Acoustic wave fields in an ocean waveguide with a sediment layer having continuously varying density and sound speed overlying an elastic subbottom is considered in this analysis. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of seabed acoustic properties,including the density and sound speed of sediment layer and subbottom, on the characteristics of the wave fields. This geometry offers a good environmental model which closely resembles a realistic ocean waveguide. This noise model was first proposed by Kuperman and Ingenito in the study of surface-generated ambient noise using normal mode approach.Recent experimental data provided by Hamilton have shown that the sediment layer in the seabed experiences a transitional change in which the density and the sound speed vary continuously from one value at the top to another at the bottom of the layer. Traditionally, in treating wave propagation in a such environment,the medium is represented by a series of layers,each of which has a uniform property within the layer.While this approximation may reasonably describe the variations of the medium as a whole,the details of the acoustic constituent may only be seen when these variations are properly accounted for. Moreover, the subbottom is taken to be a uniform elastic medium that is capable of supporting both compressional and shear waves. For the study of reflection from seabed, various kinds of sound speed and density profiles are employed.The wavenumber spectrum has clearly shown the various kinds wave components in the waveguide,in particular, the Scholte wave mode.The noise intensity in the water column is dominated by the modal and continuous spectrum.For the set of parameters chosen,the horizontal correlation lengths of the noise field tend to increase as the noise sources becomes more correlated, however, the vertical correlation tends to reduce. This indicates that the coherency of the noise field is controlled both by the noise sources and waveguide properties.

Les cristaux phononiques (CP) sont des structures constituées de motifs élémentaires périodisés qui sont conçus et dimensionnés de manière à obtenir une propagation d’ondes acoustiques ou élastiques très différente de la propagation naturelle dans un matériau non structuré. C’est un moyen très efficace pour façonner la propagation des ondes acoustiques grâce notamment à la présence de bandes interdites liées à la périodicité des motifs élémentaires ou liées à leurs résonances intrinsèques. Ces mécanismes de contrôle de la propagation d’ondes constituent un énorme potentiel technologique dans diverses applications (filtre, multiplexeur, guide d’onde, résonateur et capteur). De nombreux travaux ont permis le développement de dispositifs à ondes acoustiques de surface (SAW) intégrant des CP pour le contrôle d’ondes à haute fréquence. Néanmoins, de tels dispositifs devant fonctionner en présence d’un liquide en contact avec le CP présentent des difficultés de conception liées à l’affaiblissement des ondes à l’interface solide-fluide à cause de la radiation vers le fluide des ondes à composantes hors plan. Dans le cas particulier d’un usage au titre d’un capteur, les performances d’un tel dispositif sont souvent insuffisantes.L’objectif de l’étude menée dans le cadre de cette thèse est de remédier à ce problème en utilisant les résonances localisées de cristaux phononiques constitués de piliers pour concevoir des dispositifs opérationnels en milieu liquide.Dans un premier temps, des outils numériques basés sur la méthode des éléments finis ont été développés et validés pour la modélisation de cellules élémentaires d’un CP à base de piliers. Cela nous a permis de démontrer que la présence de résonances localisées de piliers judicieusement dimensionnés permet de ralentir la vitesse de l’onde Scholte-Stoneley à l’interface solide-fluide. Les modèles de dispositifs à base de CP ont été implémentés et utilisés pour valider les résultats retenus du modèle unitaire, dans un deuxième temps. Quant à la partie expérimentale, elle nous a permis de valider la persistance en milieu liquide des bandes interdites à résonances localisées qui est attribuée au fait qu’à la résonance des piliers, l’énergie reste confinée dans ces derniers empêchant ainsi sa radiation dans le fluide. Ces résultats nous ont permis de concevoir des guides d’ondes persistantes en milieu liquide par l’intégration au sein du CP de défauts géométriques sous forme d’une chaine de piliers ayant des dimensions différentes du reste des piliers du CP.L’étude théorique a montré que les ondes guidées que l'on peut engendrer en utilisant les deux types de bandes interdites (Bragg et résonances localisées) ont des propriétés proches d’une onde de surface de Rayleigh. Les résultats obtenus dans ce travail ont permis d’élucider et d'expliciter les mécanismes à l’origine de la persistance des modes propagatifs dans les CP à résonances localisées. Cela devrait permettre d'ouvrir un champ d’investigation visant à développer des capteurs SAW phononiques pour des applications en micro-fluidique, notamment des dispositifs de type lab-on-chip. / Phononic crystal(PC) can be defined as an artificial structure built from periodical unit cell which could achieve interesting acoustic and elastic propagation thanks to the presence of phononic bandgap(PnBg) related to the periodicity and its intrinsic resonance of the unit cell. These mechanisms to control the wave’s propagation illustrate a huge potential that could led to several promising applications (filtering, waveguiding, resonator and sensor). Many works proposed the integration of surface acoustic wave(SAW) with PC with the purpose to manipulate the wave’s propagation at high frequency(UHF-VHF range). Nevertheless, the presence of liquid on the surface of such device induces an attenuation of the wave at the interface of solid-fluid due to the out-of-plane displacement which radiate into the fluid. For the development of such device as a sensor, its performance is usually degraded and not sufficient compared to the current state of art. The objective of this thesis is to provide a solution to the above problem through the utilization of locally-resonant mechanism in PC composed of an array of pillars to design a device which could operate in the liquid environment. First, we developed a theoretical model based on Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation for a unit cell of pillar-based structure embedded with a liquid medium. We demonstrated that local resonances of pillars with optimized dimension could decrease the phase velocity of Scholte-Stoneley wave, to produce a slow wave at the solid/fluid interface. For the experimental part, we showed the conservation of locally-resonant bandgap when the fabricated device is loaded with liquid. This conservation is attributed to the local resonance of pillars that confine the energy inside the pillar to prevent radiation of energy into the fluid. The obtained results allow us to design a waveguide persistent under liquid medium by the integration of geometrical defect in the PC in the form of a chain of pillars with a different dimension compared to the rest. Furthermore, the theoretical studies indicated also that the waveguide induced in the both type of band gap(Bragg and locally-resonant) has a close appearance as a Rayleigh SAW. The results from this study could elucidate the mechanism of the persistence of the propagation mode of locally-resonant PC. This could open a new perspective for a further investigation to develop SAW phononic especially in the in a microfluidic and lab on chip application.

Les ondes acoustiques permettent la manipulation, le tri ou le mélange de particules ou de fluides à l'échelle micrométrique voire nanométrique sans contact et sans marquage. Nous tirons parti de la force de radiation acoustique pour manipuler des cellules vivantes. La plupart des techniques d'émission repose sur l'utilisation d'ondes de surface supersoniques. Cette approche, qui a largement fait ses preuves, requiert des substrats à matériau piézoélectriques. Elle reste, dans les cas pratiques, limitée par une forte atténuation. Ici, nous exploitons le régime subsonique de propagation afin de générer un champ acoustique évanescent dit de "Scholte" qui concentre son énergie au voisinage du substrat où sont précisément situés les objets. Ces ondes présentent donc la caractéristique de ne pas rayonner dans le fluide et ne sont par conséquent pas atténuées. Leur excitation ne requiert aucun matériau particulier et peut-être réalisée à distance de la zone d'intérêt. Nous avons démontré l'existence de ces ondes et illustré leur potentiel au travers d'exemples clés pour la microfluidique. En particulier, l'utilisation d'un champ tournant a montré la possibilité de piéger et d'entraîner la rotation à l'échelle individuelle. Nous décrivons aussi une méthode de caractérisation du plasma sanguin par "centrifugation" acoustique. Ensuite, un réseau de pièges acoustiques réversible a été adapté afin d'étudier son effet sur des cellules adhérentes (fibroblastes) en conditions de culture. Un traitement statistique nous a permis d'étudier les modifications d'organisation de la culture en fonction du phénotype. Ce travail démontre l'intérêt de l'acoustique dans l'étude de la motilité et des effets mécanotransducteurs sur une population cellulaire. / It has been shown that the use of acoustic waves enables nanoparticles, microbubbles, drops or microbeads, living cells and fluids to be moved, sorted, or mixed in a contactless and label-free manner. Here, we take advantage of the acoustic radiation force to manipulate living cells. Most of the applications and their associated techniques rely on the use of the so-called SAW (Rayleigh Surface Acoustic waves). This technique is powerful but requires piezoelectric substrates and suffers from a high damping due to radiation losses in the supersonic regime. Here, we work instead in the subsonic regime of propagation which allows us to generate an evanescent field ("Scholte" waves) thanks to a thin substrate. This wave presents very interesting characteristics since acoustic energy is concentrated in the vicinity of the substrate where objects are located. Moreover, the propagation is lossless and doesn't require any substrate or particular medium. We then showed the potential of this new approach through key-applications in microfluidics. This device enables to establish patterns and to concentrate cells in a flow. We have also designed a rotating acoustic field and shown the possibility of trapping and spinning of individual cells. We also describe a blood plasma characterization method by acoustic "centrifugation" within a drop. In a second part, we have designed a network of switchable acoustic traps compatible with living cells in order to study its effect on a population of adherent cells in culture. It reveals a change of cells behaviour depending on the phenotype. This work opens the way to the use of acoustics in the study of mechanotransductive effects on cells population.

Submitted by MARLON RODRIGUES GARCIA null (marlon92319@aluno.feis.unesp.br) on 2016-04-18T18:04:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Final - Marlon.pdf: 6766003 bytes, checksum: 4849566caadd0c8935bb400de40fb690 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-19T14:54:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_mr_me_ilha.pdf: 6766003 bytes, checksum: 4849566caadd0c8935bb400de40fb690 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-19T14:54:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 garcia_mr_me_ilha.pdf: 6766003 bytes, checksum: 4849566caadd0c8935bb400de40fb690 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho aborda-se a utilização de um sensor de deslocamento angular em fibra óptica para a caracterização de líquidos utilizando-se ondas de Lamb e o modo quase Scholte (QSCH) propagados em placa metálica. O sensor reflexivo compreende duas fibras ópticas, uma emissora e outra receptora, uma lente positiva, uma superfície reflexiva, um laser e um fotodetector. Primeiramente, realiza-se um breve estudo sobre a propagação de ondas mecânicas guiadas em placas metálicas imersas em fluidos. Nesse estudo, são obtidas as curvas de dispersão para a velocidade de fase e para a velocidade grupo em função do produto frequência-semiespessura da placa, tanto para as ondas de Lamb quanto para o modo QSCH, considerando diferentes fluidos. Posteriormente, aborda-se o modelamento matemático do sensor reflexivo, obtendo-se as curvas características estáticas para quatro diferentes configurações. Em seguida, descreve-se o processo de montagem do sensor reflexivo, com todos os seus detalhes construtivos. Já na parte experimental, aplicando-se um pulso senoidal de envoltória gaussiana em um transdutor, investiga-se primeiramente a excitação do modo fundamental simétrico da onda de Lamb, S0. Captando-se simultaneamente os sinais da onda propagada na placa pelo sensor reflexivo e por uma piezocerâmica em modo de recepção, obtêm-se os valores experimentais da velocidade de grupo. Comparando-se os valores experimentais com os valores teóricos previstos pelas curvas de dispersão, percebe-se que o sensor reflexivo pode ser utilizado para se medir modos simétricos da onda de Lamb.Visando-se a caracterização de líquidos, imerge-se parcialmente uma placa de alumínio em um fluido sob teste, e excita-se o modo fundamental antissimétrico da onda de Lamb, A0. O modo A0 converte-se em modo QSCH na interface ar-fluido, o qual sofre reflexão na borda da placa e se reconverte em modo A0 na interface fluido-ar. Utilizando-se o sensor reflexivo, pode-se medir a velocidade de propagação do modo QSCH. Sabendo-se que a velocidade do modo QSCH é diferente para diferentes fluido, verifica-se que o sensor pode ser utilizado para medir porcentagens de misturas de fluidos. Adicionalmente, medem-se também os deslocamentos lineares gerados pelo modo A0 na placa de alumínio na direção out-of-plane, comparando-se os resultados com as medições realizadas por um interferômetro de Michelson. / In this work one approaches the use of an angular displacement optical fiber sensor for characterization of liquids using Lamb waves and quasi-Scholte waves (QSCH) propagated in a metal plate. The reflective sensor comprises two optical fibers, one emitting and another receiving, a reflective surface, a laser and a photodetector. Firstly, one develops a brief study about the propagation of mechanical waves in metal plates imbibed in fluids. In this study, one obtains the dispersion curves for the phase velocity and the group velocity as a function of the frequency-halfwidth product for both Lamb waves and QSCH mode, considering different fluids. Subsequently, it one approaches the mathematical modeling of the reflective sensor, obtaining the static characteristic curves for four different configurations. Next, one describes the assembly process of the reflective sensor, with all the construction details. In the experimental part, one investigates the excitement of the symmetrical fundamental mode of the Lamb wave applying a sinusoidal pulse of gaussian envelope. Catching up simultaneously the wave propagated signals by the reflective sensor and by a piezoceramic, one obtains the experimental values of the group velocity. Comparing the experimental values with the values proposed by the dispersion curves, one notices that the reflective sensor can be used to measure the symmetric modes of the Lamb waves. Aimed at the characterization of liquids, one immerges partially an aluminum plate in a fliud under test, and one excites the fundamental antisymmetric mode of the Lamb wave, A0. The A0 mode becomes QSCH in the air-fluid interface, which reflects in the edge of the plate and is reconverted into A0 mode in the fluid-air interface. Using the reflective sensor, one can measure the QSCH mode propagation velocity. Knowing that the QSCH velocity is different for different fluids, one verifies that the sensor can be used to measure percentages of fluid mixtures. One measures also the linear displacements generated by the A0 mode in the aluminum plate in the out-of-plane direction, comparing the results with the measurements made by a Michelson interferometer.

Orientador: Cláudio Kitano / Resumo: Neste trabalho aborda-se a utilização de um sensor de deslocamento angular em fibra óptica para a caracterização de líquidos utilizando-se ondas de Lamb e o modo quase Scholte (QSCH) propagados em placa metálica. O sensor reflexivo compreende duas fibras ópticas, uma emissora e outra receptora, uma lente positiva, uma superfície reflexiva, um laser e um fotodetector. Primeiramente, realiza-se um breve estudo sobre a propagação de ondas mecânicas guiadas em placas metálicas imersas em fluidos. Nesse estudo, são obtidas as curvas de dispersão para a velocidade de fase e para a velocidade grupo em função do produto frequência-semiespessura da placa, tanto para as ondas de Lamb quanto para o modo QSCH, considerando diferentes fluidos. Posteriormente, aborda-se o modelamento matemático do sensor reflexivo, obtendo-se as curvas características estáticas para quatro diferentes configurações. Em seguida, descreve-se o processo de montagem do sensor reflexivo, com todos os seus detalhes construtivos. Já na parte experimental, aplicando-se um pulso senoidal de envoltória gaussiana em um transdutor, investiga-se primeiramente a excitação do modo fundamental simétrico da onda de Lamb, S0. Captando-se simultaneamente os sinais da onda propagada na placa pelo sensor reflexivo e por uma piezocerâmica em modo de recepção, obtêm-se os valores experimentais da velocidade de grupo. Comparando-se os valores experimentais com os valores teóricos previstos pelas curvas de dispersão, percebe-se que... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In this work one approaches the use of an angular displacement optical fiber sensor for characterization of liquids using Lamb waves and quasi-Scholte waves (QSCH) propagated in a metal plate. The reflective sensor comprises two optical fibers, one emitting and another receiving, a reflective surface, a laser and a photodetector. Firstly, one develops a brief study about the propagation of mechanical waves in metal plates imbibed in fluids. In this study, one obtains the dispersion curves for the phase velocity and the group velocity as a function of the frequency-halfwidth product for both Lamb waves and QSCH mode, considering different fluids. Subsequently, it one approaches the mathematical modeling of the reflective sensor, obtaining the static characteristic curves for four different configurations. Next, one describes the assembly process of the reflective sensor, with all the construction details. In the experimental part, one investigates the excitement of the symmetrical fundamental mode of the Lamb wave applying a sinusoidal pulse of gaussian envelope. Catching up simultaneously the wave propagated signals by the reflective sensor and by a piezoceramic, one obtains the experimental values of the group velocity. Comparing the experimental values with the values proposed by the dispersion curves, one notices that the reflective sensor can be used to measure the symmetric modes of the Lamb waves. Aimed at the characterization of liquids, one immerges partially an alumi... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Las estructuras periódicas macroscópicas han sido objeto de una intensa investigación durante las dos últimas décadas debido a su capacidad de imitar fenómenos ondulatorios que son inherentes a la escala atómica. Aunque las placas perforadas son estructuras muy comunes en acústica, éstas parecen guardar propiedades de transmisión de sonido inexploradas, cuyo estudio ha sido impulsado por el descubrimiento de la Transmisión Óptica Extraordinaria en láminas de metal perforadas con agujeros distribuidos periódicamente cuando interactúan con la luz. En el presente trabajo se muestra que las placas perforadas no sólo presentan máximos de transmisión total resonante y mínimos de la anomalía de Wood cuando los agujeros están distribuidos de forma periódica, sino también apantallamiento acústico extraordinario debido al cortocircuito hidrodinámico producido por el acoplamiento entre la placa y el fluido. También se detalla el rol de los parámetros geométricos de las placas perforadas en las características de transmisión, ilustrando diferentes estrategias para moldear el espectro de transmisión. La transmisión acústica a través de placas de aluminio con perforaciones regulares sumergidas en agua presenta una alta complejidad tanto a incidencia normal como cuando se varía el ángulo de incidencia del sonido. Aparecen ondas de superficie radiantes provenientes de la vibración de la placa, lo cual es demostrado usando un nuevo modelo teórico que incluye el acoplamiento elastoacústico completo. Gracias al estudio complementario de la transmisión y la propagación en placa de una placa fonónica sólido-sólido se retrata una perspectiva completa del efecto del acoplamiento. Como consecuencia directa, se observan fenómenos de plegamiento y bandas de propagación prohibida en modos tipo Scholte-Stoneley sin necesidad de corrugaciones o de agujeros. Finalmente, se comparan las propiedades de transmisión de agujeros individuales y redes de agujeros para luz, electrones y sonido analizando y comentando sus diferencias. Se ha encontrado que, aunque para la luz la red de agujeros en sí misma lleva a transmisiones del 100% y modos atrapados a la superficie, esto no se produce ni para electrones ni para sonido. En consecuencia, las resonancias del agujero constituyen el mecanismo clave que posibilita la existencia de fenómenos exóticos en sonido. Los resultados principales aquí mencionados son explicados de manera detallada y comentados sobre la base de datos teóricos y experimentales. El objetivo general de esta tesis es dilucidar por medios teóricos y experimentales los fenómenos físicos que se hayan involucrados en la transmisión acústica a través de placas perforadas. En este estudio se usa esencialmente el método de transmisión de ultrasonidos bajo el agua. Los modelos teóricos desarrollados tienen en cuenta la configuración experimental para poder establecer comparaciones precisas entre las medidas y los cálculos. Se toman en cuenta diversos factores que pueden modificar la transmisión de sonido a través de placas perforadas tales como: - La orientación de la onda incidente con respecto a la placa. .- Los parámetros geométricos que definen la placa, es decir, la distancia entre agujeros, el diámetro de los mismos y el espesor de la placa. .- Los parámetros elásticos relacionados con el contraste de impedancia entre el sólido y el fluido. .- El material contenido en los agujeros, de modo que se estudian no sólo placas fonónicas constituidas por un fluido y un sólido sino también aquellas formadas por dos sólidos distintos. Para el caso particular de una placa fonónica constituida por dos sólidos se emplea además una técnica para medir las vibraciones de la placa directamente en su superficie con el fin de complementar las medidas de transmisión de ultrasonidos. Desde una perspectiva teórica, el problema ha sido abordado para estructuras infinitas partiendo de diversas hipótesis. / Estrada Beltrán, HA. (2011). Ultrasonic transmission through periodically perforated plates [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/14119

Le problème de la propagation d'ondes sur une plaque plane élastique en contact avec deux liquides différents est traité. Une étude numérique détaillée montre les propriétés de l'onde A et l'existence d'une nouvelle onde (onde A*) quand deux fluides différents sont en contact avec la lame. Une étude expérimentale des ondes A et A* est ensuite menée en utilisant des techniques expérimentales particulières à la caractérisation de l'onde A: génération d'une onde non atténuée par une impulsion et caractérisation par analyse temps-fréquence. La propagation d'une onde dans un milieu monodimensionnel infini est ensuite étudiée en utilisant les espaces de Fourier bidimensionnels. Un soin particulier est accordé à l'étude d'une onde atténuée et dispersive générée à partir d'une impulsion brève. Un nouveau lien est alors mis en évidence entre le vecteur d'onde complexe et la pulsation complexe. Ce lien autorise ainsi, et pour la première fois, une caractérisation complète des représentations toutfréquence et vecteur d'onde-temps. Sur la base de ces résultats, deux aspects sont développés: d'une part la modélisation de la propagation d'une onde autour d'un tube immergé (milieu monodimentionnel limité) et d'autre part de nouvelles méthodes de traitement du signal. L'aspect résonant dû à la propagation sur un tube d'une onde générée par une impulsion est ainsi montré et modélisé. De nouvelles méthodes de caractérisation d'ondes de surface sont mises en place, permettant de mesurer vecteur d'onde et pulsation complexes, sur des distances très courtes de l'ordre de quelques longueurs d'ondes. En utilisant ces nouveaux outils, la propagation de l'onde A est étudiée expérimentalement sur un tube immergé dans l'eau. L'influence des paramètres géométriques du tube ainsi que de son remplissage est étudiée. De nouveaux phénomènes sont mis en évidence lorsque le liquide intérieur possède une vitesse de propagation du son inférieure à celle du liquide externe, l'onde A* est observée périodiquement spatialement. On montre que la représentation tout fréquence correspondant à la somme de tous ces échos est le produit de convolution de la représentation tout fréquence de l'onde A* seule avec un résonateur de Fabry-Perot. Ce modèle expérimental est en bon accord avec les résultats théoriques.

The goal of this research was to develop acoustic sensors and actuators for microfluidic applications. To this end, capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (cMUTs) were developed which generate guided acoustic waves in fluid half-spaces and microchannels. An interdigital transducer structure and a phased excitation scheme were used to selectively excite guided acoustic modes which propagate in a single lateral direction. Analytical models were developed to predict the geometric dispersion of the acoustic modes and to determine the sensitivity of the modes to changes in material and geometric parameters. Coupled field finite element models were also developed to predict the effect of membrane spacing and phasing on mode generation and directionality. After designing the transducers, a surface micromachining process was developed which has a low processing temperature of 250C and has the potential for monolithically integrating cMUTs with CMOS electronics. The fabrication process makes extensive use of PECVD silicon nitride depositions for membrane formation and sealing. The fabricated interdigital cMUTs were placed in microfluidic channels and demonstrated to sense changes in fluid sound speed and flow rate using Scholte waves and other guided acoustic modes. The minimum detectable change in sound speed was 0.25m/s, and the minimum detectable change in flow rate was 1mL/min. The unique nature of the Scholte wave allowed for the measurement of fluid properties of a semi-infinite fluid using two transducers on a single substrate. Changes in water temperature, and thus sound speed, were measured and the minimum detectable change in temperature was found to be 0.1C. For fluid pumping, interdigital cMUTs were integrated into microchannels and excited with phase-shifted, continuous wave signals. Highly directional guided waves were generated which in turn generated acoustic streaming forces in the fluid. The acoustic streaming forces caused the fluid to be pumped in a single, electronically-controlled direction. For a power consumption of 43mW, a flow rate of 410nL/min was generated against a pressure of 3.4Pa; the thermodynamic efficiency was approximately 5x10-8%. Although the efficiency and pressure head are low, these transducers can be useful for precisely manipulating small amounts of fluid around microfluidic networks.