no entanto estavam operando em um contexto de risco microbiológico moderado a elevado. Os resultados obtidos com o HAS demonstraram contaminação por microrganismos de origem fecal em diversas amostras, além disso, foi detectada a presença de E. coli O157:H7 na água de irrigação e lavagem das alfaces, e a presença de Salmonella em adubo. Estes resultados demonstraram a existência natural e inerente de fontes de contaminação microbiológica na cadeia de produção de alfaces orgânicas. Contudo, destaca-se a necessidade de maior apoio aos produtores orgânicos, principalmente na implementação de medidas de controle da compostagem dos adubos e na qualidade da água de irrigação e lavagem dessas propriedades. / The search for healthy, safe and sustainable food has led to a large increase in the consumption of organic foods worldwide. Although these foods are clearly less exposed to chemical hazards, several studies have demonstrated significant microbial contamination in products such as organic lettuces, which are widely marketed. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the production chain of organic lettuce in southern Brazil, through microbiological analyses and safety management systems in order to identify potential measures from the point of view of food safety. Three rural properties of organic lettuce were analyzed using the Horticultural Assessment Scheme (HAS) and the Horticulture and Safety Management System Diagnosis (HSMS-DI) tools. Samples of compost, fertilized soil, lettuce seedlings, lettuce, irrigation and wash water were collected along the production chain, following the beginning of the planting, the growing and the harvesting of lettuce. Microbiological analyzes were performed according to protocol HAS and international standards. For evaluation of the food safety management, the diagnostic tool HSMS-DI, with 58 questions, was administered to each farm. Information collected on HAS and HSMS-DI was combined and a diagnosis of each property was developed, as were suggested intervention measures. The results of the HSMS-DI indicate that the farms had clear and strong organizational foundation for the prevention of chemical risks, however, were operating in a context of moderate to high microbiological risk. The results obtained with the HAS showed contamination by microorganisms of fecal origin in several samples, furthermore, we detected the presence of E. coli O157: H7 in irrigation and wash water, and the presence of Salmonella in manure. These results demonstrated the existence of inherent and natural sources of microbiological contamination in the production chain of organic lettuces. However, there is a need for greater support for organic producers, especially in the implementation of control measures for fertilizer composting and in the quality of irrigation and wash water of these properties.

Denna litteraturstudie behandlar Safety Managment System (SMS), ett relativt nytt begrepp och arbetssätt inom flygindustrin för att arbeta med flygsäkerhet och som initierades av det som idag är International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), ett organ inom Förenta Nationen (FN). SMS utvecklades eftersom det i flygsäkerhetsarbetet har blivit allt svårare att utpeka enskilda faktorer som orsakar olyckor, utan är i större grad en kedja av faktorer när en olycka inträffat. SMS är en systematisk metod för att hantera säkerhet, inklusive de nödvändiga organisatoriska strukturer, ansvarsområden, riktlinjer och rutiner. SMS omfattar säkerhetspolicy och mål, riskhantering, säkerhetsförsäkran samt säkerhetsfrämjande. Transportstyrelsen publicerade 2013 ett svenskt State Safety Program (SSP) med krav på SMS inom andra verksamhetsområden inom flyget. European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) publicerade 2013 ett förslag där SMS skulle krävas hos flygunderhållorganisationer (Part-145), vilket ej än har fastställts och publicerats. Syftet var att tydliggöra hur implementeringsarbetet fortgår för SMS inom svenska Part-145 organisationer, vilka faktorer som kan försvåra arbetet, samt att belysa möjligheter och utmaningar vid implementering av SMS. Även att få en förståelse i skillnaden mellan dagens säkerhetsarbete i förhållande till vid implementerat SMS inom flygunderhåll. Arbetet begränsades till SMS i Svenska flygindustrin och inom flygunderhåll Part-145 och arbetet baseras på källor från ICAO, EASA, Transportstyrelsen, relevant litteratur och forskning samt en kvalitativ intervju med representant på Transportstyrelsen. Slutsatsen är att det finns i dagsläget starka indicier på att EASA kommer att publicera ett lagförslag sommaren 2018 som gäller för underhålls-organisationer (Part-145) och att dessa organisationer då kommer att ha en tvåårsperiod för implementering. Vidare krav på rapportering, riskbedömning och tydligt krav på dokumentering är viktiga skillnader mellan dagens krav och de nya kraven i och med SMS. Vidare kan man konstatera att risken vid implementering av SMS är att man överkomplicerar implementeringen, inte anpassar systemet till egna organisationen, att rutiner sedan inte används alternativt otillräckligt med resurser eller att man efter implementering inte kontinuerligt arbetar med SMS. Vi kan även slå fast att framgångsfaktorer för att erhålla ett fungerande SMS inkluderar utbildning och engagerad ledning samt att SMS anpassas för organisationens verksamhet och blir väl integrerat i de dagliga aktiviteterna. / This literature study covers the Safety Management System (SMS), a relatively new concept and working method within the aviation industry to work with flight safety and initiated by what is now the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), a United Nation (UN) specialized agency. SMS was developed since work with flight safety has become increasingly difficult to identify individual factors that cause accidents, but to a greater extent a chain of factors when an accident occurred. SMS is a systematic approach to managing safety, including the necessary organizational structures, responsibilities, policies and procedures. SMS includes safety policy and objectives, risk management, safety assurance and safety promotion. The Swedish Transport Agency published in 2013 a Swedish State Safety Program (SSP) with requirements for SMS in other areas in aviation. European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) published in 2013, a proposal with requirements of SMS to the maintenance organizations (Part-145), which has not yet been established and published. The objective was to clarify how the implementation work continues for SMS in Swedish Part-145 organizations, the factors that can complicate the work, as well as highlighting opportunities and challenges in the implementation of the SMS. Also to get an understanding of the difference between today's safety work in relation to the implemented SMS in aviation maintenance. The work was limited to SMS within Swedish aviation industry and maintenance Part-145 and the work is based on sources from ICAO, EASA, Swedish Transport Agency, relevant literature and research as well as a qualitative interview with a representative of the Swedish Transport Agency. The conclusion is that there is at today strong indications that EASA will publish a legislative proposal the summer of 2018, which applies to maintenance organizations (Part-145), and that these organizations will then have two years to implement the new requirements. Further reporting requirements, risk assessment and clear demands on documentation are important differences between today's requirements and the new requirements of the SMS. Furthermore, it can be stated that the risk in the implementation of SMS is that it complicates implementation more than needed, do not customize the system to their own organization, the routines then will not be use alternative insufficient resources, or that after the implementation the organization do not continuously work with the SMS. We can also conclude that the success factors to obtain effective SMS includes education and management commitment and that the SMS adapts to the organization's operations and is well integrated in the daily activities.

Safety is the main concern of the aviation industry. All Air Navigation Service Providers must have a Safety Management System (SMS) which states how safety is handled, promoted and prioritized. By developing Key Performance indicators (KPIs), it is possible to quantify the effectiveness of a SMS, discover potential flaws and improvement measures. This thesis identifies principles behind the SMS, the development of KPIs and suggest potential KPIs for the Swedish air navigation service provider LFVs’ SMS. A literature study was performed and organisation specific documents were analysed to develop potential KPIs within the areas timely compliance with international obligations, competency and adoption and sharing of best practices based on an EASA questionnaire. This work presents a set of 27 performance indicators and recommends 6 as potential KPIs for the three areas together. The KPIs are developed specifically for LFV but could be applicable for other organisations with similar SMS structure and processes. They should be analysed within the organisation and, potentially, have thresholds set before implementation.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the hazard identification, risk assessment and related determining controls aspects of occupational health and safety topic, within the framework of a safety management system, for the construction industry. To achieve this purpose, a literature survey is carried out with specific emphasis on the standards, guidelines, codes of practices and other documents published by authorized institutions and national legislation related with the subject. The Marmaray Project, which is considered as one of the major transportation infrastructure projects in Turkey, is chosen as the case study area. In the Marmaray Project, the case study is carried out at &Uuml / sk&uuml / dar Underground Station Construction Site as an example for the cut and coverunderground station construction and at Yedikule Tunnel Construction Site for the tunnel construction and achieved results are assessed within the context of this thesis.

This thesis judges a state of fulfilling the lawful requirements in the area of occupational safety and health in real organisation. The goal of this thesis is to define deficiencies in keeping lawful requirements and to propose possible solutions of this deficiencies. The output of this thesis is a suggestion of the health and safety management system in this organisation should work to follow the valid law requirements.

The goal of this thesis is to judge Health and Safety Management system in the company MIZ Olomouc s.r.o. It states fulfilling lawful requirements in this area. In a theoretical part of the thesis there is clarifying of general terms, programs, management standards (Bezpečný podnik, BS 8800, OHSAS 18001 etc.), legal regulations and institutions of HSMS.

Standarder för ledningssystem är ett hjälpmedel för företag och myndigheter att bedriva arbete i en viss fråga. Spridningen och etableringen av ledningssystemstandarder är beroende av flera faktorer. I och med lanseringen av det nya ledningssystemet för trafiksäkerhet, ISO 39001, vill Trafikverket förstå vilka framgångsfaktorer som finns för ett väletablerat ledningssystem. Detta görs genom att utvärdera ett ledningssystem som har kommit att få god global spridning och etablering, miljöledningssystemet ISO 14001. Syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda vilka framgångsfaktorerna är för etableringen och spridningen av miljöledningssystemet, ISO 14001, för att sedan se om dessa går att applicera på trafiksäkerhetsledningssystemet, ISO 39001. För att besvara detta genomfördes en litteraturstudie som kompletterades med en empirisk undersökning. Den empiriska undersökningen utgjordes av semistrukturerade intervjuer som genomfördes med fyra aktörer med god kännedom om den nya trafiksäkerhetsstandarden. Uppsatsen visade att de framgångsfaktorerna som kan relateras starkast till ISO 14001 är dess koppling till ISO 9001, den rådande tidsandan samt fördelar som ökade marknadsandelar genom god publicitet vid certifiering. De krav som ställdes på underleverantörer från redan certifierade företag är också en betydande faktor. Även om trafiksäkerhet fått större utrymme på världsagendan under senare år var inte trafiksäkerhetsengagemanget lika stort vid lanseringen av ISO 39001 som miljöengagemanget var vid lanseringen av ISO 14001. Spridningen av ISO 39001 beror även på regeringsstöd, med förhoppning om att den införs i lagstiftningen då nollvisionen är ett riksdagsbeslut. Den offentliga sektorn tog initiativ till arbetet med ISO 39001 och efterfrågan kan bidra till att ISO 39001 når stora framgångar inom den offentliga sektorn. ISO 39001 har föregåtts av en nollvision och en nationell branschspecifik säkerhetsstandard som har banat vägen för standarden inom vissa sektorer. De verksamheter som inför ISO 39001 kommer troligtvis göra detta för att uppfylla marknadskrav och myndighetskrav. En viktig framgångsfaktor för ISO 39001 är att den ger förutsättningar för företag att ställa krav på sina underleverantörer, något som bekräftades vid intervjuerna.