Branches of complexity theory have been widely employed in geographic information systems (GIS) to explore phenomena that appear in urban environments. Among these, space syntax, as an urban morphological application of complexity theory, has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Accordingly, many computer-based tools have been developed to realize related analysis spatially, especially those that can be integrated as functions with GIS. In this thesis, a space syntax tool – Axwoman – is redeveloped and tested as an extension of ESRI ArcGIS Desktop in order to fulfill certain specific needs in urban morphological analysis. It is primarily used to calculate all space syntax measures for several urban systems and to explore the relationships between these measures. To meet the needs for this new version of Axwoman, several functions have been updated and changed, for drawing, coloring, and classifying axial lines as maps for visual thinking; ticking overpasses and excluding them from computing space syntax parameters; and integrating AxialGen and Axwoman. In accordance with this, several case studies have been performed on the urban street networks in large cities. In this paper, Stockholm was chosen as the study object at both the urban level and the building level. After the scaling analysis and time efficiency analysis, the results are also interpreted from a structural point of view and in terms of how the function of space is subject to its morphological structure. Finally, the connectivity of axial lines (a spatial measurement in space syntax theory) was found to follow a power-law distribution. Through this work, the new edition of Axwoman generating satisfactory outputs, the research have proved that the connectivity of axial lines follows a lognormal distribution or a power-law-like distribution, which is one of the heavy-tailed distributions. In addition, it was have found that axial lines better for capture the underlying urban morphologies showed in their study on redefining the generated axial lines from street center lines. Moreover, fewer longest axial lines will show up on the maps, just as coincidental as the shape of mental maps, which proved that the axial line representations can be a powerful tool for urban studies.

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This thesis aims to seek interesting patterns from massive amounts of Flickr data in Sweden with pro- posed new clustering strategies. The aim can be further divided into three objectives. The first one is to acquire large amount of timestamped geolocation data from Flickr servers. The second objective is to develop effective and efficient methods to process the data. More specifically, the methods to be developed are bifold, namely, the preprocessing method to solve the “Big Data” issue encountered in the study and the new clustering method to extract spatio-temporal patterns from data. The third one is to analyze the extracted patterns with scaling analysis techniques in order to interpret human social activities underlying the Flickr Data within the urban envrionment of Sweden. During the study, the three objectives were achieved sequentially. The data employed for this study was vector points downloaded through Flickr Application Programming Interface (API). After data ac- quisition, preprocessing was performed on the raw data. The whole dataset was firstly separated by year based on the temporal information. Then data of each year was accumulated with its former year(s) so that the evovling process can be explored. After that, large datasets were splitted into small pieces and each piece was clipped, georeferenced, and rectified respectively. Then the pieces were merged together for clustering. With respect to clustering, the strategy was developed based on the Delaunay Triangula- tion (DT) and head/tail break rule. After that, the generated clusters were analyzed with scaling analysis techniques and spatio-temporal patterns were interpreted from the analysis results. It has been found that the spatial pattern of the human social activities in the urban environment of Sweden generally follows the power-law distribution and the cities defined by human social activities are evolving as time goes by. To conclude, the contributions of this research are threefold and fulfill the objectives of this study, respectively. Firstly, large amount of Flickr data is acquired and collated as a contribution to other aca- demic researches related to Flickr. Secondly, the clustering strategy based on the DT and head/tail break rule is proposed for spatio-temporal pattern seeking. Thirdly, the evolving of the cities in terms of human activities in Sweden is detected from the perspective of scaling. Future work is expected in major two aspects, namely, data and data processing. For the data aspect, the downloaded Flickr data is expected to be employed by other studies, especially those closely related to human social activities within urban environment. For the processing aspect, new algorithms are expected to either accelerate the processing process or better fit machines with super computing capacities.

NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF TRANSIENT LAMINAR NATURAL CONVECTION OF HIGH PRANDTL NUMBER FLUIDS IN A CUBICAL CAVITYObai Younis Taha ElaminLa convección natural en espacios cerrados, se encuentra ampliamente en sistemas naturales e industriales. El objetivo general de este trabajo es desarrollar y validar una herramienta de simulación capaz de predecir las tasas de enfriamiento de aceite en un tanque. Esta herramienta ha de tener en cuenta la variación de la viscosidad del aceite para dar información detallada de las tasas de enfriamiento del aceite bajo diferentes condiciones de contorno térmicas realisticas. En primer lugar, la influencia de diferentes condiciones de contorno térmicas en las paredes, la variación de la viscosidad y la conductividad de la pared en la convección natural del flujo laminar transitorio en una cavidad cúbica con seis paredes térmicamente activo están analizadas.Para analizar el efecto individual de las paredes laterales de la cavidad en el proceso de enfriamiento, la segunda parte de este estudio considera que, tanto numéricamente como experimentalmente, la transición de la convección natural laminar en una cavidad cúbica con dos paredes opuestas frías y verticales.Nuevas relaciones de escala que tengan en cuenta la variación de la viscosidad con la temperatura, no publicadas anteriormente en la literatura, se derivan de las velocidades de la capa límite, por el tiempo necesario para la capa límite para alcanzar el estado estacionario y para la velocidad y el espesor de las intrusiones horizontales.NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF TRANSIENT LAMINAR NATURAL CONVECTION OF HIGH PRANDTL NUMBER FLUIDS IN A CUBICAL CAVITYObai Younis Taha ElaminFree convection in enclosed spaces is found widely in natural and industrial systems. The general objective of this work is to develop and validate a simulation tool able to predict the cooling rates of oil in a tank. This tool has to take into account the variation of the oil viscosity to give detailed information of the cooling rates of the oil under different realistic thermal boundary conditions. First, the influence of different thermal wall boundary conditions, the variation of the viscosity and the wall conductivity on the transient laminar natural convection flow in a cubical cavity with the six walls thermally active is studied numerically. To analyze the individual effect of the side walls of the cavity on the cooling process, the second part of this study considers, numerically and experimentally, the transient laminar natural convection in a cubical cavity with two cold opposite vertical walls. The shadowgraph technique is employed to visualize the development of the transient convective flow. New scaling relations that take into account the viscosity variation with temperature, not reported previously in the literature, are derived for the boundary layer velocities, for the time needed for the boundary layer to reach the steady state and for the velocity and thickness of the horizontal intrusions.

For simple fluids, or Newtonian fluids, the study of the Navier-Stokes equations in the high Reynolds number limit brings about two fundamental research subjects, the Euler equations and the Prandtl's system. The consideration of infinite Reynolds number reduces the Navier-Stokes equations to the Euler equations, both of which are dealing with the entire flow region. Prandtl's system consists of the governing equations of the boundary layer, a thin layer formed at the wall boundary where viscosity cannot be neglected. In this dissertation, we investigate the upper convected Maxwell(UCM) model for complex fluids, or non-Newtonian fluids, in the high Weissenberg number limit. This is analogous to the Newtonian fluids in the high Reynolds number limit. We present two well-posedness results. The first result is on an initial-boundary value problem for incompressible hypoelastic materials which arise as a high Weissenberg number limit of viscoelastic fluids. We first assume the stress tensor is rank-one and develop energy estimates to show the problem is locally well-posed. Then we show the more general case can be handled in the same spirit. This problem is closely related to the incompressible ideal magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) system. The second result addresses the formulation of a time-dependent elastic boundary layer through scaling analysis. We show the well-posedness of this boundary layer by transforming to Lagrangian coordinates. In contrast to the possible ill-posedness of Prandtl's system in Newtonian fluids, we prove that in non-Newtonian fluids the stress boundary layer problem is well-posed. / Ph. D.

Ophidiidae are major benthopelagic fishes with wide distribution and depth range. Three types of sonic structural patterns have been described in some studied ophidiid fishes, however, the significance of the different types of the sonic apparatus, and the distribution in the subfamilies remain unclear. In addition, although the sonic apparatus and the sonic mechanisms of the high frequency sounds produced by cusk-eels has been explained, the characteristics of extrinsic swimbladder sonic muscle is still unknown. In this study, I investigated three ophidiid subfamilies from Taiwan and reviewed the published data to study the morphological traits of their sonic apparatus. Inaddition, Hoplobrotula armata were related to study the proteomic characterization of the extrinsic swimbladder sonic muscle. Results indicate that the 13 ophidiid species in this study could be grouped into five sonic structural patterns, and three subfamilies could be separated accordingly. Furthermore, because the sister group of the family Ophidiidae-carapidae is soniferous, I suggest that the common ancestor of the three ophidiid subfamilies should also be soniferous. Comparisons made in regarded to environmental factors indicate that diversity of sonic apparatus in three ophidiids subfamiliesis depth dependent. The extrinsic swimbladder sonic muscles could be separated into ventral sonic muscle and intermediate sonic muscle. The histological cross-sections of the ventral sonic muscle fibers show peripheral ring myofibrillar region and central core and they are similar with the sonic muscle. Ventral muscle weights were higher in males than females, but the muscle fibers are smaller in males. Protein values of ventral sonic muscles showed high expression in fast and long duration constructional proteins, and males were higher in protein expression than females. Intermediate sonic muscles, on the other hand, were larger in females than males. The cross-sections of muscle fibers were similar to the white muscle. Expression in the fast constructional related protein in the intermediate sonic muscle was higher than ventral sonic muscles, and the metabolically related protein was lower than ventral sonic muscles. The phylogeny of ophidiiform fishes is not clear at present; the sonic-apparatus diversity in ophidiid fishes observed in this study becomes useful to reveal the relationship phylogenetic of ophidiids fishes. Regard the physiology of sound production, I suggest that the larger ventral sonic muscle in males are be provides a better constructional ability, and their smaller fibers are adaptative for energy metabolism regarded for continuous fast constraction and fatigue resistance. The longer intermediate sonic muscle in females is a better constructional ability than male. In intermediate sonic muscle were be fast constructional related protein, higher in expression than the ventral sonic muscles, the metabolic related protein was lower than the ventral sonic muscles. These results suggest that the intermediate sonic muscle has a hight constructional ability but has a disventage of being easily fatigue.

High variability of the ionosphere is connected to geomagnetic, solar, and neutral atmosphere wave activity. Results of scaling analysis of solar data (F10.7, SSN), geomagnetic indices (Dst, Kp, AE), and ionospheric critical frequencies (foF2) show similar structure of Kp, AE and foF2 at periods in the range from 4 to 32 days. Data structure depends on the location of ionospheric stations. Correlation coefficients between foF2 and geomagnetic and solar indices depend on length of time scale. We show that vertical coupling exists between neutral atmosphere activity and sporadic E layer area. This connection is located predominantly on periods corresponding to internal modes of planetary waves. Interplanetary magnetic field discontinuities (Coronal mass ejections, Magnetic clouds, Hight speed solar streams) affect strongly the ionosphere. Analysed events lead to lowering of foF2, increase in heights of the layer F2 and oscillations of hmF2 and foF2 on periods in the order of hours. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

A polymer is a large molecule constructed from many smaller structural units calledmonomers joined together by covalent bonds. Polymers have existed in natural formsince life began and those such as DNA, RNA, proteins and polysaccharides are someof the most important macromolecules found in plant and animal life. From the earliesttimes, the man has used many of these polymers as materials for providing clothing,decoration, tools, weapons and other requirements. However, the origins of today'spolymer industry commonly are accepted as being in the nineteenth century whenimportant discoveries were made concerning to the modification of certain naturalpolymers, as cellulose. The use of synthetic and natural polymers as stabilisers forcolloid systems (sols, dispersions, microemulsions, etc.) is becoming more importanteveryday in contemporary life. Polymer additives can be applied in preconcentrationsand dehydration of suspensions in mineral processing, purification of wastewater andeven in nutritional and pharmaceutical emulsions being their importance related to thecharacteristics of the process and the properties that they show. The present work aimsto develop appropriate numerical and analytical modelling techniques, which candescribe (considering the formation of loops and tails) the structure of a polymeric layeradsorbed on heterogeneous surfaces; this adsorbed layer is an relevant factor in theproperties showed by this kind of materials. Taking into account this, the methodologyknown as Single Chain Mean Field (SCMF) (originally used to study micellaraggregates and grafted polymers) was modified to apply on polymer adsorptionproblems. In this way, it was possible to calculate numerically properties that can beexperimentally measured, such as total monomer volume fraction profiles, loop and tailvolume fraction profiles, adsorbance or the thickness of the adsorbed layer. Thestructure of the polymeric layer was examined both for flat and spherical (colloidalparticles) surface geometries. When compared with other well establishedmethodologies for the numerical simulation of polymeric systems, this new version ofSCMF was found to be more efficient due to the improved sampling of the polymerchain configuration space.Thus, SCMF method results, in the case of the adsorption on flat surfaces, compare wellwith those obtained either with Monte Carlo simulations or with the method developedin the 80s by Scheutjens and Fleer (SCF). Due to the lack of studies focusing to polymeradsorption on colloidal particles, our results have been the first to present quantitativepredictions of the structure of the polymeric layer adsorbed on a spherical surface. Thus,we have demonstrated the dependence of the adsorbed polymer layer with the size ofthe colloidal particle as well as the characteristic lengths that influence on it. Finally, inthis work an analytical approach for the description of polymer-colloidal mixtures hasbeen developed which compares well with the numerical results obtained from theSCMF methodology. Furthermore, the analytical approach is able to predict systembehaviours, as for example the formation of gels. / Un polímero es una molécula de grandes dimensiones formada de pequeñas unidadesllamadas monómeros, los cuales se encuentran unidos por medio de enlaces covalentes.Los polímeros han existido de forma natural desde el comienzo de la vida, y aquelloscomo el DNA, RNA o las proteínas son algunos de los polímeros más importantesencontrados tanto en la vida animal como en la vegetal. Desde siempre el hombre hautilizado muchos de estos polímeros como materiales para hacer ropa, decoración,herramientas, etc. Sin embargo, el origen de la industria de polímeros que conocemoshoy en día se produjo en el siglo 19, gracias a importantes descubrimientos dentro de lamodificación de ciertos polímeros naturales, como la celulosa. El uso de polímerossintéticos y naturales como estabilizadores de sistemas coloidales (dispersiones,microemulsiones, etc.) juega en nuestros días un papel importante. Los polímerosutilizados como aditivos, pueden ser aplicados en preconcentraciones y deshidrataciónde suspensiones dentro de procesos minerales, tratamiento de aguas residuales e inclusolos podemos encontrar dentro de la industria farmacéutica y alimentaria, donde suimportancia es debida a la procesabilidad y propiedades que ellos exhiben. El trabajoque se presenta es orientado al desarrollo de técnicas de modelización, tanto analíticascomo computacionales, y su aplicación en la descripción (por medio de la formación debucles y colas) de la estructura de la capa de polímeros adsorbida en superficiesheterogéneas, siendo dicha capa de polímeros un factor importante en las propiedadesque este tipo de materiales presentan. Con este propósito, la metodología conocidacomo Single Chain Mean Field, utilizada anteriormente tanto para el estudio deagregados micelares como de polímeros anclados en superficies, ha sido modificadapara describir la adsorción de polímeros en superficies. Así se han podido calcularnuméricamente propiedades medibles experimentalmente como los perfiles de lafracción en volumen de monómeros totales, además de los pertenecientes a los bucles ycolas, adsorbancia o el espesor de la capa adsorbida, para geometrías de la superficieabsorbente tanto plana como esférica (partículas coloidales). En su comparación conotras metodologías, ya establecidas para la simulación numérica dentro de la física depolímeros, la aplicación de esta nueva versión del Single Chain Mean Field (SCMF)ha resultado ser más eficiente debido a un mejor muestreo del espacio deconfiguraciones de las cadenas poliméricas. De este modo, comparando los resultadosobtenidos a partir del SCMF, con aquellos obtenidos mediante técnicas de simulaciónMonte Carlo o la teoría desarrollada en los años 80 por Scheutjens y Fleer (SCF), se hapodido encontrar un buen acuerdo en las propiedades calculadas para el caso de laadsorción en superficies planas. Debido a la dificultad intrínseca del estudio de laadsorción en superficies curvadas, nuestros resultados son los primeros que presentanpredicciones cuantitativas sobre la estructura de la capa que se forma sobre unapartícula coloidal. Así hemos podido comprobar la dependencia de la estructura de lacapa de polímeros adsorbidos con el tamaño de la partícula sobre la que se encuentranadsorbidos además de las longitudes características de las cuales depende. Finalmente,en este trabajo se ha desarrollado, también, una teoría analítica para la descripción de lamezcla polímero-coloide. De este modo, los resultados numéricos obtenidos con elSCMF han podido ser comparados con dicha teoría, obteniendo, de nuevo, un buenacuerdo y predecir, además, comportamientos colectivos como la formación de geles.

We study the space-time characteristics of global tropical rainfall. The data used is from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and spans the years 2000-2009. Using anomaly fields constructed by removing a single mean and by subtracting the climatology of the ten year dataset, we extract the dominant modes of variability of tropical rainfall from an Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt at applying the EOF formal-ism to high spatio-temporal resolution global tropical rainfall. Spatial patterns and temporal indices obtained from the EOF analysis with single annual mean removed show large scale patterns associated with the seasonal cycle. Even though the seasonal cycle is dominant, the principal component (PC) time series show fluctuations at subseasonal scales. When the climatological mean is removed, spatial patterns of the dominant modes resemble features associated with tropical intraseasonal variability (ISV). Correspondingly, the signature of a seasonal cycle is relatively suppressed, and the PCs have prominent fluctuations at subseasonal scales. The significance of the leading EOFs is demonstrated by means of a novel ratio plot of the variance captured by the leading EOFs to the variance in the data. This shows that, in regions of high variability (which go hand in hand with high rainfall), the EOF/PC pairs capture a fair amount of the variance (up to 20% for the first EOF/PC pair) in the data. We then pursue an EOF analysis of the finest data resolution available. In particular, we per-form a regional analysis (a global analysis is beyond our present computational resources) of the tropics with 0.25◦×0.25◦, 3-hourly data. The regions we focus on are the Indian region, the Maritime Continent and South America. The spatial patterns obtained reveal a rich hierarchical structure to the leading modes of variability in these regions. Similarly, the PCs associated with these leading spatial modes show variability all the way from 90 days to the diurnal scale. With the results from EOF analysis in hand, we quantify the multiscale spatio-temporal structures encountered in our study. In particular, we examine the power spectra of the PCs and EOFs. A robust feature of the space and time spectra is the distribution of energy or variance across a range of scales. On the temporal front, aside from a seasonal and diurnal peaks, the variance scales as a power-law from a few days to the 90 day period. Similarly, below the planetary scale, from approximately 5000 km to 200 km the spatial spectrum also follows a power-law. Therefore, when trying to understand the variability of tropical rainfall, all scales are important, and it is difficult to justify a focus on isolated space and time scales.