Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) plays an important role in mixed signal processingsystems. It serves as an interface between analog and digital signal processingsystems. In the last two decades, circuits implemented in current-modetechnique have drawn lots of interest for sensory systems and integrated circuits.Current-mode circuits have a few vital advantages such as low voltage operation,high speed and wide dynamic ranges. These circuits have wide applications in lowvoltage, high speed-mixed signal processing systems. In this thesis work, a 9-bitpipelined ADC with switch-current (SI) technique is designed and implemented in65 nm CMOS technology. The main focus of the thesis work is to implement thepipelined ADC in SI technique and to optimize the pipelined ADC for low power.The ADC has a stage resolution of 3 bits. The proposed architectures combine adifferential sample-and-hold amplifier, current comparator, binary-to-thermometerdecoder, a differential current-steering digital-to-analog converter, delay logic anddigital error correction block. The circuits are implemented at transistor level in 65nm CMOS technology. The static and dynamic performance metrics of pipelinedADC are evaluated. The simulations are carried out by Cadence Virtuoso SpectreCircuit Simulator 5.10. Matlab is used to determine the performance metrics ofADC.

Signal-integrity degradation from such factors as supply and substrate noise and cross talk between interconnects restricts the performance advances in Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI). To avoid this and to keep the signal-integrity, accurate measurements of the on-chip signal must be performed to get an insight in how the physical phenomenon affects the signals. High-speed digital signals can be taken off chip, through buffers that add delay. Propagating a signal through buffers restores the signal, which can be good if only information is wanted. But if the waveform is of importance, or if an analog signal should be measured the restoration is unwanted. Analog buffers can be used but they are limited to some hundred MHz. Even if the high-speed signal is taken off chip, the bandwidth of on-chip signals is getting very high, making the use of an external oscilloscope impossible for reliable measurement. Therefore other alternatives must be used. In this work, an on-chip measuring circuit is designed, which makes use of the principle of a sampling oscilloscope. Only one sample is taken each period, resulting in an output frequency much lower than the input frequency. A slower signal is easier to take off-chip and it can easily be processed with an ordinary oscilloscope.

<p>Signal-integrity degradation from such factors as supply and substrate noise and cross talk between interconnects restricts the performance advances in Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI). To avoid this and to keep the signal-integrity, accurate measurements of the on-chip signal must be performed to get an insight in how the physical phenomenon affects the signals. </p><p>High-speed digital signals can be taken off chip, through buffers that add delay. Propagating a signal through buffers restores the signal, which can be good if only information is wanted. But if the waveform is of importance, or if an analog signal should be measured the restoration is unwanted. Analog buffers can be used but they are limited to some hundred MHz. Even if the high-speed signal is taken off chip, the bandwidth of on-chip signals is getting very high, making the use of an external oscilloscope impossible for reliable measurement. Therefore other alternatives must be used. </p><p>In this work, an on-chip measuring circuit is designed, which makes use of the principle of a sampling oscilloscope. Only one sample is taken each period, resulting in an output frequency much lower than the input frequency. A slower signal is easier to take off-chip and it can easily be processed with an ordinary oscilloscope.</p>

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Synchronous sampling is currently the most widely used analog to digital conversion method, mainly due to its implementation ease, since it employs a constant sampling rate. However, a fixed sampling rate can cause unnecessary activations of the sample and hold circuit, increasing power consumption. Asynchronous analog to digital converters can be used to solve this problem, sampling only when particulars events occur, such as amplitude level crossings. This approach has been intensely studied over the last decades, and arose as an alternative to synchronous sampling. Another asynchronous sampling approach is the one proposed by Voelcker (1966), where sampling instants are the zero crossings of the signal. According to him complex zeros must be sampled for perfect signal reconstruction, in addition to real zeros. Although being physically undetectable, Voelcker proposes that complex zeros can be “transformed” using the real zeros of all nth signal derivatives. Nevertheless this can be unfeasible and this work proposes the use of the Zero Crossing method with a limited number of derivatives. Such approach is justifiable because in consecutive derivatives, real zeros tends to be close or even repeat themselves, thus not aggregating any more information about the original signal. Therefore, this work verifies the applicability of the proposed method for systems that need low power consumption and a good reconstruction of the sampled signal, being suggest from the results of this work as a good solution of compromise between synchronous sampling and Level Crossing. / A amostragem síncrona é o método mais amplamente utilizado na conversão analógica/ digital para sinais do cotidiano, principalmente devido à facilidade de implementálos, pois a taxa de amostragem é constante. Entretanto, a taxa de amostragem fixa pode causar ativações desnecessárias do circuito de Sample and Hold, gerando um alto consumo energético. Os conversores analógicos digitais assíncronos podem ser utilizados para resolver este problema, amostrando somente quando ocorrem eventos particulares, tais como os cruzamentos de níveis de amplitude (em inglês - Level Crossing). Esta abordagem está sendo intensamente estudada nas últimas décadas, e surgiu como alternativa à amostragem síncrona. Outra alternativa de amostragem assíncrona e a abordagem proposta por Voelcker, onde os instantes de amostragem são os cruzamentos por zero do sinal. Segundo ele, para que seja possível obter a perfeita reconstrução do sinal, além dos zeros reais, os zeros complexos devem ser amostrados. Embora eles sejam fisicamente indetectáveis, Voelcker propôs que estes podem ser “transformados” em zeros reais a partir das informações de todos os zeros reais das n-ésimas derivadas do sinal. Contudo isto pode ser impraticável, e neste trabalho é proposto um novo método de Zero Crossing que utiliza somente até a 3a derivada. Tal abordagem é justificada pela possibilidade, aqui apresentada de que ao realizar muitas derivadas do sinal, os zeros reais tendem a ficar muito próximos, ou até se repetir, não agregando mais informação sobre o sinal original. Diante disso, foi verificado neste trabalho a aplicabilidade do método proposto para sistemas que necessitem de um baixo consumo energético e uma boa reconstrução do sinal amostrado, sendo apontado a partir dos resultados deste trabalho como uma boa solução de compromisso entre a amostragem síncrona e o Level Crossing.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Strömungen räumlich begrenzter Strahlen untersucht. Zum einen wurde die Ausströmung eines runden Strahls in ein Rohr betrachtet, der sog. begrenzte Strahl. Zum anderen wurde die Ausströmung von 7 hexagonal angeordneten runden Strahlen in ein Rohr betrachtet, das sog. hexagonale Strahlbündel. Die Motivation zur vorliegenden Arbeit ergab sich aus der Entwicklung von Durchflussmessgeräten, die als Bypassapparaturen ausgeführt sind und stromabwärts des Staudruckkörpers ein Strömungsgebiet mit begrenzten Strahlen aufweisen. Dafür wurden mit Hilfe der Ähnlichkeitstheorie die zugrundeliegenden Kennzahlen bestimmt. Besonderes Augenmerk lag auf der Charakterisierung der instationären bzw. turbulenten Strömungseigenschaften für Reynolds-Zahlen zwischen 1.000 und 20.000. Es wurden die selbstähnlichen Eigenschaften der Strömungen untersucht, wobei sich insbesondere für den begrenzten Strahl wichtige Erkenntnisse ergaben. Für das hexagonale Strahlbündel wurden mit Hilfe der numerischen Strömungssimulation die grundlegenden Eigenschaften des Strömungsfeldes untersucht. Dabei weisen die Geometriekennzahlen einen dominierenden Einfluss auf. So konnten in Abhängigkeit zum Durchmesserverhältnis und Strahlabstand drei Strömungsformen identifiziert und experimentell mittels Laser-Doppler Anemometrie nachgewiesen werden. Eine wesentliche Fragestellung bestand in der Anwendung der numerischen Strömungssimulation, des RANS-Ansatzes und des SST-Turbulenzmodells. Dazu wurde die Anpassung der Modellkoeffizienten untersucht, wobei für den begrenzten Strahl ein allgemein gültiger Satz gefunden wurde. / In the present work flows of spatially limited radiation were investigated. On the one hand, the outflow of a round jet into a pipe was considered, the so-called confined jet. On the other hand, the outflow of 7 hexagonal arranged round jets into a pipe was con-sidered, the so-called hexagonal jet array. The motivation for the present work arose from the development of flowmeters which are designed as bypass apparatures that have a jet array flow downstream of the dynamic pressure body. For this purpose the underlying similarity parameters were determined. Special attention was paid to the cha-racterization of transient and turbulent flow properties for Reynolds numbers between 1,000 and 20,000. The self-similar properties of the flows were investigated with im-portant findings in particular for the confined jet. For the hexagonal jet array the basic properties of the flow field were investigated by using computational fluid dynamics. The geometric similarity parameters have a dominant influence. Thus, depending on the di-ameter ratio and jet distance ratio, three flow patterns could be identified and experimen-tally detected by the use of laser Doppler anemometry. An important question was the application of the computational fluid dynamic method, the RANS approach and the SST turbulence model. For this purpose a generally valid set of model coefficients was found for the confined jet flow.