Este proyecto fue realizado en los Reservorios de regulación horaria de San Diego que se encuentran a 14 Km de la Bocatoma perteneciente a la Central Hidroeléctrica de Cañón del Pato. / Tesis

En la actualidad, el laboratorio de acuicultura del Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE) cuenta con 5 salas dedicadas a distintos organismos marinos para su investigación. Estos ambientes son: sala de microalgas, sala de alimentos vivos, sala de larvicultura, sala de moluscos y sala de reproductores. En estos espacios, se desarrollan diversos estudios como el comportamiento de los peces, la aceleración en su crecimiento y el mejorar el proceso reproductivo. Además, todos son operados de forma manual por los trabajadores de la institución y muchas veces demandan de equipos portátiles para cumplir su labor. El objetivo de este trabajo es diseñar la automatización del laboratorio mediante un sistema SCADA (Supervisión, Control y Adquisición de Datos) que brinde la opción de controlar y monitorear diversos parámetros remotamente. La temperatura, el flujo de oxigenación, el caudal del agua de mar, radiación UV e iluminación son las medidas más esenciales. Por ello, se emplean PLC’s para las señales de control con sus respectivos módulos de expansión de entradas y salidas, ya sean analógicas, digitales o del tipo relé. Asimismo, se cuentan con sensores, actuadores y transmisores de acuerdo a los requerimientos de cada sala. Al mismo tiempo, se emplean micro-controladores Arduino para un sistema de fotoperiodo, cuyo fin es simular la iluminación que reciben las especies para poder regular sus funciones biológicas. El desarrollo del presente informe está compuesto por 5 capítulos. En primer lugar, se explica la problemática y se plantea una solución a través del uso de un sistema mecatrónico integrado en un SCADA. En el segundo capítulo, se detallan los requerimientos que conllevan a la presentación del concepto de solución. Luego, se especifican los diagramas de funcionamiento, planos P&ID, arquitectura de comunicaciones, diagramas de flujos del control entre SCADA-PLC-Arduino y otros esquemas que ayudan a comprender mejor lo propuesto. En el capítulo cuatro, se brinda la información de los costos de los diversos componentes utilizados dando así el presupuesto total para implementar este proyecto. Finalmen / Tesis

En la actualidad los sistemas de distribución de agua potable implementados son monitoreados, controlados y supervisados desde un Centro de Control, para lo cual se emplean los sistemas SCADA. El objetivo del presente trabajo es desarrollar la aplicación en el software del sistema SCADA, para el proyecto de distribución de agua potable en la quebrada de Manchay. La distribución de agua se realiza a través de 23 estaciones de bombeo distribuidas a lo largo de todo el pueblo. El sistema de distribución de agua potable en Manchay consiste de 4 partes fundamentales: telecomunicaciones, instrumentación, sistema eléctrico y el sistema de control y automatización, esta última parte se relaciona directamente con el presente trabajo, el cual incluye el desarrollo de la programación para realizar el monitorio, control y supervisión de las estaciones de bombeo. Como parte de la implementación del sistema, se hizo configuración de instrumentos para que puedan transmitir la información a los controladores para tener lecturas del proceso como presión, flujo y nivel. Se procedió con el desarrollo de aplicaciones para los Paneles de Operador o Interfaces Hombre Maquina (HMI) con el propósito de realizar un control y monitoreo local de los equipos instalados en cada estación. Se realizaron pruebas en el Centro de Control para verificar el enlace de las señales de campo, así como pruebas con los equipos en las estaciones de bombeo que realizan el control automático y remoto (comandos desde el Centro de Control) del proceso de distribución de agua. / Tesis

De nos jours, l’énergie renouvelable est une solution durable pour remplacer les sources conventionnelles d’énergie. L’utilisation de réseaux photovoltaïques (PV) et d’éoliennes est devenue très populaire. Cependant, de cette énergie gratuite découlent de nouveaux défis. Certains des grands inconvénients de ces alternatives sont représentés par un faible taux de conversion de l'énergie et par la nécessité d'utiliser un système de stockage d'énergie Un autre bémol est aussi celui de l’efficacité réduite du transfert entre les réseaux PV et/ou les éoliennes, et les consommateurs. L’objectif de cette thèse est de présenter et de comparer différentes stratégies de commandes pour les systèmes alimentés par les sources d’énergies renouvelables. Un prototype destiné à des fins d’essais a été conçu. Cette thèse traite de différents aspects tels que la modélisation de panneaux PV, l’observateur non linéaire, un algorithme de contrôle basé sur une recherche du point de puissance maximum (Maximum modélisation d’un convertisseur abaisseur DC/DC,construire un Point Power Point Tracking), un algorithme de contrôle polynôme, la stabilité du système. Le chapitre 2 présente différents modèles de cellule photovoltaïque qui peuvent, en outre, être utilisés dans une boucle de contrôle. Une interface utilisateur graphique est créée pour faciliter le calcul de certains paramètres et de la courbe caractéristique de la tension voltage du panneau PV. De plus, un modèle à espace d’états et un modèle de fonction de transfert de certains convertisseurs DC/DC sont présentés. Le chapitre 3 se concentre sur l’élaboration d’un observateur Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) qui fournit la tension estimée du panneau PV. Ce dernier sera, plus tard, utilisé dans le bloc de commande ou pourra servir pour les diagnostics. Le chapitre 4 compare différents algorithmes MPPT classique, ainsi qu’un algorithme de contrôle avancé qui pourra être utilisé plus tard pour améliorer les performances des boucles de contrôles. Une étude de cas sur une commande de supervision utilisant une cellule à combustion est proposée. Le chapitre 5 est orienté vers une approche plus pratique. Il présente un système de contrôle distribué qui est géré via un serveur OPC. Un algorithme de control polynomial robuste R-S-Test élaboré, validé en simulation et testé sur une plateforme expérimentale. Un système d’acquisition de données enregistre les informations envoyées par chacune des boucles de contrôle et est capable de tracer les données en temps réel. Le chapitre 6 est dédié aux conclusions. Le chapitre 7 présente les codes des logiciels développés et certains schémas qui ont été utilisés durant les simulations. Le chapitre 8 liste la bibliographie. / Nowadays renewable energy is a long term solution for replacing the conventional sources of energy. The use of photovoltaic (PV) arrays and wind turbines has become very popular. Nevertheless, this “free energy” arises new challenges. Some of the big inconveniences of these alternatives are represented by a low conversion rate of the energy and the necessity of using an energy storing system. Another drawback is the reduced transfer efficiency between the PV arrays or/and wind turbines and the consumers. The goal of this thesis is to present and compare different control strategies for systems that are powered by renewable sources of energy. A prototype for testing purposes was designed. This thesis treats different aspects such as PV panel modelling, buck converter modelling, building a non-linear observer, a control algorithm based on maximum power point tracking (MPPT), a polynomial control algorithm, the stability of the system. Chapter 2 presents different photovoltaic cell models that can be further used in control loops. A graphic user interface is created for facilitating the computation of certain parameters and of the power-voltage / current-voltage characteristics of a PV panel. Furthermore, a state space model and a transfer function model of some DC/DC converters are presented. Chapter 3 focuses on elaborating a Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) observer which will provide the estimated voltage of the PV panel. The latter will later be used in the control block or it can serve for diagnosis purposes. Chapter 4 compares different classical MPPT algorithms, as well as advanced control algorithms which may be later used to improve the performances of the control loops. A case study on a supervisory control that uses fuel cells is proposed. Chapter 5 is oriented on a rather practical approach. It presents a distributed control system that is managed via an OPC server. A robust R-S-T polynomial controller is designed, validated in simulation and tested on a prototype. A data acquisition system stores the data sent by each of the control loops and is able to plot data in real time. Chapter 6 is dedicated to the conclusions. Chapter 7 presents the code of the developed software and some schematics that were used during simulations. Chapter 8 lists the bibliography.

With wind energy becoming a major source of energy, there is a pressing need to reduce all associated costs to be competitive in a market that might be fully subsidy-free in the near future. Before thousands of wind turbines were installed all over the world, research in e.g. understanding aerodynamics, developing new materials, designing better gearboxes, improving power electronics etc., helped to cut down wind turbine manufacturing costs. It might be assumed, that this would be sufficient to reduce the costs of wind energy as the resource, the wind itself, is free of costs. However, it has become clear that the operation and maintenance of wind turbines contributes significantly to the overall cost of energy. Harsh environmental conditions and the frequently remote locations of the turbines makes maintenance of wind turbines challenging. Just recently, the industry realised that a move from reactive and scheduled maintenance towards preventative or condition-based maintenance will be crucial to further reduce costs. Knowing the condition of the wind turbine is key for any optimisation of operation and maintenance. There are various possibilities to install advanced sensors and monitoring systems developed in recent years. However, these will inevitably incur new costs that need to be worthwhile and retro-fits to existing turbines might not always be feasible. In contrast, this work focuses on ways to use operational data as recorded by the turbine's Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system, which is installed in all modern wind turbines for operating purposes -- without additional costs. SCADA data usually contain information about the environmental conditions (e.g. wind speed, ambient temperature), the operation of the turbine (power production, rotational speed, pitch angle) and potentially the system's health status (temperatures, vibration). These measurements are commonly recorded in ten-minutely averages and might be seen as indirect and top-level information about the turbine's condition. Firstly, this thesis discusses the use of operational data to monitor the power performance to assess the overall efficiency of wind turbines and to analyse and optimise maintenance. In a sensitivity study, the financial consequences of imperfect maintenance are evaluated based on case study data and compared with environmental effects such as blade icing. It is shown how decision-making of wind farm operators could be supported with detailed `what-if' scenario analyses. Secondly, model-based monitoring of SCADA temperatures is investigated. This approach tries to identify hidden changes in the load-dependent fluctuations of drivetrain temperatures that can potentially reveal increased degradation and possible imminent failure. A detailed comparison of machine learning regression techniques and model configurations is conducted based on data from four wind farms with varying properties. The results indicate that the detailed setup of the model is very important while the selection of the modelling technique might be less relevant than expected. Ways to establish reliable failure detection are discussed and a condition index is developed based on an ensemble of different models and anomaly measures. However, the findings also highlight that better documentation of maintenance is required to further improve data-driven condition monitoring approaches. In the next part, the capabilities of operational data are explored in a study with data from both the SCADA system and a Condition Monitoring System (CMS) based on drivetrain vibrations. Analyses of signal similarity and data clusters reveal signal relationships and potential for synergistic effects of the different data sources. An application of machine learning techniques demonstrates that the alarms of the commercial CMS can be predicted in certain cases with SCADA data alone. Finally, the benefits of having wind turbines in farms are investigated in the context of condition monitoring. Several approaches are developed to improve failure detection based on operational statistics, CMS vibrations or SCADA temperatures. It is demonstrated that utilising comparisons with neighbouring turbines might be beneficial to get earlier and more reliable warnings of imminent failures. This work has been part of the Advanced Wind Energy Systems Operation and Maintenance Expertise (AWESOME) project, a European consortium with companies, universities and research centres in the wind energy sector from Spain, Italy, Germany, Denmark, Norway and UK. Parts of this work were developed in collaboration with other fellows in the project (as marked and explained in footnotes).

Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Informática e Computação. Universidade do Porto. Faculdade de Engenharia. 2010

Estágio realizado na Hidromac e orientado pelo Eng.º Celso Cavadas / Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2008

Tese de mestrado. Engenharia Informática. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2005

Active work to increase the efficiency of energy use is taking place in Sweden and throughout all of Europe. Electricity is an important part in our society’s energy system which means that the electrical grid operators and associated therewith has a central role in this work. Monitoring and controlling the electrical grids are managed from the distribution system operator’s DC, dispatch center. The aim of this report is to examine how the operations in a typical DC on the Swedish electricity distribution network will look like in five to ten years. The report focuses on DC’s that operate electrical grids at low- and medium voltage level. For a concrete way to determine how the DC will change over time the different operational processes that constitute the ope- ration of a DC were defined. Subsequently the changes that will affect the Swedish electrical grids within five to ten years were investigated and also in which way these changes will implicate the operational processes in a DC. The analysis shows that the DC’s will undergo a series of transformations in five to ten years. By integrating the various IT-systems in the dispatch center the main operation will be manageable from a single HMI, such as a DMS-system. This means that business processes such as monitoring, ope- rational order processing and error handling will be possible from a single system in the future. But the increasing communication between IT systems will also lead to increased demands for security because any intrusion in one of the systems could result in major damage.

Most of the industrial plants has a control center where is installed a SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) application. At the moment, it exists a great offer of acquisition, supervision and control of software and the evolution of this software follows a triple tendency: intercommunication between applications, standardization of the communications with the field devices and adoption of the communication surroundings. The report is divided in two parts: In the first the reader can learn the basic ideas of SCADA system and find the most important SCADA software available today. InTouch 7.1 and WinCC have been studied in more depth because they are the most successful software. In the second part is described the visualization of a real life process, it is the visualization of a toy car factory allocated in Linköping?s University and how interconnected the visualization process with the PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). In the report also are described the basic components needed to realize the visualization of any process involving PLCs.