The present investigation was an attempt to explore the reproduction by schizophrenics of emotionally- toned and neutral material under conditions of immediate and delayed recall. The relationship of the reproductions to the degree of illness of the patient was also studied. For these purposes, two structurally equivalent meaningful prose paragraphs, one neutral in tone and the other strongly aggressive in tone, were presented individually to eighteen male patients diagnosed as schizophrenic who had been rank ordered in terms of degree of illness. Preceding the main investigation a pilot study was conducted with forty-five schizophrenics and eight normals, using the emotionally-toned stimulus material. Thirteen of the schizophrenics gave an unaided delayed recall. The purpose of the pilot study was to test the potential of the material to elicit a wide and symmetrical distribution of scores. It was also designed to assess differences between the initial and delayed recall of the schizophrenic subjects. The results showed statistically significant differences between the schizophrenics and the normals on all the quantitative measures with the exception of the importations. There were no differences between the initial and delayed recall. The stimulus material was effective in eliciting symmetrical distributions. In the initial learning session of the present investigation, the two types of material were presented in a counterbalanced order from subject to subject. The procedure of one-trial learning and immediate recall was followed. One week later an unaided recall of the two different stimulus materials was obtained. The results of the quantitative analysis showed only minor differences between the reproductions of the two types of material. The qualitative analysis showed evidence of differential treatment of the two materials by the subjects. It also showed differences in learning efficiency between the reproductions of the two materials, in favour of the emotionally-toned material. The learning scores for the initial recall session were significantly greater than for the delayed recall session, particularly for the emotionally-toned material. The only consistent correlation with degree of illness was in the delayed recall of the emotional material. It may be concluded that the schizophrenic reproductions in this study did not support the theory hypothesizing inferior recall of emotionally-toned material as opposed to neutral material. If anything, these subjects gave indications of following the normal pattern in this regard. Other results of the respective analyses were inconclusive, but invite further investigation. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

Diversos estudos têm demonstrado que indivíduos que apresentam sintomas psicóticos podem demorar meses ou anos para iniciar o tratamento. Este período em que o indivíduo apresenta sintomas psicóticos sem tratamento é descrito na literatura como \"período de psicose sem-tratamento\" (PPST). Estudos anteriores mostraram que o PPST em países ricos é geralmente inferior ao de países de renda baixa ou média. OBJETIVOS: estimar o PPST em indivíduos com psicoses funcionais (casos incidentes) na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil; investigar se o PPST está associado a características sociodemográficas e com as circunstâncias de moradia (morar com familiares ou não); verificar se existe associação entre o PPST com características clínicas (diagnóstico, funcionamento social, intensidade dos sintomas negativos, positivos e gerais e insight) e com o tipo de serviço de saúde onde foi realizado o primeiro contato para o tratamento do transtorno psicótico. MÉTODO: Os dados analisados fazem parte do estudo epidemiológico \"Estudo de casos incidentes (primeiro contato com serviços de saúde) de psicoses funcionais no Brasil\", que investigou a incidência das psicoses funcionais em diversas regiões da cidade de São Paulo. Os critérios de inclusão do estudo epidemiológico foram: ter entrado em contato, pela primeira vez, com serviços de saúde mental do setor público ou privado (internação, emergência, serviços intermediários ou atendimentos ambulatoriais), no período entre maio de 2003 e janeiro de 2005 por motivo de sintomas psicóticos; residir na área do estudo por pelo menos seis meses; idade entre 18 e 64 anos. O PPST foi definido como \"período entre o início dos sintomas psicóticos e o primeiro contato com serviço de saúde mental\". A mediana do PPST foi utilizada para dividir os participantes em dois grupos: curto PPST e longo PPST. Regressão logística foi utilizada nas análises de associação entre PPST e as variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas e para investigar o possível efeito de variáveis confundidoras na associação entre PPST e circunstâncias de moradia. RESULTADOS: Duzentos indivíduos foram incluídos no presente estudo. Cento e cinco (52%) eram mulheres, a média de idade foi de 32,3 anos (desvio padrão=11,3), 165 (82,5%) moravam com familiares. Cento e quarenta e oito (74,0%) participantes haviam feito o primeiro contato em serviços de emergência, 122 (61,0%) apresentaram diagnóstico de psicose nãoafetiva e 78 (39%) de psicose afetiva, 106 (53,0%) apresentaram funcionamento social \"muito bom ou bom\", 133 (68,2%) apresentaram \"bom insight\". A média da pontuação dos sintomas psiquiátricos totais avaliados pela PANSS foi de 42,1 (desvio padrão=12,4). A mediana do PPST foi de 4,1 semanas para a amostra total, 3,1 semanas para os participantes com transtornos psicóticos afetivos e 5,5 semanas para os participantes com transtornos psicóticos não-afetivas. Indivíduos que não moravam com familiares tiveram uma chance aproximadamente três vezes maior de apresentarem longo PPST do que os que moravam com familiares, independentemente das características sociodemográficas e clínicas dos participantes (p=0,05 OR=2,53). CONCLUSÃO: Estudos anteriores sobre PPST, realizados principalmente em países ricos, apresentaram um PPST que variou entre 4 a 57 semanas, o que é bastante superior ao PPST encontrado em São Paulo. O curto PPST encontrado no presente estudo não confirmou a idéia de que o PPST em países ricos é menor do que o PPST em países de renda baixa ou média. Apesar da maioria dos participantes apresentarem características sociodemográficas e clínicas associadas a longo PPST, morar com familiares e a estrutura atual de atenção à pessoa em crise psicótica em São Paulo, particularmente os serviços de emergência psiquiátrica, parecem ter colaborado para o curto PPST nesta amostra e alterar o cenário esperado para o PPST em São Paulo. Características contextuais, juntamente com as características sociodemográficas e clínicas dos indivíduos, se apresentaram como importantes determinantes do PPST em São Paulo. / Several studies have shown that patients with psychotic disorders have experienced psychotic symptoms for long period before initiation of treatment. This period between onset of psychotic symptoms and first treatment has been described as \"duration of untreated psychosis\" (DUP). Previous studies have shown that DUP is lower between highincome countries when compared with low and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVES: to estimate the DUP in subjects with functional psychoses (incident cases) in the city of São Paulo, Brazil; to investigate the relationship between DUP and socio-demographic data and \"living circumstances\" (living with family or not); to investigate if DUP is associated with clinical characteristics (diagnosis, social functioning, severity of general, positive and negative symptoms, and level of insight) and the type of service use for the first psychotic disorder treatment. METHOD: the data is part of the epidemiological study \"The study of incident cases (first contact with health services) of functional psychoses in Brazil\". Inclusion criteria were: who had a first contact with any public or private mental health service (inpatient, emergence, day-hospitals or outpatient) due to psychotic symptoms, between May 2003 and January 2005, residence in a defined geographical area of São Paulo for at least six months, and age between 18 and 65 years. DUP was defined by \"the period from the onset of the first psychotic symptoms until the first contact with a mental health service\". The median DUP was calculated and used to divide the sample into two groups: short and long DUP. Logistic regression was used to analyze possible associations between socio-demographic and clinical variables with DUP, and to investigate possible effects caused by independent variables between living circumstances and DUP. RESULTS: A total of 200 individuals were included, 105 (52%) were women and the mean of age was 32.3 (SD 11.3) years old in the total sample, 165 (82.5%) were living with relatives. One hundred and eight (74.0%) participants had the first contact with emergence services, 122 (61.0%) diagnosis of non-affective psychosis, and 78 (39.0%) had a diagnosis of affective psychosis, 106 (53.0%) presented \"very good or good\" social functioning, 133 (68.2%) presented \"good insight\". The mean total \"Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale\" (PANSS) score was 42.1 (SD=12.4). The value found for the median DUP was 4.1 weeks for the total sample, 5.5 weeks for the psychotic non-affective disorders compared with those who received a diagnosis of psychotic affective disorder (3.1 weeks). Participants who were not living with relatives were three times more likely to present long DUP compared to participants who were living with relatives, independently of the clinical and socio-demographic characteristics (p=0.05, OR=2.53). CONCLUSION: Previous studies about DUP, especially from high-income countries, have presented a median value DUP between 4 and 57 weeks, which is much superior when compared the DUP found in São Paulo. The shorter median DUP found in the present study is not in accordance with the hypothesis that refers that DUP is higher in low-and-middle income countries. Despite a number of participants have presented socio-demographic and clinical characteristics associated to long DUP, living with relatives and the context related to mental health system for the people with acute psychotic symptoms in the city of São Paulo, especially emergence services, seem to have collaborated for the shorter DUP in this sample and changed the scenery expected about DUP in the present sample. Some contextual characteristics, with socio-demographic and clinical factors were very important determinants of DUP in São Paulo.

Diversos estudos têm demonstrado que indivíduos que apresentam sintomas psicóticos podem demorar meses ou anos para iniciar o tratamento. Este período em que o indivíduo apresenta sintomas psicóticos sem tratamento é descrito na literatura como \"período de psicose sem-tratamento\" (PPST). Estudos anteriores mostraram que o PPST em países ricos é geralmente inferior ao de países de renda baixa ou média. OBJETIVOS: estimar o PPST em indivíduos com psicoses funcionais (casos incidentes) na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil; investigar se o PPST está associado a características sociodemográficas e com as circunstâncias de moradia (morar com familiares ou não); verificar se existe associação entre o PPST com características clínicas (diagnóstico, funcionamento social, intensidade dos sintomas negativos, positivos e gerais e insight) e com o tipo de serviço de saúde onde foi realizado o primeiro contato para o tratamento do transtorno psicótico. MÉTODO: Os dados analisados fazem parte do estudo epidemiológico \"Estudo de casos incidentes (primeiro contato com serviços de saúde) de psicoses funcionais no Brasil\", que investigou a incidência das psicoses funcionais em diversas regiões da cidade de São Paulo. Os critérios de inclusão do estudo epidemiológico foram: ter entrado em contato, pela primeira vez, com serviços de saúde mental do setor público ou privado (internação, emergência, serviços intermediários ou atendimentos ambulatoriais), no período entre maio de 2003 e janeiro de 2005 por motivo de sintomas psicóticos; residir na área do estudo por pelo menos seis meses; idade entre 18 e 64 anos. O PPST foi definido como \"período entre o início dos sintomas psicóticos e o primeiro contato com serviço de saúde mental\". A mediana do PPST foi utilizada para dividir os participantes em dois grupos: curto PPST e longo PPST. Regressão logística foi utilizada nas análises de associação entre PPST e as variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas e para investigar o possível efeito de variáveis confundidoras na associação entre PPST e circunstâncias de moradia. RESULTADOS: Duzentos indivíduos foram incluídos no presente estudo. Cento e cinco (52%) eram mulheres, a média de idade foi de 32,3 anos (desvio padrão=11,3), 165 (82,5%) moravam com familiares. Cento e quarenta e oito (74,0%) participantes haviam feito o primeiro contato em serviços de emergência, 122 (61,0%) apresentaram diagnóstico de psicose nãoafetiva e 78 (39%) de psicose afetiva, 106 (53,0%) apresentaram funcionamento social \"muito bom ou bom\", 133 (68,2%) apresentaram \"bom insight\". A média da pontuação dos sintomas psiquiátricos totais avaliados pela PANSS foi de 42,1 (desvio padrão=12,4). A mediana do PPST foi de 4,1 semanas para a amostra total, 3,1 semanas para os participantes com transtornos psicóticos afetivos e 5,5 semanas para os participantes com transtornos psicóticos não-afetivas. Indivíduos que não moravam com familiares tiveram uma chance aproximadamente três vezes maior de apresentarem longo PPST do que os que moravam com familiares, independentemente das características sociodemográficas e clínicas dos participantes (p=0,05 OR=2,53). CONCLUSÃO: Estudos anteriores sobre PPST, realizados principalmente em países ricos, apresentaram um PPST que variou entre 4 a 57 semanas, o que é bastante superior ao PPST encontrado em São Paulo. O curto PPST encontrado no presente estudo não confirmou a idéia de que o PPST em países ricos é menor do que o PPST em países de renda baixa ou média. Apesar da maioria dos participantes apresentarem características sociodemográficas e clínicas associadas a longo PPST, morar com familiares e a estrutura atual de atenção à pessoa em crise psicótica em São Paulo, particularmente os serviços de emergência psiquiátrica, parecem ter colaborado para o curto PPST nesta amostra e alterar o cenário esperado para o PPST em São Paulo. Características contextuais, juntamente com as características sociodemográficas e clínicas dos indivíduos, se apresentaram como importantes determinantes do PPST em São Paulo. / Several studies have shown that patients with psychotic disorders have experienced psychotic symptoms for long period before initiation of treatment. This period between onset of psychotic symptoms and first treatment has been described as \"duration of untreated psychosis\" (DUP). Previous studies have shown that DUP is lower between highincome countries when compared with low and middle-income countries. OBJECTIVES: to estimate the DUP in subjects with functional psychoses (incident cases) in the city of São Paulo, Brazil; to investigate the relationship between DUP and socio-demographic data and \"living circumstances\" (living with family or not); to investigate if DUP is associated with clinical characteristics (diagnosis, social functioning, severity of general, positive and negative symptoms, and level of insight) and the type of service use for the first psychotic disorder treatment. METHOD: the data is part of the epidemiological study \"The study of incident cases (first contact with health services) of functional psychoses in Brazil\". Inclusion criteria were: who had a first contact with any public or private mental health service (inpatient, emergence, day-hospitals or outpatient) due to psychotic symptoms, between May 2003 and January 2005, residence in a defined geographical area of São Paulo for at least six months, and age between 18 and 65 years. DUP was defined by \"the period from the onset of the first psychotic symptoms until the first contact with a mental health service\". The median DUP was calculated and used to divide the sample into two groups: short and long DUP. Logistic regression was used to analyze possible associations between socio-demographic and clinical variables with DUP, and to investigate possible effects caused by independent variables between living circumstances and DUP. RESULTS: A total of 200 individuals were included, 105 (52%) were women and the mean of age was 32.3 (SD 11.3) years old in the total sample, 165 (82.5%) were living with relatives. One hundred and eight (74.0%) participants had the first contact with emergence services, 122 (61.0%) diagnosis of non-affective psychosis, and 78 (39.0%) had a diagnosis of affective psychosis, 106 (53.0%) presented \"very good or good\" social functioning, 133 (68.2%) presented \"good insight\". The mean total \"Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale\" (PANSS) score was 42.1 (SD=12.4). The value found for the median DUP was 4.1 weeks for the total sample, 5.5 weeks for the psychotic non-affective disorders compared with those who received a diagnosis of psychotic affective disorder (3.1 weeks). Participants who were not living with relatives were three times more likely to present long DUP compared to participants who were living with relatives, independently of the clinical and socio-demographic characteristics (p=0.05, OR=2.53). CONCLUSION: Previous studies about DUP, especially from high-income countries, have presented a median value DUP between 4 and 57 weeks, which is much superior when compared the DUP found in São Paulo. The shorter median DUP found in the present study is not in accordance with the hypothesis that refers that DUP is higher in low-and-middle income countries. Despite a number of participants have presented socio-demographic and clinical characteristics associated to long DUP, living with relatives and the context related to mental health system for the people with acute psychotic symptoms in the city of São Paulo, especially emergence services, seem to have collaborated for the shorter DUP in this sample and changed the scenery expected about DUP in the present sample. Some contextual characteristics, with socio-demographic and clinical factors were very important determinants of DUP in São Paulo.

精神分裂症（簡稱精分）是一種常見且嚴重的精神疾病，它對患者及其家人的生活有著毀滅性的影響。在西方國家，研究者已經對精分患者子女的經歷研究了許多年，得出的結論在政府以及社會工作者幫助這些家庭時起到重要的參考作用。然而，在中國這個問題被忽視了，目前針對這個群體的、學術規範的研究還沒有在中國大陸展開。鑒於中西巨大的社會和文化差異，我們不可以照搬西方學者的研究成果。為了填補這方面的知識空缺，我們在上海展開了對精神分裂症患者子女經歷的質化研究。 / 本文的資料來自八個家庭的成員對於相關經驗的敘述。我們從三個層面來探究這些青少年的特殊經歷，包括他們對家長的經歷、他們從患病與健康家長處感受到的養育模式、以及他們所經歷的擴展家庭和社會的支持。 / 我們的研究發現包括：1）青少年對家長疾病的適應經歷了三個階段：漠然、焦慮、消極應對。2）患病家長大多對孩子溫暖有餘、管教不足。健康家長對孩子的管教很大程度上取決於家庭經濟情況。當經濟情況惡劣時他們往往忽視孩子的成長需求3）支援系統作用缺失。 / 基於以上發現，本文提煉出三個主題：在惡劣成長環境中掙扎、消極應對、缺乏支持。我們提倡為這些家庭提供社會服務。 / Schizophrenia is a serious and common mental illness which has devastating effects on those affected by schizophrenia, as well as family members including their offspring. In western countries, the topic about the experience of offspring living with a parent diagnosed with schizophrenia has been studied for many years. The outcomes are useful references to the government and social workers in helping these families. However, this topic has been neglected in the Chinese context. A well-designed qualitative study has never been carried out in mainland China. The result from western researcher cannot be used in China due to the vast differences in society and culture. To fill in the gap, a qualitative research was carried out in Shanghai to study children’s experience of parental schizophrenia. / This paper is based on the narratives elicited from eight families, including the parents diagnosed with schizophrenia, the adolescent children, and sometimes other family members. We studied the experience of this special group of adolescents, which contains the experience of their parent’s mental illness, the parenting from both the parent diagnosed with schizophrenia and the healthy parent, as well as the support from extended family and the society. / Our findings include: 1) Adolescents’ attitude towards parental schizophrenia can be divided into three phases: indifference, anxiety, and finally passive coping. The help they can provide for their parents with schizophrenia is very limited in most cases. 2) The parenting they received from the parents with schizophrenia is generally perceived as with high level of warmth and low level of demandingness. The healthy parents may or may not provide enough discipline to the adolescents depending on the families’ economic status. They would fail to focus on the need of the growing children when the economic pressure is high. 3) The supportive network failed to provide enough help to the growing adolescents. / Three themes are proposed based on the findings, namely struggling in poor growing environment, passive coping, and helplessness. We advocate for the development of social work services for these families. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Du, Juan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 264-302). / Abstracts also in Chinese; appendixes in Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1 --- : Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Rationale of the study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research background --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Schizophrenia in China --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Social stigma and discourse on mental illness --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Great challenges for a family with a member with schizophrenia --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Limited mental health service available to these families --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Cultural influences in Chinese society --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research objectives and research questions --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Research questions --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Research objectives --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4 --- Significance of the research --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- : Literature Review --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1 --- Schizophrenia --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Different perspectives on schizophrenia --- p.21 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Treatment and Recovery of schizophrenia --- p.33 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Schizophrenia’s influence on social functioning --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Schizophrenia’s influence on parenting --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2 --- Developing adolescents --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Different perspectives on adolescents --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Offspring with parental psychiatric disorder --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Supportive network of adolescents --- p.60 / Chapter 2.3 --- The roles of social work in mental health facilities --- p.61 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Condition of mental health social work in Shanghai --- p.62 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- The roles of social workers in other areas --- p.63 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Social workers serving families with parental schizophrenia --- p.69 / Chapter 2.4 --- Knowledge gap in existed literature --- p.70 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- : Research Methodology --- p.72 / Chapter 3.1 --- Paradigmatic Considerations --- p.72 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Social constructionism --- p.74 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Proposed Theoretical Framework --- p.77 / Chapter 3.2 --- Research Design --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Research Site --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Sampling --- p.81 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Data collection --- p.86 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Data analysis --- p.89 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Ethical issues and trustworthiness --- p.91 / Chapter 3.3 --- Strengths and Limitations of this Study --- p.96 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- : Background Information of the Research Participants --- p.98 / Chapter 4.1 --- General Information --- p.98 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Personal information of adolescents --- p.99 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Personal Information of parent diagnosed with schizophrenia --- p.101 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Background Information of participant families --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2 --- Family stories --- p.111 / Chapter 4.3 --- Conditions of the parent with schizophrenia --- p.126 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Competent youths in the past --- p.126 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Experience of schizophrenia --- p.127 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Self-blaming for offspring’s current situation --- p.139 / Chapter 4.4 --- The adolescents --- p.141 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- School Achievement --- p.141 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Peers --- p.146 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.150 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- : Experience of parental schizophrenia --- p.152 / Chapter 5.1 --- Discovery of parental schizophrenia --- p.152 / Chapter 5.2 --- Experience relevant to parental schizophrenia --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Symptoms --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Deterioration of parent’s daily functioning --- p.157 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Parents’ hospitalization --- p.161 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Social stigma attached to schizophrenia --- p.166 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Parent’s concealment of schizophrenia --- p.168 / Chapter 5.3 --- Knowledge of schizophrenia --- p.170 / Chapter 5.4 --- Reaction after knowing parental schizophrenia --- p.174 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Indifference --- p.174 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Concern and curiosity --- p.175 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Passive attitude --- p.179 / Chapter 5.5 --- Coping with parental schizophrenia --- p.182 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Support and help from the children to the parents with schizophrenia --- p.182 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Selective concealment of parental schizophrenia --- p.185 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- : Experience of parenting from the parent with schizophrenia --- p.189 / Chapter 6.1 --- Less parental demandingness from the parent with schizophrenia --- p.189 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Less discipline --- p.190 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Low pressure on study --- p.191 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Low expectation for future career --- p.192 / Chapter 6.2 --- More parental warmth from the parent with schizophrenia --- p.195 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- : Supporting Network --- p.197 / Chapter 7.1 --- Interaction between adolescent children with healthy parents --- p.197 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- The condition of the healthy parents --- p.198 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- The parenting style of the healthy parents --- p.203 / Chapter 7.2 --- Support from extended family --- p.207 / Chapter 7.3 --- Support from the society --- p.214 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Teaching VS. Support --- p.214 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- Little support from school --- p.216 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- : Discussion --- p.219 / Chapter 8.1 --- Parenting style of both parents --- p.219 / Chapter 8.1.1 --- Indulgent parenting of the parent diagnosed with schizophrenia --- p.219 / Chapter 8.1.2 --- The parenting style of the healthy parent --- p.222 / Chapter 8.1.3 --- The influence of the parenting on the developing children --- p.225 / Chapter 8.2 --- Three stages after knowing parental schizophrenia --- p.227 / Chapter 8.3 --- Themes --- p.233 / Chapter 8.3.1 --- Struggle in poor family environment --- p.233 / Chapter 8.3.2 --- Passive coping --- p.239 / Chapter 8.3.3 --- Helplessness --- p.241 / Chapter 8.4 --- Reflection on theoretical framework --- p.244 / Chapter 8.5 --- Implications for practice --- p.247 / Chapter 8.6 --- Implications for theory and research --- p.255 / Chapter 8.6.1 --- Similarities and differences compared with literature --- p.255 / Chapter 8.6.2 --- Directions for future research --- p.257 / List of tables and figures / Chapter Table 1 Length of interviews --- p.89 / Chapter Table 2 Condition of adolescents --- p.99 / Chapter Table 3 Personal information of the parents with schizophrenia --- p.101 / Chapter Table 4 Symptoms and hospitalization --- p.102 / Chapter Table 5 Medication --- p.104 / Chapter Table 6 General family background --- p.105 / Chapter Table 7 Family social economic status --- p.108 / Chapter Table 8 Possible interventions --- p.250 / Chapter Figure 1 Proposed theoretical framework --- p.77 / Chapter Figure 2 Revised theoretical framework --- p.245 / Chapter Appendices --- p.259 / Chapter Appendix 1: Interview Guide (Chinese version) --- p.259 / Chapter Appendix 2: Consent form (Chinese version) --- p.262 / Bibliography --- p.264