Orientador: Jorge Hamada / Banca: Heraldo Luiz Giacheti / Banca: Valdir Schalch / Resumo: O tratamento de chorume tem-se tornado cada vez mais importante na medida em que novos aterros sanitários são construídos de acordo com a legislação vigente. Esta relevância está associada à grande quantidade de chorume captada pelo sistema de drenagem nos aterros com liners eficientes. O tratamento de chorume é dificultado pela dinâmica de suas características durante as estações do ano e também durante sua vida útil. Processos biológicos via de regra apresentam baixa eficiência na remoção de carga orgânica, exigindo ainda grandes bacias de equalização. Processos fíico-químicos produzem grandes quantidades de lodo, necessitando ainda de maiores recursos para seu manejo. Portanto, tornam-se necessárias formas alternativas que auxiliem ou substituam os processos convencionais a custos reduzidos. Outra característica fundamental de todo aterro sanitário é grande demanda de terra para cobertura... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The leachate treatment has become more relevant insofar as recent sanitary landfills have been built according the current legislation. This relevance is associate to a large amount of leachate collected by drainage systems in sanitary landfill with efficient linears. The leachate treatment is difficult due to the variation on the quality and on the quantity of the leachate generated on the different seasons and during the landfill lifetime. The biological process to treat leachate needs large equalization basins and usually presents low efficiency. Physical-chemical process produces large amount of sludge at low efficiency and needs more management resources... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A nine month field and laboratory study was undertaken to measure, predict and model the variation of detected ammonia concentrations in landfill gas. An additional side study attempted to characterize organic trace contaminants found in landfill gas. The field project consisted of biweekly sampling of gas extraction wells from four Vancouver-area landfills for the analysis of NH₃-N in the gas and leachate. Methane and other common landfill gases were also analyzed. The wet chemical boric-acid sampling technique used in this study was estimated to have a ammonia gas recovery efficiency of 50 %. Other than a low recovery efficiency, problems encountered with this sampling technique was the high humidity and negative interferences inherent in the landfill gas. Laboratory analysis of the collected NH₃-N gas samples was by the automated phenate method, which could detect NH₃-N gas concentrations greater than 10 ppb. The NH₃-N concentrations in gas were found to exceed 600 ppb, but were more commonly in the 50 to 200 ppb range. In the statistical and graphical analysis, gas temperature and precipitation were found to correlate the most to the variation in ammonia gas concentration, while leachate ionic strength correlated strongest with most CH₄ % analysis. Prediction of both NH₃-N gas and CH₄ % by regression analysis was found to be suspect due to low R² values and non-normality of some data. Four different Henry's Law constants of ammonia gas were evaluated to help predict the concentration of NH₃-N in the gas phase. The combination of already measured NH₃-N leachate concentrations and Henry's Law constants yielded results that over and underpredicted measured NH₃-N gas data by 2000 fold or more. This leads the author to believe Henry's Law may not be applicable in a landfill environment due to non-equilibrium conditions coupling with various other reaction mechanisms. Comparison of landfill ammonia gas flux rates with total ammonia leachate flux rates in two of the four landfills yielded an insignificant gas flux rate of less than 0.03 % of the total leachate NH₃-N fluxes. The NH₃-N gas flux results were calculated from a spreadsheet emission model employing both convection and diffusion flow through the landfill cover. A comparison of the emission model results for the 20 ha Richmond landfill study area (3.862 kg/yr) compared favorably to the mass flux results determined from a simple gas generation mass balance model. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Leachate clogging in the Leachate Collection System (LCS) due to chemical precipitations and biofilms produced by microbial activities is a common phenomenon in any Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfill. This study focuses on quantifying the factors that impact the micro-environment of leachate; and microbial activities that help the precipitates to form and attach to the LCS. It also evaluates the performance of operational changes that have been implemented or the potential alternatives and recommends the possible measures to reduce the severity of clogging. A field scale side-by-side pipe network, and several laboratory setups were used in this study. Calcite is identified to be the predominant phase present in the precipitates using XRD/XRF analysis which, concur with the previous studies. Microbial growth and activities enhance the precipitation of CaCO3 in LCS. Clogging in LCS pipes can be controlled if not eliminated by continuous monitoring along with frequent cleaning with physiochemical processes. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Municipal solid waste landfills are convenient means of disposing of society's waste; once closed, they become a liability to the community due to attributes which contribute to soil and water contamination. Regulations state that adequate vegetation be used to maintain the integrity of the soil trash cover. Alternatives to leaving a landfill derelict include establishing meadow-type communities that enrich floristic diversity while providing adequate cover to protect the soil cap over the trash. In 1993, an experimental study was conducted at the Roanoke Regional Landfill where a mixture of native wildflowers and grasses and the standard revegetation mixture were sown on plots on varying aspects at the landfill. In 1993, the plots sown with the native mixture had a higher average species richness than the plots planted with the native mixture. Plots with the standard revegetation mixture had higher cover than plots planted with the native mixture. In 1993 and 1994, an observational study was conducted at the Chancellorsville landfill in Spotsylvania county. Wildflowers had been seeded on part of the landfill in 1992. It was observed that the wildflower mixture decreased in species richness. The areas revegetated with the standard revegetation mixture had high richness due to the presence of invasive plants. Average cover over time was higher in areas planted with the standard revegetation mixture. Without regulations quantifying standards for aboveground cover, other methods should be implemented to determine to what extent revegetation mixtures are maintaining the integrity of a soil cap. / Master of Science

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by Tong Suk Wah. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-206). / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgments --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Abbreviations --- p.ix / List of Tables --- p.xi / List of Figures --- p.xv / Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Landfilling in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Generation of Landfill Leachate --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Composition of Landfill Leachate --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Toxicity of Landfill Leachate --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5 --- Treatment of Landfill Leachate --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Physico-chemical treatment --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5.1.1 --- Coagulation/Flocculation/Precipitation --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5.1.2 --- Oxidation --- p.18 / Chapter 1.5.1.3 --- Activated carbon adsorption --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5.1.4 --- Ammonia stripping --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5.1.5 --- Reverse osmosis --- p.21 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Biological treatment --- p.22 / Chapter 1.5.2.1 --- Aerobic treatment --- p.22 / Chapter 1.5.2.1.1 --- Activated sludge system --- p.23 / Chapter 1.5.2.1.2 --- Aeration lagoon --- p.25 / Chapter 1.5.2.1.3 --- Sequencing batch reactor --- p.26 / Chapter 1.5.2.1.4 --- Trickling filter --- p.27 / Chapter 1.5.2.1.5 --- Rotating biological contactor --- p.27 / Chapter 1.5.2.2 --- Anaerobic treatment --- p.29 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Co-treatment with municipal wastewater --- p.32 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Recirculation --- p.33 / Chapter 1.5.5 --- Irrigation --- p.34 / Chapter 1.6 --- Aims of the Thesis --- p.35 / Chapter 2 --- Characterization of Landfill Leachate / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Description of landfill sites --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Leachate collection --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Chemical analysis --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Biological analysis --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Chemical properties of leachate --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Temporal variation of leachate quality --- p.61 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Correlation of leachate quality and rainfall --- p.65 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Biological composition of leachate --- p.86 / Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusions --- p.88 / Chapter 3 --- Toxicological Analysis of Landfill Leachate / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.92 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Leachate collection --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Chemical analysis --- p.94 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Biological toxicity testing --- p.94 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Microtox test --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Algal bioassay、 --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Crustacean bioassay --- p.96 / Chapter 3.2.3.4 --- Fish bioassay --- p.98 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Chemical properties of leachate --- p.99 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Microtox test --- p.105 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Algal bioassay --- p.108 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Crustacean bioassay --- p.115 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Fish bioassay --- p.115 / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusions --- p.120 / Chapter 4 --- Nitrification of Landfill Leachate / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.124 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Collection and analysis of leachate --- p.127 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Set-up of nitrification system --- p.128 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Experiment 1: Effect of additional phosphate on the rate of nitrification --- p.130 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Experiment 2: Effect of HRT on the rate of nitrification --- p.130 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Experiment 3: Effect of additional organic carbon on the rate of nitrification --- p.131 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.131 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Chemical properties of landfill leachate --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Experiment 1: Effect of additional phosphate on the rate of nitrification --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Experiment 2: Effect of HRT on the rate of nitrification --- p.144 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Experiment 3: Effect of additional organic carbon on the rate of nitrification --- p.154 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Inhibition of free ammonia and nitrous acid --- p.162 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Fate of ammonia --- p.166 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusions --- p.170 / Chapter 5 --- Denitrification of Nitrified Leachate / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.172 / Chapter 5.2 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Collection and analysis of landfill leachate --- p.175 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Set-up of treatment system --- p.176 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.178 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results and Discussion / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Performance of nitrification system --- p.178 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Performance of denitrification system --- p.181 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Improvement of treatment efficiency --- p.187 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusions --- p.190 / Chapter 6 --- General Conclusions --- p.192 / References --- p.196 / Appendices / "Appendix 1 Medium for enumeration of heterotrophic bacteria, fungi, carbohydrate-utilizing bacteria, protein-utilizing bacteria and lipid-utilizing bacteria" --- p.207 / Appendix 2 Preparation of Bristol's medium --- p.210 / Appendix 3 Enumeration of ammonia oxidizers by Most Probable Number Method --- p.211 / Appendix 4 Enumeration of nitrite oxidizers by Most Probable Number Method --- p.214

Tsang Chin-kan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-176). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of contents --- p.vi / List of tables --- p.ix / List of figures --- p.x / List of plates --- p.xii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Municipal solid waste generation and disposal --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Land filling --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Landfill sturcture --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Landfill envelope --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Landfill lining --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Leach ate collection and removal system --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Gas collection and control system --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- Final cover system --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- Landfill leach ate generation and characterization --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Landfill stabilization and leachate characteristics --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- Aerobic phase / Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- Acetogenic phase / Chapter 1.4.1.3 --- Methanogenic phase / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Leachtate characteristic and landfill age --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5 --- Toxicity of landfill leachate --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6 --- Leachate treatment --- p.18 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Land disposal --- p.19 / Chapter 1.6.1.1 --- Leachate recirculation / Chapter 1.6.1.2 --- Leachate irrigation / Chapter 1.7 --- Landfills in Hong Kong --- p.25 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Landfill leachate generation in Hong Kong --- p.27 / Chapter 1.8 --- Selection of sampling sites --- p.29 / Chapter 1.9 --- Knowledge gaps --- p.33 / Chapter 1.10 --- Aims of thesis --- p.34 / Chapter 1.11 --- Project outlines --- p.34 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Species selection for leachate irrigation / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Leachate collection --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Chemical analysis of leachate --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Greenhouse pot experiment --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Plant harvesting and post harvest analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Foliar N and P / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Statistical analysis and test endpoints --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Leachate composition --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Plant growth performance --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Biomass production --- p.54 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Chlorophyll fluorescence --- p.54 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Tissue nutrient contents --- p.58 / Chapter 2.3.5.1 --- Foliar N / Chapter 2.3.5.2 --- Foliar P / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Effects on N-fixation --- p.60 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Factors affecting N-fixation regarding leachate irrigation --- p.63 / Chapter 2.3.7.1 --- Soil mineral N content / Chapter 2.3.7.2 --- Soil acidity / Chapter 2.3.7.3 --- Salinity / Chapter 2.3.7.4 --- Soil aeration / Chapter 2.3.8 --- Species selection --- p.67 / Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusions --- p.68 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Plant growth response of leachate irrigation on phosphorus-amended soil / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Leachate sampling and analysis --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Experimental setup --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Plant and soil sampling --- p.74 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Soil N / Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Soil P / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Leachate composition --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Plant growth performance --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Biomass --- p.83 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Tissue contents --- p.87 / Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- Foliar N / Chapter 3.3.4.2 --- Foliar P / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Soil --- p.91 / Chapter 3.3.5.1 --- pH and electrical conductivity / Chapter 3.3.5.2 --- Soil N / Chapter 3.3.5.3 --- Soil P / Chapter 3.3.5.4 --- Addition of lime and gypsum / Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusions --- p.102 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Responses in plant growth and soil biology to prolonged landfill leachate irrigation / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Leachate sample and collection --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Soil column design --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Plant establishment --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Leachate application --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Soil and plant analysis --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.5.1 --- Soil texture / Chapter 4.2.5.2 --- SOM / Chapter 4.2.5.3 --- Soil chloride content / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Soil and plant analysis --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2.6.1 --- Dehydrogenase / Chapter 4.2.6.2 --- Phosphatase / Chapter 4.2.6.3 --- Urease / Chapter 4.2.6.4 --- Nitrification / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Percolate --- p.112 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Statistical analysis --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.113 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Leachate --- p.113 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Plants --- p.113 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Plant growth / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Tissue contents / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Soil --- p.121 / Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Soil texture / Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- pH and EC / Chapter 4.3.3.3 --- Soil N / Chapter 4.3.3.4 --- Soil P / Chapter 4.3.3.5 --- Soil C1' / Chapter 4.3.3.6 --- SOM / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Soil enzyme and nitrification --- p.132 / Chapter 4.3.4.1 --- Dehydrogenase / Chapter 4.3.4.2 --- Phosphatase / Chapter 4.3.4.3 --- Urease / Chapter 4.3.4.4 --- Nitrification / Chapter 4.3.4.5 --- Correlation analysis / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Percolate --- p.144 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- N balance --- p.150 / Chapter 4.3.7 --- N saturation --- p.153 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusions --- p.156 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- General conclusions / Chapter 5.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.158 / Chapter 5.2 --- General considerations regarding leachate irrigation --- p.161 / Chapter 5.3 --- Research prospects --- p.162 / References --- p.165

Ho So Man. / Thesis submitted in: July 2005. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-148). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.i / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.v / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.x / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xii / LIST OF PLATES --- p.xiii / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- LANDFILLING --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Waste degradation and the by-products --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Restoration works on closed landfills --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Afteruses of closed landfills --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2 --- REVEGETATION ON CLOSED LANDFILLS - COMMON PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3 --- SOIL DEVELOPMENT ON DEGRADED LANDS --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4 --- NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY OF PLANTS ON CLOSED LANDFILLS --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5 --- ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT ON CLOSED LANDFILLS --- p.16 / Chapter 1.6 --- STUDY SITES --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Climate and weather --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Site description --- p.19 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Vegetation composition --- p.24 / Chapter 1.7 --- OBJECTIVES AND SIGNIFICANCES OF STUDY --- p.30 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- PROPERTIES OF COVER SOIL ON CLOSED LANDFILLS .… --- p.33 / Chapter 2.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2 --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Field measurement and sample collection --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Soil analysis --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Statistical analysis --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3 --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Landfill gas --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Soil texture --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Bulk density --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- pH --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Electrical conductivity --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Organic carbon --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Nitrogen --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.8 --- Phosphorus --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.9 --- "Potassium, calcium and magnesium" --- p.50 / Chapter 2.3.10 --- Soil development on degraded land --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4 --- CONCLUSION --- p.54 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- LITTERFALL AND THROUGHFALL ON CLOSED LANDFILLS / Chapter 3.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2 --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Collection of throughfall and bulk precipitation --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Collection of litterfall --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Chemical analysis --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Bulk precipitation and throughfall --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Litter --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3 --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Bulk precipitation and throughfall --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Temporal variation of nutrient deposition --- p.60 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Between site differences in nutrient flux --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Litter production --- p.77 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Nutrient flux in woodland --- p.84 / Chapter 3.4 --- CONCLUSION --- p.88 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- LITTER DECOMPOSITION STUDY ON CLOSED LANDFILL --- p.89 / Chapter 4.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.89 / Chapter 4.2 --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Collection of litter --- p.90 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Preparation of litterbag --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Chemical analysis --- p.91 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.92 / Chapter 4.3 --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION --- p.92 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Initial litter quality --- p.92 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Litter dry weight loss --- p.95 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Changes in litter composition --- p.99 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Nutrient dynamic of decomposing litter --- p.105 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Litterfall and litter decomposition --- p.108 / Chapter 4.4 --- CONCLUSION --- p.110 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- NITROGEN MINERALIZATION ON CLOSED --- p.111 / Chapter 5.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.111 / Chapter 5.2 --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.113 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Soil sampling and incubation --- p.113 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Chemical analysis --- p.114 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- "Calculation for nitrogen mineralization, plant uptake and leaching loss" --- p.114 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.115 / Chapter 5.3 --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION --- p.116 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- "Net ammonification, nitrification and nitrogen mineralization." --- p.116 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Leaching loss of mineral nitrogen --- p.126 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Plant uptake of mineral nitrogen --- p.128 / Chapter 5.4 --- CONCLUSION --- p.129 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- GENERAL CONCLUSIONS --- p.131 / REFERENCES --- p.135