Foram avaliadas 41 progênies de polinização aberta de Eucalyptus grandis procedência Luís Antônio (ex-Atherton, Austrália), em dois experimentos instalados na área experimental da empresa Votorantim Celulose e Papel, em Altinópolis-SP. Um dos experimentos era constituído de 20 progênies e outro de 21 progênies, ambos no delineamento em blocos ao acaso com 3 repetições e parcelas lineares de 6 plantas. A avaliação experimental foi realizada no ano 2000, à idade de 8 anos. Para isso foram escolhidas 2 árvores de cada parcela, caracterizadas por uma maior aptidão visual para serraria. No total foram avaliadas 242 árvores, 299 toras e 1.200 tábuas. De cada árvore foram retirados 3 discos de madeira, um em cada posição (base, meio e topo) a intervalos aproximados de 2,60m, para determinação da densidade básica e da umidade natural. As toras foram avaliadas quanto ao volume sem casca, excentricidade, teor de casca, rachaduras de extremidades e relação alburno/cerne. Posteriormente, as toras foram convertidas em tábuas na serraria industrial da empresa Eucatex S/A Indústria e Comércio, em Salto-SP, sendo o desdobro primário efetuado em serra de fita dupla e o secundário em serra múltipla circular. As tábuas foram avaliadas na condição verde quanto aos empenamentos e, nas condições verde e seca (12% de umidade), quanto às rachaduras de extremidades. As propriedades físico-mecânicas foram avaliadas na condição seca em corpos-de-prova oriundos da tábua mais externa. Os caracteres avaliados foram: massa específica, compressão paralela, cisalhamento paralelo e flexão estática. Os dados experimentais foram submetidos a análises estatístico-genéticas, como uso do programa estatístico SAS ® , aplicando-se o método da máxima verossimilhança restrita (REML) para a estimação dos componentes de variância. Foram detectadas diferenças estatísticas significativas para os caracteres densidade básica, rachaduras de tora, relação alburno/cerne, encurvamento, massa específica, compressão paralela e flexão estática, os quais mostraram ser promissores para o melhoramento, com herdabilidades entre médias de progênies de 0,34; 0,31; 0,39; 0,39; 0,61; 0,57 e 0,50, respectivamente. Para os caracteres umidade natural, rachaduras de tábuas, volume de tora sem casca, excentricidade de tora, teor de casca, arqueamento e cisalhamento paralelo não foi detectada a ocorrência de variação genética. Detectou-se também a existência de correlações genéticas de magnitudes medianas a altas entre as propriedades físico-mecânicas e entre os caracteres densidade básica e rachaduras de tora, densidade básica e encurvamento, massa específica e encurvamento, relação alburno/cerne e encurvamento, volume de tora e encurvamento, volume de tora e rachaduras de tora. As estimativas dos ganhos esperados com a seleção entre médias de progênies, numa intensidade de 20%, indicaram a possibilidade de ganhos para os caracteres volume de tora (0,59%), densidade básica (- 2,15%), rachaduras de tora (- 7,69%) e encurvamento (- 2,65%), considerando que para os três últimos a seleção é para a redução das médias. Verificou-se também que um índice de seleção composto por esses quatro caracteres pode proporcionar ganhos de mesma magnitude daqueles que seriam obtidos individualmente para os três últimos caracteres. Quanto aos aspectos tecnológicos, as seguintes constatações foram observadas: a) o padrão de variação da densidade básica foi de um grande decréscimo inicial seguido de um pequeno aumento e, no caso da umidade natural, de um contínuo decréscimo; b) os caracteres teor de casca, relação alburno/cerne, encurvamento e rachaduras de extremidades de tora e de tábuas foram bastante influenciados pela posição de amostragem na árvore; c) um comportamento semelhante entre as primeiras e as segundas toras em relação às rachaduras e ao arqueamento da madeira serrada produzida. / Forty-one open pollinated progenies of Eucalyptus grandis provenance Luís Antônio-SP (ex-Atherton, Australia) were evaluated in two field trials established in an experimental area belonging to the private company Votorantim Celulose e Papel, at Altinópolis-SP. One trial was composed by 20 progenies and the other by 21 progenies, both in a completely randomized blocks design. A total of 242 trees, 299 logs and 1,200 boards were evaluated. Three discs from each tree were provided, each one corresponding to a different position (bottom, middle and top), 2.60m apart, in order to determine the basic density and the moisture content. The logs were evaluated for volume without bark, eccentricity, bark content, end splits and sapwood/heartwood proportion. The primary and secondary mechanical processing of the logs were carried out in an industrial sawmill equipped with a twin band saw and a two shafts circular saw, respectively. The boards were evaluated in green condition for warping and in green/dried (12% of moisture) condition for end splits. Wood samples from the outer boards of the logs were used to determine their physical-mechanical properties, such as: specific gravity, parallel compression, shear strength and static bending. The experimental data were submitted to statistical-genetic analysis by using the SAS ® software and, to estimate the variance components, the Restricted Maximum Likelihood Variance Components Estimation (REML) method was used. Significant differences were detected for the traits basic density, log end splitting, sapwood/heartwood proportion, bowing, specific gravity, parallel compression and static bending, which showed promising for breeding purposes, with estimates of heritability coefficients of 0.34, 0.31, 0.39, 0.39, 0.61, 0.57 and 0.50, respectively. Genetic variation was not detected for the traits moisture content, board end splitting, volume of log without bark, log eccentricity, bark content, crooking and shear strength. Estimates of genetic correlations, ranging from intermediate to high, were also observed among physical-mechanical properties and between the traits basic density and log end splitting, basic density and bowing, specific gravity and bowing, sapwood/heartwood proportion and bowing, volume of log and bowing and volume of log and log end splitting. The expected response to selection among progenies, under a selection intensity of 20%, revealed the perspective of immediate gains for the traits volume of log (0.59%), basic density (- 2.15%), log end splitting (- 7.69%) and bowing (- 2.65%), considering that for the latter three traits the selection was oriented to reduction of the means. It was also observed that a selection index composed by these four traits could give similar responses to those predicted by selecting each one of the latter three individually. In relation to technological aspects, the following findings were observed: a) the pattern of variation along the first part of the bole was of a large initial decrease followed by a small increase for basic density, and a continuous decrease for moisture content; b) the traits bark content, sapwood/heartwood proportion, bowing, log end splitting and board end splitting were very influenced by the position of sampling on the tree; c) a similar performance among the first and second logs in relation to end board splitting and crooking.

O propósito principal deste trabalho é investigar experimentalmente os efeitos aerodinâmicos de um gerador de vórtice tipo serrilhado colocado no bordo de fuga do elemento principal para aumentar a turbulência na camada limite da superfície superior do flape. Esse gerador de vórtice serrilhado consiste em triângulos no bordo de fuga do elemento principal da asa utilizado para promover uma mistura entre o escoamento de alta pressão da superfície inferior, com o escoamento na superfície superior. Essa mistura pode reduzir a separação no bordo de fuga da asa e também injetar vorticidade na camada limite do flape, atrasando a ocorrência da separação. Conseqüentemente, um aumento da sustentação pode ser produzido para um menor arrasto de pressão. Foram feitas extensivas análises experimentais no túnel de vento com diversas configurações para o ângulo de ataque no modelo e foram usadas duas configurações geométricas para o gerador de vórtice serrilhado. Medidas de forças e tomadas de pressão foram feitas para uma asa bidimensional com um único flape. Foi utilizada também anemometria a fio quente para um mapeamento da camada limite confluente. Uma visualização do escoamento usando a técnica de sublimação foi realizada na asa-flape. Os resultados mostram que os vórtices criados e injetados na camada limite do flape atrasam a separação consideravelmente e que esses efeitos são dependentes da geometria do gerador serrilhado. / The main purpose of this work was the experimental investigation of the effect of a saw-tooth trailing edge of a wing main element on the aerodynamics characteristics of a single flap. The saw-tooth trailing edge consists of triangles on the trailing edge of the main element of the wing in order to promote mixing between the higher-pressure flow from the lower surface with the flow on the upper surface. This mixing may reduce wing trailing edge separation and also inject vorticity into flap boundary layer, thus delaying separation. Therefore, more lift may be produced for less pressure drag. Extensive wind tunnel experiments were made for a series of saw-tooth trailing edge geometries. Forces and chordwise pressure measurements were performed for a two-dimensional wing with a single flap, as well as hot wire anemometry mapping of the confluent boundary layer. Flow visualization in the wing-flap gap was performed using a sublimation technique. Results show that the vorticity injected into the flap boundary layer by the saw-tooth trailing edge can delay flap separation substantially and that the effect is dependent on saw-tooth geometry.

A semiconductor optical source monolithically integrated with a surface acoustic wave (SAW) Bragg-cell to operate as a functional device is proposed in this thesis. The practical structure of such an integrated device is demonstrated and design guidelines are presented. Compared with conventional optical beam processed devices, this functional integrated semiconductor optical source (FISOS) is revised to be compact in size, flexible in function and potentially robust in performance. <br /> The FISOS is analyzed as two sub-divisions, optical source and acoustic processor, which have the common substrate structure. The optical beams excited from the optical source part of the device undergoes a scattering in the Bragg grating formed by SAWs that are generated by an IDT positioned on top of the acoustic processing part of device. By altering the property (power, frequency, etc.) of the SAW, versatile functionalities such as modulation, filtering, beam steering and so on of the optical beams can be realized in this optical source device. <br /> A multilayer structure based on GaN/InGaN MQWs grown on sapphire is designed for the FISOS to be blue light emitting and efficiently launching SAWs. An etch-down technique employed in the SAW processing part is taken to improve the overlap between the optical and acoustic waves and then the interaction efficiency. Optimizations to the geometrical dimensions of the FISOS, such the width of the ridge waveguide, the position of the IDT and the etching depth, etc., are discussed in the given structure. <br /> Numerical models are investigated to access the operational characteristics and then to provide design guidelines for the proposed integrated device. The Bragg diffraction of optical waves occurring within the acoustic waves in the proposed structure are simulated as a two-dimensional interaction between two guided optical modes and an acoustic surface wave. <br /> The modal distributions and propagation velocities of SAWs in a multilayer system are calculated using Adler’s matrix method. The electrical characteristics of an IDT, such as impedance, insertion loss, electromechanical constant and so on are also discussed. <br /> Transverse and lateral optical modes in the given multilayer structure are analyzed by the transfer matrix method. The interaction of optical waves and acoustic waves are modeled using the rigorous grating diffraction theory. Starting from Floquet’s theory, the well-known coupled-wave method and modal method can both be derived from the rigorous grating diffraction theory. Discussions of some useful approximate methods are also presented. In this thesis, the simulations of the acoustooptic interaction are performed using the coupled-wave method. <br /> From the simulation results, the angular distribution profile and spatial profile of the output of the FISOS are evaluated. An improvement to the expression of the diffraction efficiency in such an integrated device is proposed. The so-called beam diffraction efficiency gives a more complete measure to the acoustooptic diffraction and is used to investigate the features of FISOS different from conventional acoustooptic devices. Contour plots of the beam efficiency varying with acoustic frequency and power in a FISOS is demonstrated to be a convenient and powerful approach in the device design. <br /> The operational performances of an integrated deflector and a modulator in FISOS are analyzed to investigate the feasibility of FISOS. The trade-off of the efficiency-resolution in an integrated deflector design is discussed. Short interaction length, high acoustic frequency and narrow ridge are proved to be helpful for a larger number of resolvable spots with a fairly high efficiency. In the case of the integrated modulator, given that the figure of merit Q is fixed, it is demonstrated that the smaller the Q, the longer the interaction length, larger ridge width and lower acoustic frequency will give rise to a larger bandwidth, though the highest efficiency might appear at a higher frequency. <br /> Some practical issues such as the misalignment of planar elements on the device and the incoherence of the integrated optical source are also discussed. A modified working frequency can be used to compensate the efficiency loss in the former case; in the latter case, it is demonstrated that a distortion of beam diffraction efficiency versus acoustic power with an incoherent optical source arises due to the wide spectrum of the incident optical waves.

This thesis addresses the design and use of suitable nanomaterials and surface acoustic wave sensors for hydrogen detection and sensing. Nanotechnology is aimed at design and synthesis of novel nanoscale materials. These materials could find uses in the design of optical, biomedical and electronic devices. One such example of a nanoscale biological system is a virus. Viruses have been given a lot of attention for assembly of nanoelectronic materials. The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) used in this research represents an inexpensive and renewable biotemplate that can be easily functionalized for the synthesis of nanomaterials. Strains of this virus have been previously coated with metals, silica or semiconductor materials with potential applications in the assembly of nanostructures and nanoelectronic circuits. Carbon nanotubes are another set of well-characterized nanoscale materials which have been widely investigated to put their physical and chemical properties to use in design of transistors, gas sensors, hydrogen storage cells, etc. Palladium is a well-known material for detection of hydrogen. The processes of absorption and desorption are known to be reversible and are known to produce changes in density, elastic properties and conductivity of the film. Despite these advantages, palladium films are known to suffer from problems of peeling and cracking in hydrogen sensor applications. They are also required to be cycled for a few times with hydrogen before they give reproducible responses. The work presented in this thesis, takes concepts from previous hydrogen sensing techniques and applies them to two nanoengineered particles (Pd coated TMV and Pd coated SWNTs) as SAW resonator sensing materials. Possible sensing enhancements to be gained by using these nanomaterial sensing layers are investigated. SAW resonators were coated with these two different nano-structured sensing layers (Pd-TMV and Pd-SWNT) which produced differently useful hydrogen sensor responses. The Pd-TMV coated resonator responded to hydrogen with nearly constant increases in frequency as compared to the Pd-SWNT coated device, which responded with concentration-dependent decreases in frequency of greater magnitude upon hydrogen exposure. The former behavior is more associated with acousto-electric phenomena in SAW devices and the later with mass loading. The 99% response times were 30-40 seconds for the Pd-TMV sensing layer and approximately 150 seconds for the Pd-SWNT layer. Both the films showed high robustness and reversibility at room temperature. When the Pd film was exposed to hydrogen it was observed that it produced decreases in frequency to hydrogen challenges, conforming to mass loading effect. It was also observed that the Pd film started degrading with repeated exposure to hydrogen, with shifts after each exposure going smaller and smaller.

Vid pulverbågssvetsning med växelströms inställning kan man ändra växelströmmens våg så att den är på den negativa strömsidan större delen av tiden. Det man inte vet när vågformen ändras är vilken påverkan det har på materialets mekaniska egenskaper. Påverkan på materialets mekaniska egenskaper testades genom att ett prov svetsades som referens med likström och tre prov svetsades med växelström med olika vågformer. Testerna som tas på de svetsade provbitarna är slag- och dragprov samt hårdhetsprovning och frametsnig av macroprov för verifiering av svetsfogen. Tre serier med fem slagprov samt två dragprov tas ut och testas på varje bit. Det som resultaten visar är att den värmepåverkade zonen (SAW) inte har påverkats av de olika vågformer, offset och balans utan att slagsegheten och den statiska hållfastheten varit samma som de resultat som referensproven har haft.

Acoustic wave sensors have proven useful in many fields as primarily mass sensitive devices capable of responding to small environmental perturbations. The focus of this dissertation is the development of a new type of surface acoustic wave device with application to material property measurement, and biological and chemical sensing. This device is a combination of three independent acoustic wave devices with these waves propagated across the same area, while retaining independence of actuation and sensor function. The development of a complete sensor system, and its use and operation are presented for several example cases of chemical and biomarker sensing, and sample manipulation. These include experimental and theoretical studies for organic vapor sensing, biological moiety sensing, acoustic streaming to remove loosely bound material, and optimization of designs for these applications.

It is demonstrated that by using a miniature chemical reaction vessel under adaptive mechatronic control, it is possible to design and construct a low-cost carbon dioxide measurement system. With further development such a system would be potentially suitable for low-cost commercial application, in particular as sacrificial, single-mission instrumentation packages in horticultural cargo monitoring. Current instrumentation systems for carbon dioxide (CO2) gas measurement are reviewed and their limitations with respect to low cost commercial applications determined. These utilise technology intended for laboratory measurements. In particular the optical energy absorbance of CO2 in the infra-red electromagnetic spectrum. These systems require large optical paths (typically 10cm) in order to measure small CO2 concentrations. This in turn has a large impact on the physical size of the sensing system. Of the many applications requiring online CO2 sensing packages (such as medical, petroleum, environmental and water treatment)the horticultural industry is the primary focus for this research. CO2 sensing systems are primarily used in horticulture to monitor the produce environment and help extend storage time. For these applications CO2 concentrations are typically low (in the range 0 to 1%) and the paramount need is for low-cost (and possibly disposable) sensing packages. The basis of the measurement technique is the use of bulk (but small volume) aqueous chemical reaction under mechatronic control. Unlike thin film technologies where very thin membranes are passively exposed to the gaseous sample, here a small volume (approximately 2mL) of simple and very cheap liquid chemical indicator (calcium hydroxide solution) is used to produce an opaque precipitate. CO2 concentration is then assessed by low-cost optical attenuation measurements of the developing opacity of the solution. The instrumentation package comprises pumps, flowmeter, reaction cell and infra-red optics for the turbidity measurement, plus reagent and waste vessels, pipelines and electronics. During each measurement cycle, the reaction cell is flushed, with fresh chemical indicator and a sample of gas admitted. The indicator and the sample gas are then vigorously mixed and the change in the indicators optical properties measured at regular intervals. An embedded 8-bit microcontroller performs the necessary analysis to deduce the CO2 concentration (as percentage by volume) for the sample gas by reference to one or more of five ``Time-To-Threshold'' calibration models. These models evaluate the trend in turbidity development as precipitate is formed. First and second prototypes of the measurement system have been constructed and their (low-cost) components and overall performance evaluated, the first a `proof-of-concept' and the second to investigate methodology shortcomings. As a result the design of a third prototype is outlined. The measurement systems have been shown to work adequately well within expected limitations, resulting in a usable low-cost measurement technique. The current prototypes have a useful range of at least 5% to 100% CO2 with a discrimination of typically +-6%. Deficiencies, particularly performance at low concentrations, are identified and potential enhancements for future prototypes proposed.

This thesis investigates the high frequency discharging characteristics of the lithium iron phosphate battery. The investigation focuses on effects of the high-frequency current on the dischargeable capacity of the battery. Included are the current profiles of triangle, saw-tooth, and trapezoidal waves, which are produced from commonly used DC-DC converters. Experimental results show that the current with the higher frequency has less dischargeable capacity. On the other hand, the converter current resonating into and out from the battery results the additional losses. The possible reasons that affect the discharged capacities are explained by the equivalent circuit of the battery.

For any given reason, every year many countries spend a lot of money purchasing at least one weapon. Due to the secret character of the military, the decision process for specific weapon procurement is shrouded. Moreover, there are several funds loss cases due to mistakes in weapon contractions. Weapon procurement requires very large amounts of money which comes from tax payers. Therefore, an effort to reduce a possible monetary loss is needed. A decision process based on an analytic model can present a better chance to decision makers for better weapon decisions. In general, weapon procurement decision is a multi criteria environment. Decision making in such environments is defined as Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM). MCDM is broadly classified into two areas: Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM) and Multi-Objective Decision Making (MODM). MADM methods are used for selecting an alternative from a small explicit list of alternatives. MODM methods are used for designing problems involving an infinite number of alternatives implicitly defined by mathematical constraints. This research is intended to be used by the South Korean Navy when there is a need to select one weapon type among several candidate types. Therefore, MADM methods are used in this research.Many researches for developing an analytical model for better decision-making have been done. However, there is no research for a generalized weapon procurement decision model that is easy to implement. For this reason, whenever there is a need for weapon procurement decision, the Navy has to spend a lot of effort in determining the best weapon. These efforts can be reduced with a generalized model that is proposed in this research for naval weapon procurement. MADM methods determine alternatives ranking orders and the highest ranked alternative is the best one. Various MADM methods are used in computing the alternatives ranking scores.

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