The biomechanical aspects related to the adaptation of fixed prostheses over implants are directly associated to treatment success. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of microgaps in the union formed by the abutment and the inner connection of Cone Morse dental implant. The study was composed by two groups. The first group (n:16) used materials (dental implant and abutment) of the same manufacturer, Neodent® (Curitiba-PR, Brazil). The second group (n:16) used materials from different manufacturers, where the dental implant was Neodent® (Curitiba-PR, Brazil), and the abutment was Singular®(Parnamirim-RN, Brazil). The sets were sent to scanning electron microscope (SEM), where it was taken the measurements of microgaps formed between the implant connection and the abutment. The results obtained were submitted to statistical (Mann-Whitney-U) evaluating dispersion measurements and central tendency of values (standard and mean deviation). In group 1 the average found was 5,69μm and standard deviation (SD) was 8,46μm. Group 2 showed average of 1,24μm and SD: 0,44μm. The group formed by dental implant and abutment from the same manufacturer showed a greater data dispersion, with greater microgap values, compared to the group formed by the set implant-abutment of different manufacturers. It was concluded that, based on the measurements taken on SEM, the group formed by implant and abutment of different manufactures showed lower values of microgaps, and, therefore, a better in vitro adaptation. / Os aspectos biomecânicos relacionados à adaptação da prótese sobre o implante dentário estão diretamente associados ao sucesso do tratamento. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a presença de microgaps na união formada pelo abutment e a conexão interna do implante dentário do tipo Cone Morse. O estudo foi composto de dois grupos onde no primeiro grupo (n:16) foram utilizados materiais (implante dentário e abutment) do mesmo fabricante, Neodent® (Curitiba-PR, Brasil). No segundo grupo (n:16) foram utilizados materiais de fabricantes diferentes, sendo o implante da marca Neodent® (Curitiba-PR, Brasil) e o componente protético da marca Singular®(Parnamirim-RN, Brasil). Os conjuntos foram levados ao microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV), sendo realizadas as mensurações do microgap formado entre a conexão do implante e o componente protético. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística (Mann-Whitne-U) avaliando-se medidas de dispersão e tendência central dos valores (desvio padrão e média). No grupo 1 a média encontrada foi de 5,69μm e o desvio padrão (DP) foi de 8,46μm. O grupo 2 apresentou média de 1,24μm e o DP: 0,44μm. O grupo formado por implante e componente protético do mesmo fabricante apresentou maior dispersão dos dados, com valores maiores para o microgap, comparando-se com o grupo formado pelo conjunto implante-abutment de marcas diferentes. Concluiu-se que, com base nas mensurações realizadas no MEV, o grupo formado por implante e abutment de diferentes fabricantes apresentou menores valores de microgap e consequentemente uma melhor adaptação in vitro.

Orientador: Regina Maria Puppin-Rontani / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T22:54:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pacheco_LarissaFerreira_M.pdf: 2738346 bytes, checksum: a45f65b512f358ab0bd0c6efb39313e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A utilização de materiais restauradores unidos ao substrato dentinário tem sido um desafio que vem sendo superado nos últimos anos. Pesquisas têm conseguido aperfeiçoar a união dos materiais ao substrato dentinário, porém, a maioria dos estudos utiliza dentina hígida, uma vez que a utilização da dentina após remoção de cárie, isto é o substrato dentinário afetado pela cárie torna as pesquisas de difícil execução. Dentre os principais motivos destaca-se a difícil seleção de lesões similares, sendo, portanto um desafio para os pesquisadores pela variabilidade encontrada nos resultados não se alcançando a devida evidência científica para a aplicação das técnicas de união. A fim de aprimorar os estudos sobre este tipo de substrato, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferentes modelos de produção de cárie: modelo biológico e modelo in situ, comparando-os quanto a microdureza e profundidade de cárie à lesão de dentes extraídos com cárie. Foram utilizados 15 terceiros molares, compreendendo 5 dentes extraídos com cárie (cárie oclusal de profundidade média - C, grupo controle), 10 dentes eram hígidos, dos quais 5 foram utilizados para o modelo de produção de cárie in situ (IS) e 5 para o modelo biológico (MB). De todos os dentes foram obtidos blocos de dentina de 4x4x2 mm. Os blocos de dentina hígida foram analisados quanto à microdureza de superfície (SMH) e depois submetidos ao processo de cárie artificial. Após o desafio cariogênico, os blocos dos 3 grupos (C, IS, e MB) foram seccionados longitudinalmente ao centro obtendo-se dois hemi-blocos um dos quais foi submetido à análise da microdureza longitudinal (CSMH), e o outro à análise em Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). A microdureza longitudinal foi medida em 4 colunas com 8 pontos diferentes (com distância de 20µm entre as cinco indentações iniciais e 100µm entre as três finais), obtendo-se uma média de medidas por bloco. Os hemi-blocos restantes foram submetidos à análise em MEV para verificação da profundidade da lesão (X25 e X200), que foi medida na região mais profunda de cada uma delas. Os dados obtidos na análise da microdureza de superfície e longitudinal da lesão foram submetidos ao teste t, ANOVA e teste de Tukey, respectivamente (p<0,05). E os dados obtidos na análise de profundidade da lesão pelo MEV foram submetidos a ANOVA e teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Os resultados da microdureza de superfície após a produção de cárie mostrou que houve diferença significante entre os modelos de produção de cárie biológico e in situ, sendo que o modelo biológico não diferiu da lesão de cárie natural. Na microdureza longitudinal o modelo in situ apresentou nenhuma diferença estatística da cárie natural, mas o menor valor de CSMH foi observado na cárie produzida pelo modelo biológico. Na análise do MEV a lesão de cárie em dentina produzida pelo modelo biológico e a dentina cariada naturalmente tiveram profundidades similares, e o modelo in situ apresentou a menor profundidade de lesão de cárie. Baseado nos resultados obtidos neste estudo, foi concluido que os dois métodos de produção de cárie mostraram características similares ao da lesão de cárie natural em dentina nos diferentes testes realizados: microdureza de superfície e longitudinal, e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. / Abstract: The use of restorative materials attached to the dentin substrate has been a challenge that has been overcome in the last years. Research has been able to improve the bonding between the materials and dentin substrate, however, the most studies use sound dentin, since the use of dentin after caries remove, such as dentin substrate affected make research difficult to perform. Among the main reasons stand the difficult selection of similar lesions, and, therefore a challenge to the researchers for the variability found in the results not reaching the proper scientific evidence for the application of bonding techniques. In order to improve the researches about this specific substrate, the aim of this study was to evaluate different models to produce caries, using the biological model, and the in situ model, comparing them about the cross-sectional microhardness and caries depth with the natural carious lesion, thus, extract teeth with caries dentin. Were used 15 third molars, including 5 teeth with natural caries (occlusal caries with average depth- CN), 10 teeth were sound, which 5 were used for the in situ production model of caries (IS) and 5 for the biological model (MB). Of all the teeth were obtained dentin samples with 4x4x2mm. Sound dentin samples were submitted to surface microhardness analysis and after to artificial caries process. After the cariogenic challenge, samples of the three groups (CN, IS, e MB) were cross sectioned to the center obtaining two sections which one was submitted cross-sectional microhardness analysis (CSMH) and the other to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Samples were analyzed as cross-section hardness in 4 columns with 8 different points (with a distance of 20µm between the first five indentations and 100µm between the last three) obtaining average measures for sample. The rest of sections were submitted to analysis by SEM to check the depth of the lesion, which was measured in the deepest region of each one. The data obtained by microhardness analysis and the depth lesion by SEM were submitted to ANOVA 2 criteria and t test, and ANOVA and Tukey test, respectively (p<0,05). Results of surface microhardness after to artificial caries process showed significantly difference between biological model and in situ model, and the biological model had no difference to natural caries. In the cross-sectional microhardness in situ model present no statistically difference from natural caries, but the lowest CSMH was observed for biological model of caries producing. SEM analysis, the artificial carious dentin lesions produced by biological model and natural carious dentin had similar depth, and the in situ model had the lowest depth of carious lesion. Based on the obtained results of this study it was concluded that both methods showed similar characteristics to natural caries dentin but concerning different tests: surface and cross-sectional microhardness, and scanning electron microscopy. / Mestrado / Odontopediatria / Mestre em Odontologia

Magister Chirurgiae Dentium (MChD)

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of physical and mechanical disinfection of P. gingivalis from implant disks and to evaluate bone cells growth and attachment to the disks. Background. Each year, over three million of Americans replacing missing teeth with dental implants. An inflammatory process around an implant that causes bone loss, characterizes peri-implantitis, first diagnosed in the 1980s. The prevalence is approximately 22%. To date, no treatment protocol of peri-implantitis has been proposed. Methods. 207 implants disks. Four different implant surfaces utilized. Disks were contaminated by p. gingivalis and consequentially disinfected by physical means (spraying prophy jet, titanium brush, and ultrasonic activation) and chemically by Hydrogen Peroxide 3%, 0.12% Chlorhexidine Gluconate, and Sodium Bicarbonate. Osteoblasts were added to the disks. Growth factors (Emdogain and Gem21S) were used in two groups. Osteoblast vitality, attachment and morphology were evaluated. Results. On 3iT3 the all disinfection methods had similar results. On Osseotite and Nanotite surfaces, the citric acid combined with ultrasonic activation granted the worse results. Hence, disks that did not have the surface altered by physical decontamination had most cells attached. Hydrogen Peroxide 3% showed to be the most biocompatible and 0.12% Chlorhexidine gluconate showed most cellular toxicity. Implant coating did not influence osteoblast attachment. Growth factors did not promote osteoblast attachment. Conclusion: Further investigations are necessary.

The inclusions have a different chemical composition and give the steel different mechanical properties. These inclusions affect several properties of steel. In order to understand how the inclusions will affect the steel properties, the electrolytic extraction of 3D investigate method is applied on the steel grade of 42CrMo4. Then follow with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observation. Steel samples from both ingot and rolling with and without heat treatment are observed and compared with different ratios. The result shown that, heat treatment can be applied for removing carbides successfully. And most inclusions are belonging to Type RS which is rod like MnS. The percentage of broken particles can be up to 80%, which means that the reason for the inclusions broken should be find. And heat treatment can affect the characteristics of elongated MnS.

<p> In this thesis the results of optical and scanning electron microscopic investigations of the evaporation morphology of zinc single crystals are presented. Dislocation etch pits developed on (0001) zinc cleavage surfaces. A mechanism is proposed to account for enhanced evaporation at decorated dislocations. The observation of macroledges on pit faces is reported and attributed to impurity-induced bunching of monatomic ledges, the impurities having out-diffused from the bulk. A proposed model for evaporation of faceted surfaces is used to interpret the ledge morphology which developed when samples were evaporated in an oxygen environment. Finally, a correlation between the effects of bulk impurities and gaseous impurities on ledge morphology is demonstrated.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p>Pollution problems have drawn worldwide awareness and become significantly important now. Particulate matter (PM) emission is one of the key pollution issues. Particulate matter has a significant impact on the environment and human health, especially particle sizes that range below 10μm. Researches continuously work an improvement of fine particulate matter collections emitted from all kinds of sources, such as automobiles, industrial combustion, etc. Governments in many countries are planning to regulate the PM emission from the existing PM_10 (particle diameter<10μm) to new limits PM_2.5 (particle diameter<2.5μm) within the next few years. For this reason, present PM control system needs to be improved.</p><p>The objective of this work is to develop a dust flow separator type electrostatic precipitator (DFS-ESP) for the effective control of fine particulate matter emission from natural gas combustions. The characteristic of PM emitted from natural gas combustion is studied, and the performance of a DFS-ESP is evaluated by experiments and numerical predictions.</p><p>An experiment was conducted for natural gas combustion exhaust flow rates from 2.5 to 9 Nm^3/h, ESP applied voltages from 0 to 30kV, and gas temperature from 80 to 160°C. A series of particle measurements were conducted at upstream, downstream and middle of the DFS-ESP system by an optical particle counter for particle mass density, and by condensation nucleate particle counter for particle size distributions and particle number density. Particle sampled from the natural gas combustion system was also analyzed by an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) technique. Flow velocity profile and pressure drop of the DFS-ESP were measured by a Pitot tube and diaphragm type pressure transducer, respectively.</p><p>The experimental results show that the particle size emitted from natural gas combustion ranges from 17 to 300nm in diameter, and the volume density is approximately from 5 x 10^8 #pt/m^3 to 5 x 10^9 #pt/m^3 depending on the combustion conditions. The dust flow separator can concentrate 90% of fine particles in 1 to 3% of the gas flow and divert it from the main flow to the ESP section where the particles can be removed. In terms of overall particle collection efficiency, the DFS-ESP system can remove up to 90% of the particles based on the number density. The pressure drop across the DFS-ESP is observed to be lower than lPa for the present range of flow rate, which is within acceptable limits for industrial applications.</p> / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

This graduation theises deal with influence of an additional grating possitioned berween the sample and the ionisation detektor of the environmental scannin elektron microscope on signal detection. Signal level is measured for changing pressure, at different voltages on the aditional grating, at different sample - additional electrode distance and at different sample - detektor distance. Influence of the additional grating is simulated for real working conditions on PC.

Regenerative medicine holds promises for many neurodegenerative diseases such as Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), a disorder that occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain, leading to apoptosis or necrosis of brain neurons. More than 5 million Americans suffer from TBI as a result of inability to regenerate damaged neurons. The aim of this project was to develop a biocompatible and electrically conductive substrate to promote growth and regeneration of neurons and for our long-term goal as a probe to record intracellular and multisite signals from brain. The substrate was fabricated by pyrolyzing a polymeric precursor -SPR 220.7 at temperatures higher than 700 ºC. Human Neuroblastoma cells - SK-N-MC, SY5Y and mouse teratocarcinoma cells P-19 were found to attach and proliferate on photoresist derived carbon film. Growth and differentiation of rat pheochromocytoma cell-PC12 that serves as a model for primary neurons was demonstrated. Initial examination of cell growth and differentiation was done by observing cell shape and size, and measuring the length of neurites after the cells were differentiated by NGF. Further characterization of cells cultured on photoresist derived carbon substrate was achieved by testing mRNA genes- GADPH and Tau. Findings from this investigative work would possibly help to study new approaches to promote neuronal growth and differentiation in damaged brain regions of people with TBI or in patients with other neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease in regaining memories.

A recuperação de nitrogênio e fósforo presente no esgoto tem se tornado uma alternativa bastante promissora para fornecer uma fonte renovável e ecologicamente sustentável de nutrientes para a agricultura e, consequentemente, melhorar a qualidade do efluente final do sistema de tratamento. Os compostos de fósforo, durante o tratamento de esgoto, numa primeira etapa são removidos por processos biológicos, sendo incorporados no lodo pelos organismos heterotróficos ordinários e organismos acumuladores de fósforo (PAOs). Seguidamente, em condições anaeróbias, o fósforo armazenado no lodo pode ser liberado para a fase líquida e em seguida recuperado como estruvita (MgNH4PO4 .6H2O) num processo de cristalização sob condições controladas. No Brasil, ainda não existem documentados estudos em escala piloto, que simulem condições reais, utilizando sistemas EBPR e reatores de precipitação. Por tal motivo, esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida com o intuito de contribuir com uma melhor compreensão do fenômeno de recuperação de fósforo como cristais de estruvita. A pesquisa foi dividia em três etapas: 1) Operação da configuração UCT modificado e digestor anaeróbio de lodo misto e testes preliminares no reator de precipitação de estruvita; 2) Delineamento e realização de experimentos de precipitação e 3) caracterização dos sólidos obtidos nos experimentos de precipitação. A primeira etapa consistiu em dar partida ao sistema biológico de remoção de fósforo (UCT modificado) e digestor anaeróbio de lodo, e consequentemente a produção do sobrenadante. Paralelamente, foram realizados testes no reator de precipitação. A partir do filtrado e o planejamento fatorial 33, foram definidos o pH, dosagem de magnésio e tempo de detenção hidráulico como fatores que exercem influência na precipitação de estruvita. Definiram-se as remoções de nitrogênio e fósforo como as variáveis respostas ao delineamento experimental. Os resultados mostraram remoções de nitrogênio entre 30 e 40% para pH 8,50 e 9,50, enquanto que remoções de fósforo acima de 80% foram obtidas para uma dosagem de magnésio de 80 mg Mg2+/L e pH 8,50 e 9,50. A influência do tempo de detenção hidráulico não foi significativa tanto na remoção de nitrogênio quanto de fósforo. As imagens obtidas pelas análises de MEV constataram a presença de um sistema ortorrômbico, típica dos cristais de estruvita. No entanto, observou-se que os tamanhos dos cristais mudaram consideravelmente em função dos tempos A caracterização dos sólidos por difração de raios X mostrou que na maioria dos experimentos foi obtida estruvita (23 das 27 condições experimentais), seguida de bobbierrita e newberita, em alguns casos, phosphamita, biphosphamita e brucita. Para as condições de pH 8,50 e 9,50 foi obtida pureza da estruvita entre 80 e 97%. / The recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus present in sewage has become a very promising alternative to provide a renewable and ecologically sustainable source of nutrients for agriculture and a consequently improve of the final effluent quality of the treatment system. The phosphorus compounds are initially removed by biological processes, being incorporated in the sludge through phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs). Later, the phosphorus stored under anaerobic conditions in the sludge, is released to the liquid phase and finally recovered as struvite (MgNH4PO4 .6H2O) following its crystallization process under a controlled setting. No pilot-scale studies, which simulate the real conditions using EBPR and precipitation reactors, have been documented in Brazil so far. Therefore, this research aimed to contribute to improve the understanding of the phosphorus recovering phenomenon as struvite crystals. This project was divided in three main stages: 1) Operation of the UCT-modified setting and the anaerobic digester of mixed sludge; 2) Design and performance of precipitation experiments and. 3) Characterization of the obtained solids during the precipitation experiments. At the first stage, the biological system for phosphorus removal (UCT-modified), and the anaerobic sludge digester were initiated, followed by the production of supernatant. Simultaneously, precipitation tests were carried out at the reactor. Following the factorial design, and using the recovered supernatant, the pH, addition of magnesium and hydraulic retention time, were identified as factors influencing the struvite precipitation. The phosphorus and nitrogen removal were defined as the dependent variables for the experimental design. The results showed a nitrogen removal between 30% and 40% for pH values of 8.50 and 9.50, independently of the used magnesium dose. On the otherhand, over 80% of phosphorus removal was attained with addition of magnesium of 80 mg Mg2+/L and pH values of 8.50 and 9.50. The hydraulic retention time have not influenced the total nitrogen and phosphorus removal, but the grain-size of the struvite crystals precipitated. The characterization of the recovered solids by X-ray diffraction showed that struvite was precipitated in most of the performed experiments (23 of 27 settings), although bobierrite, newberyite, phosphamite, biphosphamite and brucite, were formed as well. The maximum values for struvite pureness, between 80% and 97%, were obtained with pH values of 8.50 and 9.50. The MEV analyses supported the presence of a orthorhombic crystallographic system, which is a typical feature of struvite.