This study examines Hawthorne's use of symbols, particularly flowers, in The Scarlet Letter and The House of the Seven Gables. Romantic ideals stressed the full development of the self¬reliant individual, and romantic writers such as Hawthorne believed the individual would fully develop not only spiritually, but also intellectually by taking instruction from the natural world. Hawthorne's heroines reach their full potential as independent women in two steps: they first work together to defeat powerful patriarchies, and they then learn to read natural symbols to cultivate their artistic sensibilities which lead them to a full development of their intellect and spirituality. The focus of this study is Hawthorne's narrative strategy; how the author uses symbols as a language his heroines use to communicate from one generation to the next. In The Scarlet Letter, for instance, the symbol of a rose connects three generations of feminine reformers, Ann Hutchinson, Hester Prynne, and Pearl. By the end of the novel, Pearl interprets a rose as a symbol of her maternal line, which links her back to Ann Hutchinson. Similarly in The House of the Seven Gables Alice, Hepzibah, and Phoebe Pyncheon are part of a family line of women who work together to overthrow the Pyncheon patriarchy. The youngest heroine, Phoebe, comes to an understanding of her great, great aunt Alice's message from the posies her feminine ancestor plants in the Pyncheon garden. Through Phoebe's interpretation of the flowers, she deciphers how the cultivation of a sense of artistic appreciation is essential to the progress of American culture.

This thesis examines the works of Nathaniel Hawthorne and the archetypal images therein. The Scarlet Letter is discussed extensively with references made to The Blithedale Romance. Characters in the following short stories are referred to: “Rappaccini’s Daughter,” “Young Goodman Brown” and “The Birthmark.” An overall analysis of feminine repression in both male and female characters is explored. Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Pearl are the subjects of lengthy discussion. Journeys, both inward and outward are explored in the characters. The context is nineteenth-century culture of which Hawthorne is a product. The characters in The Scarlet Letter search for a complete existence, an integration of the unconscious and the conscious. Through a mythological study of Hawthorne’s work, we draw closer to understanding this complex example of nineteenth-century literature.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2009. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 85 p. : ill. (some col.), col. map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

abstract: Exchange is fundamental to the establishment and maintenance of social institutions and political economies in all scales of societies. While today people rapidly exchange goods and information over great distances, in the past, long-distance exchange necessitated the mobilization of vast networks of interaction with substantial transport costs. Objects traded over long distances were often valuable and challenging to obtain, granting them multifaceted significance that is difficult to understand using traditional archaeological approaches. This research examines human interactions with scarlet macaws (Ara macao) in the United States (U.S.) Southwest and Mexican Northwest (SW/NW) between 900 and 1450 CE. This period saw large-scale cultural change in the form of migrations, rapid population aggregation, and an expansion of long-distance exchange relations in regional centers at Pueblo Bonito (900-1150 CE) in northwestern New Mexico, Wupatki (1085-1220 CE) in north-central Arizona, and Paquimé (1200-1450 CE) in northern Chihuahua. Despite the distant natural habitat of scarlet macaws, their importation, exchange, and sacrifice appear to have played integral roles in the process of placemaking at these three regional centers. Here, I use an Archaeology of the Human Experience approach and combine radiogenic strontium isotope analysis with detailed contextual analyses using a Material Histories theoretical framework to (1) discern whether macaws discovered in the SW/NW were imported or raised locally, (2) characterize the acquisition, treatment and deposition of macaws at Pueblo Bonito, Wupatki, and Paquimé, and (3) identify patterns of continuity or change in acquisition and deposition of macaws over time and across space in the SW/NW. Findings from radiogenic strontium isotope analysis indicate that scarlet macaws from all case studies were primarily raised locally in the SW/NW, though at Paquimé, macaws were procured from sites in the Casas Grandes region and extra-regionally. Variation in the treatment and deposition of scarlet macaws suggests that despite their prevalence, macaws were interpreted and interacted with in distinctly local ways. Examination of the human experience of transporting and raising macaws reveals previously unconsidered challenges for keeping macaws. Overall, variation in the acquisition and deposition of scarlet macaws indicates changing strategies for placemaking in the SW/NW between 900 and 1450 CE. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2020

Diplomová práce se zabývá původem a demografickými charakteristikami geograficky izolovaných, nedávno vzniklých populací hýla rudého (Carpodacus erythrinus) na západním okraji areálu druhu. Práce je zalo.ena na nově získaných sekvencích dvou úseků mitochondriální DNA (410 páru bazí dlouhá sekvence kontrolní oblasti a 1029 dlouhá sekvence genu ND2) zji.těných u 82 jedinců ze 13 lokalit a jejich srovnáním s publikovanými sekvencemi z kontinuálního areálu. Zjistila jsem, .e geograficky izolované populace ze střední a severní Evropy nejsou významně geneticky izolované od populací kontinuálního areálu. Nově vzniklé populace také vykazují překvapivě vysokou diverzitu srovnatelnou s asijskými populacemi. Tato zji.tění nasvědčují intenzivnímu toku genů mezi populacemi zprostředkovanému pravděpodobně převá.ně disperzí mladých ptáků před prvním zahnízděním. Navzdory intenzivnímu toku genů mezi kontinuálním areálem a středo- a severoevropskými izolovanými populacemi hýli z Kavkazu, Bulharska a Turecka utvořili jasně oddělenou skupinu, která byla podpořena na základě několika typů analýz. Zdá se tedy, .e jedinci z těchto oblastí mohou mít vlastní oddělené zimovi.tě, komunikují jen minimálně se zbytkem areálu a díky tomu jsme zde zřejmě svědky počínající speciace. Klíčová slova: Hýl rudý (Carpodacus...

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Thesis (M.Sc.(Plant Protection)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Runner beans are extremely sensitive to root-knot (Meloidogyne species) nematodes. Phytonematicides had been consistently used in managing population densities of Meloidogyne species in various crops, with the application technologies being restricted to the ground leaching technology (GLT) and botinemagation technology, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The use of seeds as carriers of active ingredients of phytonematicides and then drying prior to sowing, is being considered as another potential application strategy in seeds with hypogeal germination. In such seeds, during seedling emergence the seed cover and the endosperm remain below the soil surface, just above the developing root system. As a result, in phytonematicide-primed seeds, the seed structures could serve as carriers for the active ingredients of phytonematicides. In cucurbitacin phytonematicides, Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides contain cucurbitacin A and B, respectively as active ingredients. The objectives of the study were two-fold, namely, to determine whether runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.) seeds would (1) serve as carriers of active ingredients of cucurbitacin-containing phytonematicides without affecting seed germination under in vitro conditions, (2) serve as carriers of cucurbitacins intended for suppression of M. incognita population densities under greenhouse and microplot conditions. Two separate studies were conducted under laboratory conditions, with seven treatment solutions at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64% Nemafric-BL or Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide. After exposure to separate solutions for 2 h, runner bean seeds were dried on laboratory benches for 72 h. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomised design (CRD), with 8 replications. Two layers of filter papers were placed inside each Petri dish seeded with 10 primed and dried seeds. Petri dishes were incubated inside LABCON growth chamber at 25ºC and 75% relative humidity. Successful seed germination, viewed as emergence of radicle from the testa, was recorded daily for a period of 10 days, with each count being removed from Petri dish to avoid re-counting. Under greenhouse and microplot conditions, primed-and dried seeds were sown in plastic pots containing 2 700 ml steam-pasteurised sandy loam soil, arranged in a randomised complete block design, replicated six times and eight times, respectively. Each seedling was inoculated by distributing 5 000 eggs and second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. incognita race 4 using a 50 ml plastic syringe. Originally, pots were irrigated using 500 ml chlorine-free tapwater, which was reduced to half after seedling emergence at every other day. Plant variables were collected at 56 days after inoculation and data were subjected to the Curve-fitting Allelochemical Response Dose algorithm model. In vitro, germination percentage (R 2 = 0.96), radicle length (R 2 = 0.89) and plumule diameter (R 2 = 0.96) versus Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relations. Similarly, the variables versus Nemafric-BL phytonematicide, exhibited positive quadratic relations. In vitro, Mean Concentration Stimulation Point (MCSP) value of Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide on runner bean seeds was 1.05%, whereas for Nemafric-BL phytonematicide MCSP value was 0.58%. Under greenhouse conditions, plant height (R 2 = 0.97), chlorophyll content (R 2 = 0.92), dry shoot mass (R 2 = 0.98), dead nodule number (R 2 = 0.90), total pod number (R 2 = 0.97) and active nodule number (R 2 = 0.93) versus Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relations., Similarly, chlorophyll content (R 2 = 0.95), gall rating (R 2 = 0.82), dry shoot weight (R 2 = 0.69), stem diameter (R 2 = 0.85) and total nodule number (R 2 = 0.86) versus Nemafric-BL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relations. Under greenhouse conditions, MCSP values for Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides were 4.18 and 3.69%, respectively. Under microplot conditions, total number of nodules (R 2 = 0.88), number of nodules dead (R 2 = 0.99), number of nodules active (R 2 = 0.95), fresh root mass (R 2 = 0.99), and fresh pod mass (R 2 = 0.99) versus Nemarioc-AL phytonematicide, exhibited positive quadratic relations, whereas plant height (R 2 = 0.85), number of nodules dead (R 2 = 0.87), dry shoot mass (R 2 = 0.97), fresh root mass (R 2 = 0.97) and total number of nodules (R 2 = 0.63) versus Nemafric-BL phytonematicide exhibited positive quadratic relations. Under microplot conditions, MCSP values for Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides were 3.76 and 3.93%, respectively, each with ∑k = 0. All degrees of Nemarioc-AL and Nemafric-BL phytonematicides profoundly reduced nematode numbers under greenhouse and microplot trials. Based on the information obtained from this study, it was confirmed that runner bean (P. coccineus) is sensitive to Nemafric-BL and Nemarioc-AL phytonematicides supported by the Curve-fitting Allelochemical Response Dose (CARD) model results due to most plant variables that had sensitivity values of zero. In conclusion, the priming technology should be developed further since it has the potential of being successful in nematode management in seeds with hypogeal germination / National Research Foundation (NRF) and Potatoes South Africa

Through a close study of Hawthorne's four major romances--The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables, The Blithedale Romance, and The Marble Faun-—this thesis singles out all significant references to apparel or accessories and evaluates the use he makes of them.