The main objective of this dissertation is to quantify petrophysical properties of conventional and unconventional reservoirs using a mechanistic approach. Unconventional transport mechanisms are described from the pore to the reservoir scale to examine their effects on macroscopic petrophysical properties in hydrocarbon-bearing organic shale. Petrophysical properties at the pore level are quantified with a new finite-difference method. A geometrical approximation is invoked to describe the interstitial space of grid-based images of porous media. Subsequently, a generalized Laplace equation is derived and solved numerically to calculate fluid pressure and velocity distributions in the interstitial space. The resulting macroscopic permeability values are within 6% of results obtained with the Lattice-Boltzmann method after performing grid refinements. The finite-difference method is on average six times faster than the Lattice-Boltzmann method. In the next step, slip flow and Knudsen diffusion are added to the pore-scale method to take into account unconventional flow mechanisms in hydrocarbon-bearing shale. The effect of these mechanisms is appraised with a pore-scale image of Eagle Ford shale as well as with several grain packs. It is shown that neglecting slip flow in samples with pore-throat sizes in the nanometer range could result in errors as high as 2000% when estimating permeability in unconventional reservoirs. A new fluid percolation model is proposed for hydrocarbon-bearing shale. Electrical conductivity is quantified in the presence of kerogen, clay, hydrocarbon, water, and the Stern-diffuse layer in grain packs as well as in the Eagle Ford shale pore-scale image. The pore-scale model enables a critical study of the [delta]LogR evaluation method commonly used with gas-bearing shale to assess kerogen concentration. A parallel conductor model is introduced based on Archie's equation for water conductivity in pores and a parallel conductive path for the Stern-diffuse layer. Additionally, a non-destructive core analysis method is proposed for estimating input parameters of the parallel conductor model in shale formations. A modified reservoir model of single-phase, compressible fluid is also developed to take into account the following unconventional transport mechanisms: (a) slip flow and Knudsen diffusion enhancement in apparent permeability, (b) Langmuir desorption as a source of gas generation at kerogen surfaces, and (c) the diffusion mechanism in kerogen as a gas supply to adsorbed layers. The model includes an iterative verification method of surface mass balance to ensure real-time desorption-adsorption equilibrium with gas production. Gas desorption from kerogen surfaces and gas diffusion in kerogen are the main mechanisms responsible for higher-than-expected production velocities commonly observed in shale-gas reservoirs. Slip flow and Knudsen diffusion marginally enhance production rates by increasing permeability during production. / text

In dieser Arbeit stelle ich ein neu entwickeltes, dynamisches Modell für das turbulente sternbildende interstellare Medium auf Skalen von einigen zehn Parsecs vor, welches den Namen MIST (Multi-phase Interstellar medium model with Star formation and Turbulence) trägt. Das Verhalten von MIST wurde mittels seiner Ein-Zonen-Gleichgewichtslösungen aber auch im Rahmen von Large Eddy Simulationen untersucht, wobei verschiedenste Beobachtungsresultate gleichzeitig reproduziert werden konnten.

The aim of the monograph is to contribute towards bridging the gap between methodological developments that have evolved in the social sciences, in particular in psychometric research, and methods of statistical modelling in a more general framework. The first part surveys certain special psychometric models (often referred to as Rasch family of models) that share common properties: separation of parameters describing qualities of the subject under investigation and parameters related to properties of the situation under which the response of a subject is observed. Using conditional maximum likelihood estimation, both types of parameters may be estimated independently from each other. In particular, the Rasch model, the rating scale model, the partial credit model, hybrid types, and linear extensions thereof are treated. The second part reviews basic ideas of generalized linear models (GLMs) as an an excellent framework for unifying different approaches and providing a natural, technical background for model formulation, estimation and testing. This is followed by a short introduction to the software package GLIM chosen to illustrate the formulation of psychometric models in the GLM framework. The third part is the main part of this monograph and shows the application of generalized linear models to psychometric approaches. It gives a unified treatment of Rasch family models in the context of log-linear models and contains some new material on log-linear longitudinal modelling. The last part of the monograph is devoted to show the usefulness of the latent variable approach in a variety of applications, such as panel, cross-over, and therapy evaluation studies, where standard statistical analysis does not necessarily lead to satisfactory results. (author´s abstract) / Series: Research Report Series / Department of Statistics and Mathematics

A new hybrid approach to model high Reynolds number wall-bounded turbulent flows is developed based on coupling the two-level simulation (TLS) approach in the inner region with conventional large eddy simulation (LES) away from the wall. This new approach is significantly different from previous near-wall approaches for LES. In this hybrid TLS-LES approach, a very fine small-scale (SS) mesh is embedded inside the coarse LES mesh in the near-wall region. The SS equations capture fine-scale temporal and spatial variations in all three cartesian directions for all three velocity components near the wall. The TLS-LES equations are derived based on defining a new scale separation operator. The TLS-LES equations in the transition region are obtained by blending the TLS large-scale and LES equations. A new incompressible parallel flow solver is developed that accurately and reliably predicts turbulent flows using TLS-LES. The solver uses a primitive variable formulation based on an artificial compressibility approach and a dual time stepping method. The advective terms are discretized using fourth-order energy conservative finite differences. The SS equations are also integrated in parallel, which reduces the overall cost of the TLS-LES approach. The TLS-LES approach is validated and investigated for canonical channel flows, channel flow with adverse pressure gradient and asymmetric plane diffuser flow. The results suggest that the TLS-LES approach yields very reasonable predictions of most of the crucial flow features in spite of using relatively coarse grids.

Submitted by JULIO CESAR GRIMALT DOS SANTOS (grimbil@hotmail.com) on 2015-02-23T21:08:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Final.pdf: 1416129 bytes, checksum: fcbac3f948355bac6f5b59569bf2610a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2015-03-04T16:04:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Final.pdf: 1416129 bytes, checksum: fcbac3f948355bac6f5b59569bf2610a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-03-12T19:06:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Final.pdf: 1416129 bytes, checksum: fcbac3f948355bac6f5b59569bf2610a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-12T19:06:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Final.pdf: 1416129 bytes, checksum: fcbac3f948355bac6f5b59569bf2610a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-10 / O objetivo deste estudo é propor a implementação de um modelo estatístico para cálculo da volatilidade, não difundido na literatura brasileira, o modelo de escala local (LSM), apresentando suas vantagens e desvantagens em relação aos modelos habitualmente utilizados para mensuração de risco. Para estimação dos parâmetros serão usadas as cotações diárias do Ibovespa, no período de janeiro de 2009 a dezembro de 2014, e para a aferição da acurácia empírica dos modelos serão realizados testes fora da amostra, comparando os VaR obtidos para o período de janeiro a dezembro de 2014. Foram introduzidas variáveis explicativas na tentativa de aprimorar os modelos e optou-se pelo correspondente americano do Ibovespa, o índice Dow Jones, por ter apresentado propriedades como: alta correlação, causalidade no sentido de Granger, e razão de log-verossimilhança significativa. Uma das inovações do modelo de escala local é não utilizar diretamente a variância, mas sim a sua recíproca, chamada de 'precisão' da série, que segue uma espécie de passeio aleatório multiplicativo. O LSM captou todos os fatos estilizados das séries financeiras, e os resultados foram favoráveis a sua utilização, logo, o modelo torna-se uma alternativa de especificação eficiente e parcimoniosa para estimar e prever volatilidade, na medida em que possui apenas um parâmetro a ser estimado, o que representa uma mudança de paradigma em relação aos modelos de heterocedasticidade condicional. / The objective of this study is to propose the implementation of a statistical model to calculate the volatility not widespread in Brazilian literature, LSM, with its advantages and disadvantages compared to the models commonly used for risk measurement. To estimate the parameters will be used daily prices of Ibovespa in the period from January 2009 to December 2014, and to measure the empirical accuracy of the models out of sample tests will be performed, comparing the VaR obtained for the period from January to December 2014. Explanatory variables were introduced in an attempt to improve the models, and we chose to its corresponding American Ibovespa, the Dow Jones index, for presenting characteristics such as high correlation, causality in the Granger sense, and reason for significant log-likelihood. One of the local scale model innovation is not directly use the variance, but its reciprocal, called 'precision' series, which follows a kind of multiplicative random walk. LSM captured all financial series of stylized facts, and the results were favorable to use, so the model becomes an efficient and economical alternative specification for estimating and predicting volatility, to the extent that only one parameter has to be estimated, which represents a paradigm shift in the models of conditional heteroscedasticity.

abstract: Trees serve as a natural umbrella to mitigate insolation absorbed by features of the urban environment, especially building structures and pavements. For a desert community, trees are a particularly valuable asset because they contribute to energy conservation efforts, improve home values, allow for cost savings, and promote enhanced health and well-being. The main obstacle in creating a sustainable urban community in a desert city with trees is the scarceness and cost of irrigation water. Thus, strategically located and arranged desert trees with the fewest tree numbers possible potentially translate into significant energy, water and long-term cost savings as well as conservation, economic, and health benefits. The objective of this dissertation is to achieve this research goal with integrated methods from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. This dissertation includes three main parts. The first part proposes a spatial optimization method to optimize the tree locations with the objective to maximize shade coverage on building facades and open structures and minimize shade coverage on building rooftops in a 3-dimensional environment. Second, an outdoor urban physical scale model with field measurement is presented to understand the cooling and locational benefits of tree shade. The third part implements a microclimate numerical simulation model to analyze how the specific tree locations and arrangements influence outdoor microclimates and improve human thermal comfort. These three parts of the dissertation attempt to fill the research gap of how to strategically locate trees at the building to neighborhood scale, and quantifying the impact of such arrangements. Results highlight the significance of arranging residential shade trees across different geographical scales. In both the building and neighborhood scales, research results recommend that trees should be arranged in the central part of the building south front yard. More cooling benefits are provided to the building structures and outdoor microclimates with a cluster tree arrangement without canopy overlap; however, if residents are interested in creating a better outdoor thermal environment, open space between trees is needed to enhance the wind environment for better human thermal comfort. Considering the rapid urbanization process, limited water resources supply, and the severe heat stress in the urban areas, judicious design and planning of trees is of increasing importance for improving the life quality and sustaining the urban environment. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geography 2017

Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo a validação do modelo numérico de manobras para navios utilizado pelo simulador chamado SMH - Simulador Marítimo Hidroviário, que foi desenvolvido no laboratório Tanque de Provas Numérico. Para tanto foram realizados ensaios experimentais de manobras com um modelo em escala reduzida da embarcação Alpha Crucis com o objetivo de criar dados de manobra que serviram como referência para validação do modelo numérico. Foram selecionados diversos tipos de manobras com o propósito de criar uma caracterização da manobrabilidade da embarcação em baixas velocidades e regime transitório, permitindo a medição de diversas características, que permitem quantificar as capacidades de manobra da embarcação. Através de experimentos numéricos foram, então, realizadas as mesmas manobras executadas pelo modelo físico em escala reduzida, de forma a reproduzir as mesmas condições iniciais e os mesmos comandos, procurando reproduzir as manobras para validação do modelo implementado no SMH. Os resultados obtidos apresentam a aderência das características de manobras do modelo implementado no SMH, através da comparação das características de manobra obtidas pelo modelo físico em escala reduzida e das obtidas pelo modelo numérico. A dissertação apresenta ainda um estudo de sensibilidade que mostra o efeito dos principais fatores utilizados no laboratório Tanque de Provas Numérico para a calibração dos modelos de embarcações, mostrando que para as manobras consideradas neste trabalho alguns dos efeitos possuem pouca influência nos resultados. Por fim o trabalho conclui que o modelo matemático utilizado pelo SMH representa a capacidade de manobra da embarcação de forma consistente para diversos tipos de manobra, e com um grau de aderência satisfatório. / This research aims to present a validation for the ship maneuvering simulator named SMH, anachronym in Portuguese for Maritime and Waterway Simulator, developed on Tanque de Provas Numérico laboratory. For this propose small scale tests were performed with a model of Alpha Crucis ship aiming to create maneuver data that was used as reference for the numerical model validation. Several types of maneuver where selected to create a characterization of the maneuverability of the ship at low speeds and transient regime, and the parameters that quantify the maneuverability were measured. Then were performed numerical experiments recreating the same maneuver executed with the experimental model, with the same initial conditions and propulsion/rudder controls, trying to reproduce the maneuvers to validate the model implemented on the SMH. The results showed that the maneuvering characteristics predicted by the SMH simulator are similar to measured values in the experiment. The dissertation also presents a sensitivity study that shows the effect of the main parameters used in the laboratory Tanque de Provas Numérico for the vessel model calibration, This study showed that for some maneuvers, the tuning parameters have less influence on the results. Finally, the work concludes that the mathematical model used by the SMH represents the ability of the vessel to maneuver consistently for several types of maneuvers, and with a satisfactory degree of accuracy.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de modéliser le couplage fluide-structure pouvant survenir dans les faisceaux tubulaires des réacteurs nucléaires. Leurs simulations numériques directes étant hors de portée, on met en œuvre une approche multi-échelle: il s'agit de tirer profit du coût modeste d'une description macroscopique, et à la fois, de la précision des informations microscopiques. Vis-à-vis des modèles existants, le travail de développement se focalise sur la prise en compte de la convection dans le calcul des champs hydrodynamiques, mais surtout, sur la possibilité de restituer des réponses vibratoires variées au sein d'un même faisceau. L'homogénéisation aboutit à un système d'équations gouvernant les Interactions Fluide-Solide à une échelle macroscopique. Ces équations sont couplées par une source en quantité de mouvement, traduisant les charges hydrodynamiques exercées sur une structure donnée. Cette force à modéliser représente une loi de fermeture du problème homogénéisé, mettant en jeu des coefficients a priori inconnus. Une méthode d'estimation est proposée à partir des champs microscopiques obtenus par simulation directe sur un domaine réduit et représentatif du large système de référence. Les capacités prédictives du modèle homogénéisé sont évaluées en comparaison avec des données de référence, issues de calculs numériques directs microscopiques. Chaque système considéré présente une variété de réponses en déplacement que le modèle homogénéisé restitue avec un accord satisfaisant. Cette approche multi-échelle semble être un bon compromis entre le coût des réalisations numériques et la précision attendue des données vibratoires et hydrodynamiques. / Vibration of tubes arrays is a matter of safety assessments of nuclear reactor cores or steam generators. Such systems count up thousands of slender-bodies immersed in viscous flow, involving multi-physics mechanisms caused by nonlinear dynamic interactions between the fluid and the solid materials. Direct numerical simulations for predicting these phenomena could derive from continuum mechanics, but require expensive computing resources. Therefore, one alternative to the costly micro-scale simulations consists in describing the interstitial fluid dynamics at the same scale as the structures one. Such approach rely on homogenization techniques intended to model mechanics of multi-phase systems. Homogenization results in coupled governing equations for the fluid and solid dynamics, whose solution provides individual tubes displacements and average fluid fields for each periodic unit cell. An hydrodynamic force term arises from the formulation within this set of homogenized equations: it depends on the micro-scale flow in the vicinity of a given tube-wall, but needs to be estimated as a function of the macro-scale fields in order to close the homogenized problem. The fluid force estimation relies on numerical micro-scale solutions of fluid-solid interactions over a tube array of small size. The multi-scale model is assessed for arrays made up of hundreds tubes, and is compared with solutions coming from the numerical micro-scale simulations. The macro-scale solution reproduces with good agreement the averaged solution of the micro-scale simulation, indicating that the homogenization method and the hydrodynamic force closure are suitable for such tube array configurations.

L’augmentation de la population mondiale et l’urbanisation croissante conduisent à une densification urbaine qui menace l’accès des habitants des villes au soleil et à la lumière naturelle. Cet accès est lié à des problématiques de consommation d’énergie, de santé et de bien-être ; il peut être limité par plusieurs caractéristiques du tissu urbain telles que la largeur des rues, la hauteur des bâtiments, la clarté des façades et de la chaussée. Nous avons étudié l’influence des caractéristiques les plus importantes d’un canyon urbain sur la disponibilité de la lumière naturelle à l’intérieur du canyon sous des conditions climatiques réelles. Nous avons fabriqué dans ce but, le modèle réduit d’un canyon urbain, la représentation simplifiée d’une rue. Cette maquette est modifiable, le rapport d’aspect H/W (Hauteur/Largeur) du canyon peut être modifié et les façades sont interchangeables. Durant une année, les éclairements lumineux y ont été mesurés sur le sol et à plusieurs hauteurs des façades, au pas de la minute, sous des conditions de ciel réelles. Au total, 12 configurations sont représentées dans la base de données obtenue, avec 3 rapports d’aspect : H/W=0,5, 1 et 2, et 4 types de façades de facteur de réflexion lumineux différent. Les revêtements de façade utilisés sont : noir, blanc, crépi et crépi avec des parties vitrées. Nous étudions l’influence de ces paramètres en fonction des types de ciel définis par la CIE pour un canyon orienté nord/sud. Nous utilisons aussi ces données pour étudier l’usage, la performance et la précision de trois logiciels de modélisation du rayonnement solaire en milieu urbain : Citysim, Daysim et Heliodon. Ces trois logiciels offrant différents niveaux de simplification. Enfin, nous avons mené une campagne de mesure dans les rues de Lyon. Cela nous a permis de nous confronter à la réalité des données de terrain, juger des difficultés à les recueillir et à modéliser le rayonnement solaire dans l'espace réel. Nous avons aussi évalué une nouvelle méthode de mesure des éclairements lumineux d’une façade. Cette méthode se base sur des cartes de luminances obtenues à partir de photos fisheye avec un appareil photo numérique étalonné en luminances. La comparaison de ces mesures avec celles de la maquette permet d’évaluer l’erreur commise en utilisant un revêtement simplifié. En utilisant les données récoltées sur la maquette, le rapport d’aspect H/W=1 permet d’obtenir le meilleur accès à la lumière naturelle dans le canyon, il correspond à un bon compromis entre la contribution des façades et du ciel. Pour chaque ville, une configuration optimale peut être déterminée en fonction du climat local, qui peut être représenté par la fréquence d’observation des différents types de ciel CIE. Nous avons évalué la capacité des logiciels choisis à prendre en compte le climat. Avec Heliodon, il est possible d’obtenir des éclairements lumineux proches de ceux mesurés sur la maquette, pour des ciels sans nuages. Puisque le climat varie tout au long de l’année, la prise en compte des 15 types de ciel CIE doit être préférée à l’utilisation d’un ciel uniquement sans nuages, ou couvert comme cela est souvent le cas. Les logiciels Citysim et Daysim sont capables de prendre en compte le climat réel et produisent de bonnes corrélations avec les mesures effectuées sur la maquette pour tous les types de ciel. / As the world population and the urbanization increase, cities become denser, thus reducing access to daylight and sunlight for city dwellers. This access is linked to some issues such as energy consumption, health and comfort; it can be limited by several urban fabric features such as street width, building height, façade and road coating. We have evaluated the influence of the most important features of an urban canyon regarding daylight availability inside the canyon under real sky conditions.To that end, we have built a scale model of an urban canyon, the simplest representation of a street. This scale model can be modified: the aspect ratio H/W (Height/Width) can be changed as well as the type of façade. During one year, outdoor illuminances have been measured every minute on the ground and at different heights of the façades. Hence, we created a database containing twelve combinations of an urban canyon with the following parameters: three aspect ratios (H/W=2, 1 and 0.5) and four types of façades with different reflection factors. The different coatings of the façades are: black, white, roughcast and roughcast with windows. We evaluate the influence of these parameters for each type of sky defined according to the CIE for a north/south orientated canyon.We also use this database in order to evaluate the ease of use, performance and precision of three software tools for the estimation of solar radiation in urban context: Citysim, Daysim and Heliodon, each having different simplification levels.Finally, we have carried a measuring campaign in the streets of the French city of Lyons. This campaign allowed us to realize the difficulty of collecting data in the field and modelling solar radiation of a real street. We have also assessed a new method for measuring illuminances of a whole façade. This method is based on a luminance map generated from a calibrated digital camera equipped with a fisheye lens. A comparison between these illuminances with illuminances measured on the scale model with regular sensors allows us to estimate the bias of using a simplified coating.Based on illuminances measured on the scale model, a canyon with an aspect ratio H/W=1 has a better access to daylight, it represents a good compromise between contributions of the sky and the opposing façade. Every city has an optimal canyon shape according to its local climate that could be defined as the frequency of occurrence of the CIE types of sky. We have evaluated the ability of the selected software tools to take into account the climate. For clear skies, Heliodon is able to produce illuminances close to those measured on the scale model. Because the weather changes throughout the year, one would rather take into account the 15 CIE types of sky instead of using either a clear sky or an overcast sky as many studies do. Citysim and Daysim are able to take into account the climate and correlate well with scale model measurements for each type of sky. The method for measuring illuminances using a fisheye lens camera has been validated based on the measurements in real streets of Lyons. This method could produce more accurate values using a reflection factor map of the façade. Illuminances measured on the scale models didn’t correlate well with illuminances measured in real streets because of the complexity of the streets compared to the simplicity of the idealized canyon of the scale model. The use of simplified models of streets can lead to bad results, for instance, with studies estimating the energy consumption of buildings for lighting at district or urban scale. The density of urban areas must decrease in order to improve access to daylight. That would provide other advantages such as the reduction of exposure to vehicles pollution or reduction of the urban heat island. The calculation of an ideal aspect ratio could be achieved using tools evaluated in this thesis.

L’interaction des phénomènes de transfert de chaleur et de masse dans un tissu urbain avec les apports anthropiques participent à l’îlot de chaleur urbain et à la dégradation de la performance énergétique des bâtiments. L’objectif de cette étude est de définir l’impact de la modification des propriétés radiatives aux façades des bâtiments qui peut être réalisée par l’utilisation de revêtements sélectifs colorés récemment développés pour les toitures. Les flux sensibles et l’impact sur les bâtiments sont étudiés pour une morphologie caractéristique des milieux urbains denses, la rue canyon. Un suivi expérimental mené sur des surfaces élémentaires de propriétés radiatives différentes nous a permis de développer par une méthode d’optimisation un procédé de détermination simultané du coefficient de convection et des absorptivités solaires effectives sur la période de mesure. L’utilisation de peintures sélectives dans la configuration canyon retenue est ensuite analysée expérimentalement. Pour cela une maquette (1/10ème) de scène urbaine a été conçue sur la base de 5 rangées de cuves de béton creux qui ont fait l’objet de mesures de températures et de flux radiatifs. Dans un premier temps, le traitement de deux mois de mesures a permis de caractériser les évolutions de champs de températures liés à cette forme urbaine. Par la suite, trois configurations de propriétés radiatives aux façades ont été étudiées simultanément et ont permis d’analyser les modifications spécifiques sur les champs de température, de sur-faces et d’air. Afin d’estimer les économies d’énergie réalisables sur un bâtiment réel ainsi que l’impact sur son environnement proche, une étude paramétrique des revêtements de façade et de la chaussée a été effectuée par des simulations de l’interaction du bâti et du micro-climat. Les méthodes et expériences établies dans cette étude nous permettent d’envisager le développement du traitement des façades et de la caractérisation de leurs performances globales. / Modified heat and mass transfer in the urban built and anthropogenic loads contribute to the urban heat island phenomenon as to the deterioration of building energy efficiency. The scope of this study is to define the impact implied by the modification of façade radiative properties that can be achieved by using selective cool-coloured coatings initially developed for roofing. Sensible heat transfers and consequences on building comfort are studied through a characteristic morphology from dense urban environment, the street canyon. Monitoring of surface energy budget on elementary discs of different radiative properties allowed us to develop, through optimisation method, a process to determine simultaneously the effective solar absorptivities and a convective heat transfer coefficient on the measurement period. The following step consists in an experimental analysis of cool selective paints in the chosen canyon configuration. A reduced-scale model (1/10th) of an urban scene has been designed with 5 rows of hollow concrete tanks that had temperatures and radiative fluxes monitored. Measured data for uniform coatings allowed highlighting the temperature evolution linked to the particular urban form. Afterwards, three façades radiative properties configurations have been studied simultaneously and allowed the analysis of those specific modifications on air and surface temperature fields. Lastly, in order to estimate energy consumption savings on real scale buildings as well as the impact on the near urban environment, a parametric study on coating of façades and roads has been performed through simulation taking into account interactive heat transfers between the built environment and the microclimate. The experiments and methods designed along the study permit to consider façade coating development and global efficiency characterization.