The objective of this thesis is to study the evolution of scalar field carried by a flow from a temporal image sequence. The estimation of the velocity field of turbulent flow is of major importance for understanding the physical phenomenon. Up to now the problem of turbulence is generally ignored in the flow equation of existing methods. An information given by image is discrete at pixel size. Depending on the turbulent rate of the flow, pixel and time resolutions may become too large to neglect the effect of sub-pixel small-scales on the pixel velocity field. For this, we propose a flow equation defined by a filtered concentration transport equation where a classic turbulent sub-grid eddy viscosity model is introduced in order to account for this effect. To formulate the problem, we use a Markovian approach. An unwarping multiresolution by pyramidal decomposition is proposed which reduces the number of operations on images. The optimization coupled with a multigrid approach allows to estimate the optimal 2D real velocity field. Our approach is tested on synthetic andreal image sequences (PIV laboratory experiment and remote sensing data of dust storm event) with high Reynolds number. Comparisons with existing approaches are very promising.

Uma questão fundamental na macroeconomia é: Como um governo benevolente deveria conduzir as políticas monetária e fiscal no longo prazo e nos ciclos de negócios? Esta dissertação visa elucidar essa questão caracterizando as políticas monetária e fiscal ótimas para o Brasil no período pós Plano Real . Para tanto, será feito uso de um modelo de médio porte tal como proposto por Schmitt-Grohé e Uribe (2005). Médio porte, nada mais é do que a inclusão de quatro fontes de rigidez nominal: rigidez de preços, rigidez de salários, demanda por moeda por parte dos indivíduos e uma restrição cash-in-advance sobre a massa salarial das firmas. E cinco fontes de rigidez real: custos de ajustamento do investimento, utilização de capacidade variável, formação de hábitos, competição imperfeita nos mercados de produtos e fatores e taxação distorciva. Verificou-se que a estabilidade dos preços constitui essencialmente a política ótima. / A fundamental question in macroeconomics is how a benevolent government should conduct monetary and fiscal policies in the long-term and in the business cycles? This thesis aims to elucidate this question characterizing the optimal monetary and fiscal policies to Brazilin the period after the Real Plan. To do so, will be done using a medium-scale model as proposed by Schmitt-Grohé and Uribe (2005). Medium-scale, is nothing more than the inclusion of four sources of nominal rigidities: sticky prices, sticky wages, demand for money by individuals and a constraint cash-in-advance on the payroll of the firms. And five sources of real rigidities: investment adjustment costs, variable capacity utilization, habit formation, imperfect competition in product markets and factors and distorting taxation. It was found that price stability is essentially the optimal policy.

Mangotes de transferência têm sido utilizados em grande quantidade em operações de descarga de óleo, principalmente em águas profundas, onde existem cargas estáticas e cíclicas variáveis devido ao ambiente de trabalho. Apesar da grande demanda dessas estruturas, seu comportamento é pouco conhecido e discutido na literatura devido a sua complexidade. Além disso, os materiais utilizados nesse equipamento podem ocasionar um elevado número de falhas, sendo muitas vezes superestimados, deixando o mangote com peso excessivo. Este trabalho objetiva o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de análise de materiais poliméricos avançados, especificamente fibras de poliaramida e materiais compósitos à base de fibra de carbono, em substituição a materiais tradicionais, utilizando modelos numéricos capazes de prever o comportamento da pressão de ruptura das carcaças e resistência a compressão radial do mangote, além da avaliação em fadiga dos cordonéis à base de poliaramida dessas novas estruturas. Modelos em meso-escala foram desenvolvidos utilizando conceitos de hiperelasticidade e de critérios de falha de materiais compósitos para previsão das tensões e deformações locais em regiões críticas do mangote. Análises numéricas foram realizadas via elementos finitos com o software comercial para auxiliar a elaboração dos modelos e a realização dos cálculos numéricos. Foram realizados ensaios experimentais para validação desses modelos numéricos, bem como para a previsão do comportamento estático e em fadiga dos materiais envolvidos. Foram desenvolvidos dois modelos. Em um modelo foi aplicado pressão interna no mangote para previsão de ruptura das carcaças no qual tem o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho dos novos reforços de poliaramida. No outro modelo foi aplicada uma carga radial na seção central do mangote para prever a resistência ao esmagamento, no qual tem o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho do componente de sustentação em material compósito de fibra de carbono. Os resultados dos modelos numéricos apresentaram boa concordância com os resultados experimentais em grande parte das análises. Também se observou que os novos materiais apresentam um grande potencial de substituição dos materiais tradicionais, bem como um excelente comportamento frente a carregamentos estáticos e dinâmicos envolvidos na aplicação, sendo verificada diminuição significativa de peso e aumento do desempenho. / Offloading hoses have been extensively used at offloading oil operations, especially in deep water, where there are variable static and cyclic loads due to the working environment. Despite the great demand for these structures, their behavior is little known and discussed in the literature due to the complexity. In addition, the materials used in this equipment may lead to a high number of failures, being often overestimated, leading to excessive weight. This work aims to develop a methodology for analysis of advanced polymeric materials, specifically polyaramide fibers and carbon fiber composite materials, in the substitution of traditional materials, using numerical models able to predict the static behavior of the burst pressure of the carcasses and radial compression strength of the hose. In addition, fatigue tests were performed to evaluate the polyaramide cords of these new structures. Meso-scale models were developed using advanced hyperplastic and composite failure criteria concepts to predict local stresses and strains in critical regions of the hose. Numerical analyses were performed using finite elements with commercial software to aid the development of models and to carry out numerical calculations. Several experimental tests were performed to validate numerical models, as well as to forecast the static and fatigue behavior of the materials used. Two models were developed. A model is used to predict the burst pressure of the hose in order to evaluate the performance of the new polyaramide reinforcements cords. In the other model, a radial load was applied in the central section of the hose to predict the crushing strength, in which it has the aim of evaluating the performance of the load-bearing component made with carbon fiber composite material. The results of the computer models showed good agreement with the experimental results in most analyses. It was also found that the studied materials offered considerable potential for the substitution of traditional materials, as well as an excellent behavior under static and dynamic loads related to this application, with a significant weight reduction and increased performance of the new configurations over traditional hoses.

Depuis 2007, la société Sol-Solution avec le partenariat du laboratoire LaMI de l’Université Blaise Pascal de Clermont-Ferrand a entrepris des recherches pour étudier le comportement mécanique d’un ouvrage en sol renforcé par une structure alvéolaire M3S® et soumis à une sollicitation dynamique. Dans le cadre de ce travail de recherche, les sollicitations de type choc ont plus particulièrement été étudiées. Ce mémoire est structuré en 3 parties : la première partie rappelle les caractéristiques principales du comportement mécanique ainsi que les principes généraux de conception d’un ouvrage en sol renforcé par géotextiles M3S®. Une étude bibliographique s’intéresse ensuite à la caractérisation des 3 sollicitations dynamiques retenues (séisme, explosion, choc) et aux méthodes existantes permettant leur prise en compte dans la conception d’ouvrage ; la seconde partie présente l’approche numérique préliminaire qui a conduit au développement de deux modèles numériques d’impacts sur des structures en sol renforcé par géocellulaires. Les résultats ont permis d’identifier les paramètres mécaniques les plus influents des différents matériaux constitutifs ; la dernière partie s’appuie sur les résultats précédents ainsi que sur les lois de similitudes pour concevoir une expérimentation d’un impact sur deux massifs alvéolaires à échelle géométrique 1/10e. L’influence sur la réponse de deux types de renforcement au comportement mécanique différent a été étudiée. Les résultats expérimentaux ont ensuite permis un développement des deux modèles numériques préliminaires. Enfin, les perspectives d’utilisation de cet outil numérique ainsi que les applications industrielles sont présentées. / Since 2007, Sol Solution company with the help of the Clermont-Ferrand Blaise Pascal University’s LaMI laboratory, performed a study on the mechanical behaviour under dynamic load of a structure reinforced by the M3S (c) geocell system. In the context of that PhD, impact solicitations have been studied. This memory is divided in three parts : First part focuses on the main mechanical behaviour characteristics and general rules of reinforced soil with M3S(c) geocells design. Then, the bibliographical approach focuses on the 3 dynamic loads chosen (seism, blast, impact) and on the way they are taking in account on work design ; Second part shows the preliminary numerical approach which lead to the development of two numerical impact model on soil reinforced geocell structure. Results allows us to identify the most influent mechanical parameters of the different materials ; Last part groups numerical and similitude laws that allow to design a 1/10th low-scale impact experiment on two structures. Two different reinforcement were tested, plastic and paper. Experimental results allowed to improve two preliminary numerical models. Finally, discussion about that numerical tool and engineering applications are performed.

Mangotes de transferência têm sido utilizados em grande quantidade em operações de descarga de óleo, principalmente em águas profundas, onde existem cargas estáticas e cíclicas variáveis devido ao ambiente de trabalho. Apesar da grande demanda dessas estruturas, seu comportamento é pouco conhecido e discutido na literatura devido a sua complexidade. Além disso, os materiais utilizados nesse equipamento podem ocasionar um elevado número de falhas, sendo muitas vezes superestimados, deixando o mangote com peso excessivo. Este trabalho objetiva o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de análise de materiais poliméricos avançados, especificamente fibras de poliaramida e materiais compósitos à base de fibra de carbono, em substituição a materiais tradicionais, utilizando modelos numéricos capazes de prever o comportamento da pressão de ruptura das carcaças e resistência a compressão radial do mangote, além da avaliação em fadiga dos cordonéis à base de poliaramida dessas novas estruturas. Modelos em meso-escala foram desenvolvidos utilizando conceitos de hiperelasticidade e de critérios de falha de materiais compósitos para previsão das tensões e deformações locais em regiões críticas do mangote. Análises numéricas foram realizadas via elementos finitos com o software comercial para auxiliar a elaboração dos modelos e a realização dos cálculos numéricos. Foram realizados ensaios experimentais para validação desses modelos numéricos, bem como para a previsão do comportamento estático e em fadiga dos materiais envolvidos. Foram desenvolvidos dois modelos. Em um modelo foi aplicado pressão interna no mangote para previsão de ruptura das carcaças no qual tem o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho dos novos reforços de poliaramida. No outro modelo foi aplicada uma carga radial na seção central do mangote para prever a resistência ao esmagamento, no qual tem o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho do componente de sustentação em material compósito de fibra de carbono. Os resultados dos modelos numéricos apresentaram boa concordância com os resultados experimentais em grande parte das análises. Também se observou que os novos materiais apresentam um grande potencial de substituição dos materiais tradicionais, bem como um excelente comportamento frente a carregamentos estáticos e dinâmicos envolvidos na aplicação, sendo verificada diminuição significativa de peso e aumento do desempenho. / Offloading hoses have been extensively used at offloading oil operations, especially in deep water, where there are variable static and cyclic loads due to the working environment. Despite the great demand for these structures, their behavior is little known and discussed in the literature due to the complexity. In addition, the materials used in this equipment may lead to a high number of failures, being often overestimated, leading to excessive weight. This work aims to develop a methodology for analysis of advanced polymeric materials, specifically polyaramide fibers and carbon fiber composite materials, in the substitution of traditional materials, using numerical models able to predict the static behavior of the burst pressure of the carcasses and radial compression strength of the hose. In addition, fatigue tests were performed to evaluate the polyaramide cords of these new structures. Meso-scale models were developed using advanced hyperplastic and composite failure criteria concepts to predict local stresses and strains in critical regions of the hose. Numerical analyses were performed using finite elements with commercial software to aid the development of models and to carry out numerical calculations. Several experimental tests were performed to validate numerical models, as well as to forecast the static and fatigue behavior of the materials used. Two models were developed. A model is used to predict the burst pressure of the hose in order to evaluate the performance of the new polyaramide reinforcements cords. In the other model, a radial load was applied in the central section of the hose to predict the crushing strength, in which it has the aim of evaluating the performance of the load-bearing component made with carbon fiber composite material. The results of the computer models showed good agreement with the experimental results in most analyses. It was also found that the studied materials offered considerable potential for the substitution of traditional materials, as well as an excellent behavior under static and dynamic loads related to this application, with a significant weight reduction and increased performance of the new configurations over traditional hoses.

Uma questão fundamental na macroeconomia é: Como um governo benevolente deveria conduzir as políticas monetária e fiscal no longo prazo e nos ciclos de negócios? Esta dissertação visa elucidar essa questão caracterizando as políticas monetária e fiscal ótimas para o Brasil no período pós Plano Real . Para tanto, será feito uso de um modelo de médio porte tal como proposto por Schmitt-Grohé e Uribe (2005). Médio porte, nada mais é do que a inclusão de quatro fontes de rigidez nominal: rigidez de preços, rigidez de salários, demanda por moeda por parte dos indivíduos e uma restrição cash-in-advance sobre a massa salarial das firmas. E cinco fontes de rigidez real: custos de ajustamento do investimento, utilização de capacidade variável, formação de hábitos, competição imperfeita nos mercados de produtos e fatores e taxação distorciva. Verificou-se que a estabilidade dos preços constitui essencialmente a política ótima. / A fundamental question in macroeconomics is how a benevolent government should conduct monetary and fiscal policies in the long-term and in the business cycles? This thesis aims to elucidate this question characterizing the optimal monetary and fiscal policies to Brazilin the period after the Real Plan. To do so, will be done using a medium-scale model as proposed by Schmitt-Grohé and Uribe (2005). Medium-scale, is nothing more than the inclusion of four sources of nominal rigidities: sticky prices, sticky wages, demand for money by individuals and a constraint cash-in-advance on the payroll of the firms. And five sources of real rigidities: investment adjustment costs, variable capacity utilization, habit formation, imperfect competition in product markets and factors and distorting taxation. It was found that price stability is essentially the optimal policy.

Uma questão fundamental na macroeconomia é: Como um governo benevolente deveria conduzir as políticas monetária e fiscal no longo prazo e nos ciclos de negócios? Esta dissertação visa elucidar essa questão caracterizando as políticas monetária e fiscal ótimas para o Brasil no período pós Plano Real . Para tanto, será feito uso de um modelo de médio porte tal como proposto por Schmitt-Grohé e Uribe (2005). Médio porte, nada mais é do que a inclusão de quatro fontes de rigidez nominal: rigidez de preços, rigidez de salários, demanda por moeda por parte dos indivíduos e uma restrição cash-in-advance sobre a massa salarial das firmas. E cinco fontes de rigidez real: custos de ajustamento do investimento, utilização de capacidade variável, formação de hábitos, competição imperfeita nos mercados de produtos e fatores e taxação distorciva. Verificou-se que a estabilidade dos preços constitui essencialmente a política ótima. / A fundamental question in macroeconomics is how a benevolent government should conduct monetary and fiscal policies in the long-term and in the business cycles? This thesis aims to elucidate this question characterizing the optimal monetary and fiscal policies to Brazilin the period after the Real Plan. To do so, will be done using a medium-scale model as proposed by Schmitt-Grohé and Uribe (2005). Medium-scale, is nothing more than the inclusion of four sources of nominal rigidities: sticky prices, sticky wages, demand for money by individuals and a constraint cash-in-advance on the payroll of the firms. And five sources of real rigidities: investment adjustment costs, variable capacity utilization, habit formation, imperfect competition in product markets and factors and distorting taxation. It was found that price stability is essentially the optimal policy.

L’objectif de cette thèse est l’étude de l’évolution de champ scalaire transporté par un écoulement à partir d’une séquence d’images temporelles. L’estimation du champ de vitesse d’un écoulement turbulent est d’une importance majeure pour mieux comprendre le phénomène physique. Jusqu’à présent, le problème de la turbulence est généralement ignoré dans l’équation de mouvement des méthodes existantes. Les images contiennent une information discrète correspondant à la taille du pixel. Selon le niveau de turbulence de l’écoulement, les résolutions des pixels et du temps peuvent devenir trop grandes pour négliger l’effet des petites échelles (sous-pixel) sur le champ de vitesse. Nous proposons pour cela, une équation de mouvement définie par l’équation de transport de concentration filtrée pour laquelle un modèle classique de viscosité turbulente sous-maille est introduit afin de tenir compte de cet effet. Nous utilisons pour formuler le problème, une approche Markovienne. Une méthode de multirésolution par décomposition pyramidale, sans transformation d’image intermédiaire au cours du processus, est proposée. Cela permet de diminuer le nombre d’opérations sur les images. La méthode d’optimisation utilisée, couplée avec une approche multigrille, permet d’obtenir le champ de vitesse réel optimal. Notre approche est testée sur des séquences d’images synthétiques et réelles (expérience PIV et tempête de sable à partir d’image de télédétection) avec des nombres de Reynolds élevés. Les comparaisons avec des approches existantes sont très prometteuses. / The objective of this thesis is to study the evolution of scalar field carried by a flow from a temporal image sequence. The estimation of the velocity field of turbulent flow is of major importance for understanding the physical phenomenon. Up to now the problem of turbulence is generally ignored in the flow equation of existing methods. An information given by image is discrete at pixel size. Depending on the turbulent rate of the flow, pixel and time resolutions may become too large to neglect the effect of sub-pixel small-scales on the pixel velocity field. For this, we propose a flow equation defined by a filtered concentration transport equation where a classic turbulent sub-grid eddy viscosity model is introduced in order to account for this effect. To formulate the problem, we use a Markovian approach. An unwarping multiresolution by pyramidal decomposition is proposed which reduces the number of operations on images. The optimization coupled with a multigrid approach allows to estimate the optimal 2D real velocity field. Our approach is tested on synthetic andreal image sequences (PIV laboratory experiment and remote sensing data of dust storm event) with high Reynolds number. Comparisons with existing approaches are very promising.

Cette thèse est consacrée à la simulation du mélange de scalaires passifs à grand nombre de Schmidt (faible diffusion), au moyen d’un modèle de sous-maille structurel pour la Simulation aux Grandes Echelles (LES pour Large Eddy Simulation) reposant sur le caractère multifractal des champs de gradient en turbulence. L’analyse multifractale des champs de dissipation scalaire permet, à l’aide d’une description statistique des singularités, de prendre en compte l’intermittence inhérente à ces champs. Des simulations numériques directes du mélange à différents nombres de Schmidt supérieurs à l’unité sont mises en oeuvre. Une analyse multifractale au moyen de différentes méthodes est menée afin d’obtenir les spectres de singularités de la dissipation scalaire. Une implantation du modèle de sous-maille multifractal pour la vitesse, proposé par Burton et al., est d’abord réalisée dans le code volumes finis YALES2.Une modification du modèle équivalent pour les scalaires, reposant sur une cascade multiplicative pour reconstruire la dissipation scalaire de sous-maille, est proposée afin de prendre en compte le micro-mélange à grand nombre de Schmidt. Ce modèle de sous-maille est alors évalué au moyen de tests a priori. / This thesis is focused on the simulation of turbulent mixing of passive scalars at high Schmidt numbers (low diffusivity). The modeling work is based on a structural subgrid-scale model for Large Eddy Simulation relying on the multifractal nature of gradient fields in turbulence.The multifractal formalism provides a mean to handle the characteristic intermittency of scalar dissipation fields through a statistical description of their singularities. Direct Numerical Simulations of mixing at several Schmidt numbers above unity are run with a dedicated code. Different methods are used to perform a multifractal analysis of scalar dissipation. The multifractal subgrid-scale model of Burton et al. for velocity is implemented in the Finite Volume code YALES2. A modification of the equivalent multifractal model for scalars is proposed to take into account micro-mixing at high Schmidt numbers. The model shows satisfactory results when tested a priori against direct simulations.

The present thesis deals with a number of challenges in the field of large eddy simulation (LES). These include the performance of subgrid-scale (SGS) models at fairly high Reynolds numbers and coarse resolutions, passive scalar and stochastic modeling in LES. The fully-developed turbulent channel flow is used as the test case for these investigations. The advantage of this particular test case is that highly accurate pseudo-spectral methods can be used for the discretization of the governing equations. In the absence of discretization errors, a better understanding of the subgrid-scale model performance can be achieved. Moreover, the turbulent channel flow is a challenging test case for LES, since it shares some of the common important features of all wall-bounded turbulent flows. Most commonly used eddy-viscosity-type models are suitable for moderately to highly-resolved LES cases, where the unresolved scales are approximately isotropic. However, this makes simulations of high Reynolds number wall-bounded flows computationally expensive. In contrast, explicit algebraic (EA) model takes into account the anisotropy of SGS motions and performs well in predicting the flow statistics in coarse-grid LES cases. Therefore, LES of high Reynolds number wall-bounded flows can be performed at much lower number of grid points in comparison with other models. A demonstration of the resolution requirements for the EA model in comparison with the dynamic Smagorinsky and its high-pass filtered version for a fairly high Reynolds number is given in this thesis. One of the shortcomings of the commonly used eddy diffusivity model arises from its assumption of alignment of the SGS scalar flux vector with the resolved scalar gradients. However, better SGS scalar flux models that overcome this issue are very few. Using the same methodology that led to the EA SGS stress model, a new explicit algebraic SGS scalar flux model is developed, which allows the SGS scalar fluxes to be partially independent of the resolved scalar gradient. The model predictions are verified and found to improve the scalar statistics in comparison with the eddy diffusivity model. The intermittent nature of energy transfer between the large and small scales of turbulence is often not fully taken into account in the formulation of SGS models both for velocity and scalar. Using the Langevin stochastic differential equation, the EA models are extended to incorporate random variations in their predictions which lead to a reasonable amount of backscatter of energy from the SGS to the resolved scales. The stochastic EA models improve the predictions of the SGS dissipation by decreasing its length scale and improving the shape of its probability density function. / QC 20110615