Bei IL-10 handelt es sich um ein antiinflammatorisches Zytokin, dessen immunmodulatorische Effekte bereits in zahlreichen Studien aufgezeigt werden konnten. Ziel dieser Studie war, die Unterschiede in der systemischen Inflammation und Organdysfunktion an Mäusen zu untersuchen, die nach Induktion eines hämorrhagischen Schocks, entweder inhalativ oder systemisch, mit IL-10 behandelt wurden. Männliche C57/BL6 Mäuse (6 Tiere pro Gruppe) wurden für 1.5 Stunden blutdruckkontrolliert in einen hämorrhagischen Schock versetzt. Nach anschließender Volumensubstitution wurde ihnen inhalativ oder intraarteriell rekombiniertes Maus - IL-10 verabreicht. Nach einer Gesamtversuchsdauer von 6 - bzw. 24 Stunden erfolgte die Tötung der Tiere. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass die lokale und systemische Verabreichung von IL-10 das Zytokinprofil der systemischen Inflammationsantwort unterschiedlich beeinflusst. Die Lunge kann durch inhalative Gabe von IL-10 geschützt werden, ohne die systemische Inflammationsantwort zu beeinflussen.

Background: The use of percutaneous left ventricular assist devices in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (AMICS) is evolving. The aim of the study was to assess the long-term outcome of patients with AMICS depending on early initiation of Impella CP® support prior to a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent PCI and Impella CP® support between 2014 and 2016 for AMICS at our institution. We compared survival to discharge between those with support initiation before (pre-PCI) and after (post-PCI) PCI. Results: A total of 73 consecutive patients (69±12 years old, 27.4% female) were supported with Impella CP® and underwent PCI for AMICS (34 pre-PCI vs. 39 post-PCI). All patients were admitted with cardiogenic shock, and 58.9% sustained cardiac arrest. Survival at discharge was 35.6%. Compared with the post-PCI group, patients in the pre-PCI group had more lesions treated (p=0.03), a higher device weaning rate (p=0.005) and higher survival to discharge as well as to 30 and 90 days after device implantation, respectively (50.0% vs. 23.1%, 48.5% vs. 23.1%, 46.9 vs. 20.5%, p < 0.05). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed a higher survival at one year (31.3% vs. 17.6%, log-rank p-value=0.03) in the pre-PCI group. Impella support initiation before PCI was an independent predictor of survival up to 180 days after device implantation. Conclusions: In this small, single-centre, non-randomized study Impella CP® initiation prior to PCI was associated with higher survival rates at discharge and up to one year in AMICS patients presenting with high risk for in-hospital mortality.

The lecture room instructional management competence of novice nurse educators (NNEs) in the Republic of South Africa (RSA) was investigated. No comprehensive set of generic roles, outcomes and competences for instructional management of nurse educators could be traced in the literature, therefore an analytical study was undertaken. Adhering to the principles for outcomes-based education, three models were established: Q a model for the professional development of nurse educators Q an Education, Training and Development nurse practitioner model, consisting of roles and outcomes for lecture room instructional management Q a model for lecture room instructional management that served as evaluation criteria used in the instrument during the quantitative survey These models were presented to, and evaluated by nurse educators of five universities. The influence of mentorship, reality shock, and professional development on the NNEs' lecture room competence was investigated. The target group consisted of NNEs, their mentors and students in nursing schools in the RSA. A number of respondents were also interviewed and observed. The analysed data indicated that NNEs were not competent when they started teaching, and needed support and supervision from mentors. Findings also indicated the positive influence of mentorship and professional development on competence acquisition. NNEs experienced reality shock requiring support to acquire competence. These aspects justify further research. The recommendations based on this study include that nursing schools use specific evaluation criteria for le<,1ure room competence and for in-service training of NNEs and mentors. Nursing schools should take a more active role in mentoring programmes. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Advanced Nursing Sciences)

This article investigates the interrelations between the initial members of the Euro area and five important Central and Eastern European economies. We set up a theoretical open economy model to derive the Purchasing Power Parity, the Interest Rate Parity, the Fisher Inflation Parity, and an output gap relation. After taking convergence into account, they are used as restrictions on the cointegration space of a structural vector error correction model. We then employ generalized impulse response analysis to assess the dynamic effects of shocks in output and interest rates on the respective other area as well as the implications of shocks in the exchange rate and in relative prices on both areas. The results show a high degree of interconnectedness between the two economies. There are strong positive spillovers in output to the respective other region with the magnitude of the impact being similarly strong in both areas. Furthermore, we find a multiplier effect being present in Eastern Europe and some evidence for the European Central Banks' desire towards price stability. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Diese Studie untersucht die Bedeutung von Angiotensin II- und Endothelin-1-vermittelten Mechanismen, die im Rahmen von hämodynamischen, hormonellen und renalen Reaktionen bei einen akuten Blutverlust einsetzen. Es wurden wache Hunde mit und ohne Vorbehandlung mit Angiotensin II Typ 1 (AT1) und/oder Endothelin-A (ETA) Rezeptorblockern untersucht. Protokoll 1: Nach einer 60-minütigen Kontrollstunde wurde den Hunden 25% ihres Blutes zügig entzogen. Nach einer Stunde wurde das Blut retransfundiert und die Datenaufzeichnung für eine weitere Stunde fortgesetzt. Protokoll 2: Wie Protokoll 1, aber mit AT1 Blockade durch Losartan i.v. Protokoll 3: Wie Protokoll 1, aber mit ETA Blockade durch ABT-627 i.v. Protokoll 4: Wie Protokoll 1, aber mit kombinierter AT1 plus ETA Blockade. In der Kontrolle sinkt der arterielle Mitteldruck (MAP) nach dem Blutentzug um ~25%, das Herzzeitvolumen (HZV) um ~40%, das Urinvolumen um ~60%, während die Plasmakonzentrationen von Angiotensin II (3.1-fach), Endothelin-1 (1.13-fach), Vasopressin (116-fach) und Adrenalin (3.2-fach) ansteigen. Unter AT1 Blockade kommt es zu einem überproportionalen Abfall des arteriellen Mitteldrucks und die glomeruläre Filtrationsrate (GFR) sinkt. Beim Blutentzug unter ETA Blockade steigt Noradrenalin und nicht Adrenalin an, und der Wiederanstieg des MAP infolge Retransfusion ist unvollständig. In allen Protokollen sinkt das HZV um den gleichen Betrag. Schlussfolgerungen: Für die kurzfristige Regulation des Blutdrucks und die renale Autoregulation der GFR nach Blutverlust spielt Angiotensin II eine wichtigere Rolle als Endothelin-1. Andererseits ist ein intaktes Endothelinsystem eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die vollständige Restitution des arteriellen Mitteldrucks in der Retransfusionsphase. Darüber hinaus scheint Endothelin-1 nach dem Blutentzug die Freisetzung von Adrenalin zu erleichtern, die Freisetzung von Noradrenalin jedoch zu mildern. Die bei einem akuten Blutverlust einsetzenden Kompensationsmechanismen scheinen den Blutfluss (HZV) viel effektiver aufrecht zu erhalten als den Blutdruck (MAP), denn das HZV, nicht aber der arterielle Mitteldruck, sank in allen Protokollen um den gleichen Betrag. / This study investigates angiotensin II and endothelin-1 mediated mechanisms involved in the hemodynamic, hormonal, and renal response towards acute hypotensive hemorrhage. Conscious dogs were pretreated with angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) and/or endothelin-A (ETA) receptor blockers or not. Protocol 1. After a 60 min baseline period, 25% of the dog's blood was rapidly withdrawn. The blood was retransfused 60 min later and data recorded for another hour. Protocol 2. Likewise, but preceded by AT1 blockade with i.v. Losartan. Protocol 3. Likewise, but preceded by ETA blockade with i.v. ABT-627. Protocol 4. Likewise, but with combined AT1 plus ETA blockade. In Controls, hemorrhage decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP) by ~25%, cardiac output by ~40%, and urine volume by ~60%, increased angiotensin II (3.1-fold), endothelin-1 (1.13-fold), vasopressin (116-fold), and adrenaline concentrations (3.2-fold). Glomerular filtration rate and noradrenaline concentrations remained unchanged. During AT1 blockade, the MAP decrease was exaggerated (-40%) and glomerular filtration rate fell. During ETA blockade, noradrenaline increased after hemorrhage instead of adrenaline, and the MAP recovery after retransfusion was blunted. The decrease in cardiac output was similar in all protocols. Conclusions: Angiotensin II is more important than endothelin-1 for the short-term regulation of MAP and glomerular filtration rate after hemorrhage, whereas endothelin-1 seems necessary for complete MAP recovery after retransfusion. After hemorrhage, endothelin-1 seems to facilitate adrenaline release and to blunt noradrenaline release. Hemorrhage-induced compensatory mechanisms maintain blood flow more effectively than blood pressure, since the decrease in cardiac output - but not MAP - was similar in all protocols.

Univ., Diss. u.d.T.: Harttgen, Kenneth: Four essays on the empirical analysis of determinants, distribution and dynamics of poverty--Göttingen, 2007. / Parallelt.: Four essays on the empirical analysis of determinants, distribution and dynamics of poverty.

Calif., Univ., Diss.--Berkeley, 2004. / Kopie, ersch. im Verl. UMI, Ann Arbor, Mich. - Enth. 3 Beitr.

Calif., Univ. of California, Diss.--Berkeley, 2002. / Kopie, ersch. im Verl. UMI, Ann Arbor, Mich. - Enth. 3 Beitr.

The lecture room instructional management competence of novice nurse educators (NNEs) in the Republic of South Africa (RSA) was investigated. No comprehensive set of generic roles, outcomes and competences for instructional management of nurse educators could be traced in the literature, therefore an analytical study was undertaken. Adhering to the principles for outcomes-based education, three models were established: Q a model for the professional development of nurse educators Q an Education, Training and Development nurse practitioner model, consisting of roles and outcomes for lecture room instructional management Q a model for lecture room instructional management that served as evaluation criteria used in the instrument during the quantitative survey These models were presented to, and evaluated by nurse educators of five universities. The influence of mentorship, reality shock, and professional development on the NNEs' lecture room competence was investigated. The target group consisted of NNEs, their mentors and students in nursing schools in the RSA. A number of respondents were also interviewed and observed. The analysed data indicated that NNEs were not competent when they started teaching, and needed support and supervision from mentors. Findings also indicated the positive influence of mentorship and professional development on competence acquisition. NNEs experienced reality shock requiring support to acquire competence. These aspects justify further research. The recommendations based on this study include that nursing schools use specific evaluation criteria for le<,1ure room competence and for in-service training of NNEs and mentors. Nursing schools should take a more active role in mentoring programmes. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Advanced Nursing Sciences)

This paper considers the linkages between output growth and output volatility for the sample of G7 countries over the period 1958M2-2011M7, thereby paying particular attention to spillovers within and between countries. Using the VAR-based spillover index approach by Diebold and Yilmaz (2012), we identify several empirical regularities: i) output growth and volatility are highly intertwined, with spillovers taking place into all four directions; ii) the importance of spillovers has increased after the mid 1980s and reached unprecedented levels during the recent financial and economic crisis; iii) the US has been the largest transmitter of output and volatility shocks to other countries. Generalized impulse response analyses point to moderate growth-growth spillovers and sizable volatility-volatility spillovers across countries, suggesting that volatility shocks quintuplicate in the long run. The cross-variable effects turn out negative: volatilty shocks lead to lower economic growth, growth shocks tend to reduce output volatility. Our findings underline the increased vulnerability of the G7 countries to destabilizing shocks and their detrimental effects on economic growth, which are sizeably amplified through international spillover effects and the associated repercussions. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series