O presente trabalho analisa o impacto do trabalho infantil no desempenho escolar das crianças e adolescentes que trabalharam e frequentaram a escola no período entre 2007 e 2011. A Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios - PNAD de 2011 mostra que 6,9% das crianças e adolescentes em idade escolar, ou seja, entre 6 e 17 anos de idade, conciliavam o seu tempo entre estudo e trabalho, representando cerca de 2,7 milhões de indivíduos nesta faixa etária. Ademais, o Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Básica - SAEB, responsável pelas aplicações das provas de conhecimentos gerais e específicos aos alunos das 4ªs e 8ªs séries do Ensino Fundamental e da 3ª série do Ensino Médio, nas escolas públicas e privadas do Brasil, mostra que o nível de conhecimento em testes de proficiência nas disciplinas de Língua Portuguesa e Matemática encontra-se aquém do satisfatório em cada série avaliada. Assim, na medida em que a universalização do ensino ocorre, torna-se importante verificar não só o impacto do trabalho infantil na frequência escolar, mas também no desempenho escolar. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar qual o impacto do trabalho das crianças e adolescentes (aqui segregado por suas ocupações: trabalho fora do domicílio, trabalho dentro do domicílio e trabalho em ambos os locais) na proficiência nos testes de Língua Portuguesa e Matemática. Para tanto, utilizaram-se microdados da Prova Brasil/SAEB de 2007 e 2011. A segunda base de dados utilizada foi o Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio - ENEM, que contém testes e informações dos alunos do Ensino Médio. Foi criado um pseudo painel e estimado o modelo de Efeitos Fixos, além de se utilizar o método de Propensity Score Matching. Concluiu-se que o trabalho exercido por crianças tem um efeito negativo no desempenho acadêmico, sendo esse efeito ainda pior para os alunos que trabalham fora do próprio domicílio ou que conciliam o trabalho fora do domicílio com os afazeres domésticos comparado aos que trabalham somente no domicílio. Os resultados mostram que as diferenças das médias nos testes de proficiência podem reduzir em até 10% a Média Mínima Satisfatória - MMS dada pelo SAEB para as crianças que trabalham em relação às que não trabalham. / This paper analyzes the impact of child labor on school performance between 2007 and 2011. The Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio - PNAD, Brazilian annual household survey of 2011 estimated that 6.9% of children in school age, between 6 and 17 years old, allocated their time between study and work, represented by, nearly 2.7 million people at this age range. In addition, the Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Básica - SAEB, Brazilian biannual education survey, responsible for the application of the tests of general and specific knowledge of students in the 4th and 8th grades of elementary school and senior high school, in public and private schools in Brazil, shows that the proficiency in Portuguese Language and Mathematic tests is below de adequate level for each grade evaluated. Considering that 94% of school-age children are in school, it is important to analyze the impact of child labor not only on attainment in school but also on their performance. Therefore, this paper aims to verify the impact of child labor (here treated as nondomestic work, domestic work and work in both places) in learning. Standardized test scores in Portuguese and Mathematics are available from Prova Brasil microdata, as well as information on socioeconomic characteristics of each student who attended school in Brazil from 2007 to 2011. The second database consists of National Examination for High School - ENEM with test scores and information about student´s characteristics in Senior High School in 2011.The impact was estimated by two different econometric methods: creating a pseudo panel using fixed effects model and Propensity Score Matching. The results show that child labor has a negative effect on student´s achievement. Additionally, this effect is worse for students who work outside their house or work both inside and outside their houses compared to those that only work in the household. The reduction in the average proficiency tests for those working can reach up to 10% of the minimum satisfactory mean given by SAEB.

Neste trabalho queremos avaliar o efeito da pré-escola sobre o desempenho escolar futuro dos indivíduos. Utilizando dados da PNAD e do SAEB, agregados para sucessivas gerações educacionais, relacionamos a proporção de indivíduos de uma determinada geração que freqüentou pré-escola e o seu desempenho escolar futuro. Os indicadores de desempenho educacional utilizados foram: a probabilidade do indivíduo de uma geração completar as oito séries do ensino fundamental, com no máximo dois anos de atraso; terminar o ensino médio, com no máximo dois anos de atraso; ingressar no ensino superior, com no máximo dois anos de atraso; e a pontuação em Língua Portuguesa e Matemática obtida ao utilizarmos os dados do SAEB entre 1995 e 2005 para os alunos da 4° série do ensino fundamental. Em relação a variável iniciar os estudos na pré-escola, não foi possível encontrar efeito para nenhum dos indicadores de desempenho estimados. Entretanto, encontramos que iniciar os estudos já na primeira série aumenta em 14,5 pontos percentuais a probabilidade de o indivíduo concluir o ensino médio. Com relação à proficiência em língua portuguesa e matemática encontramos um efeito positivo para o 3° quartil da distribuição de notas dos alunos. Assim, os resultados mostram que o importante é começar os estudos mais cedo independente de ser na pré-escola ou na primeira série. / In this work we evaluate the effect of preschool on future academic performance of individuals. Using data from PNAD and SAEB aggregated for successive educational generations, relate the proportion of individuals of a certain generation who attended preschool and school performance future. The indicators of educational performance used were: the probability of an individual from one generation to complete the eight grades of elementary school, with a maximum of two years of delay; to finish high school, with a maximum of two years of delay; enter higher education, with within two years of delay, and the score in Portuguese Language and Mathematics obtained when we use the data from SAEB between 1995 and 2005 for students in 4th grade. Regarding the variable \'start their studies in pre-school,\' I can not find any effect on performance indicator estimates. However, we found that start with the studies already in first grade increases by 14.5 percentage points the probability of individuals completing high school. With regard to proficiency in Portuguese Language and Mathematics found a positive effect for the 3rd quartile of the distribution of students\' grades. Thus, the results show that the important thing is to get the earlier studies no matter whether in pre-school or first grade.

This study focused on the relationship between school-based management, student outcomes and school performance. Its purpose was to identify the conditions that exist in self-managed schools which facilitate improved student outcomes and school performance. In particular, the study investigated three questions: 1. what are the enabling conditions in schools employing school-based management which school staff and parents consider influential in the achievement of improved student outcomes? 2. what explanations do these people give for how these conditions are applied within their schools to achieve success? 3. what judgents do school staff and parents make about the relationship between school-based management, student outcomes and overall school performance? The dissertation commences by describing major challenges and issues facing education over the next decade and by discussing how international and Australian systems of education are responding to these challenges through the implementation of various models of school-based management A review of international literature covering the last fifteen years is then presented to show that the promises and potentials of school-based management espoused by educational authorities have not necessarily led to an automatic improvement in student outcomes and school performance. Various conditions that may enable a school to implement school-based management effectively are suggested.. These conditions, derived from the literature review, are used as the initial prompts to undertake research in fOur Queensland primary schools Qualitative methodologies are used to gather data related to the three questions of the study in these four schools. The data obtained from the fouw case studies are then presented and discussed. The research findings suggest that the relationship between school-based management, student outcomes and school performance are dependent on the existence of severa1 conditions within school-based managed schools. These involve: 1. a comprehensive understanding of the powers available within a school-based management regime; 2. a school's organisational readiness to take on school-based management responsibilities and authonties; 3. the existence of six bases and their enabling conditions: i. an Ideology Base; ii a Relationship Base; iii. a Performance Base; iv. a Pedagogy Base; v. a Management Base; vi. a Governance Base. 4. the capacity of the school to implement school-based management in terms of contextual issues such as the size of the school, workfbrce experience and competency, geographical location and complexity of the campus; 5. the requirement of the controlling authority to delegate key powers and resources such as staffing, facilities management and total school budgeting; 6. a school-based process to manage change and school improvement. It is argued that these conditions maximise the ability of those involved in school-based management to influence improvements in student outcomes and school performance. The dissertation concludes by suggesting five major implications of the study and at least three areas of possible filture research The five major implications are: 1. the development of clear understandings of the scope of the authorities and responsibilities available to school-based managed schools in Queensland; 2. the need to develop methodology to evaluate and identify school organisational readiness to take on school-based management; 3. the development and implementation of a process that will enhance school effectiveness; 4. the development and implementation of a process that can enhance the quality of governance within Education Queensland schools; 5. the development of differentiated school-based management options that broaden the decentralised authorities to schools in consideration of their organisational readiness and capacity to implement school-based management. There are at least three areas of possible future research. The first of these areas involves research to investigate the conditions that exist within schools (to which Education Queensland has assigned the most advanced devolution of authority) that are not successful in improving student outcomes and school performance.. The second area of further research involves an evaluation of the effect that the current school council governance model has on the improvement of student outcomes and school performance.. The third area of future research involves the investigation of the possibilities of enhancing existing school-based management responsibilities and authorities in Education Queensland schools. In summary, this study suggests that school-based management has been used by educational authorities in Australia and overseas as a possible means to improve student outcomes and school performance. The fmdings suggest that for school-based management to achieve what it was set out to achieve, schools need to work an a number of enabling conditions. The most important of these include: an understanding of the school's core purpos~, a school-wide commitment to high teaching expectations, an understanding of the roles and responsibilities of staff, a principal who has a strong commitment to students, a principal who has high hopes, aspirations and expectations for the school, a strong fOcus on literacy, especially reading, effective behaviour management programmes, systems that identify and target student's needs, highly professional staff and school staffing that responds to the complexity of the school. These fmdings are consistent with the argument that there is no automatic causal link between the implementation of school-based management and improved student outcomes and school performance.. It is only when particular enabling conditions exist or are developing within a school, that effective school-based management can take root and support a range of school-based initiatives focused on the improvement of student and school performance When this is the case, school-based management may influence a school's ability to improve student outcomes and school performance.

This report deals with some problems in connection with the school situation of children from sparsely populated areas. 515 pupils at the middle level of the 9-year compulsory school ir. Västerbotten took part ir. the investigation. 200 of these we*-e children from sparsely populated areas according to the following definition: children having no friends of their own age except in their families closer than one kilometre from their homes. School performance was measured with standard tests in the subjects Swedish, mathematics, English and with marks in grade 6. School adjustment and maturity were measured with teacher estimates. The attitudes of the pupils to school, friends, home and leisure time were studied with questionnaire« in grades 3 and 6 and for the latter ones with a questionnaire in grade 7 as well. Children from sparsely populated areas obtained as good a result as other pupils on the standard tests. In B-schools, above all in grade 6, the children from sparsely populated areas tended to perform better than teir class-mates. Boys from sparsely populated areas obtained somewhat worse results in A-schools in grade 6. Girls performed better than boys throughout. The teacher's estimates of school adjustment and maturity favoured the group from sparsely populated areas compared with other pupils. The attitudes of the pupils to school and school work were somewhat more positive and stable in B-classes. When they reached the senior level of t.he 9-year compulsory school the pupils from B-schools were more insecure in the school situation whereas they seemed less stressed by marks and competition than pupils from A-schools. Children from sparsely populated areas have positive altitudes towards forming new contacts both at the middle level of the 9-year compulsory school and in grade 7. The results indicate on the whole that both B-schools and life in sparsely populated areas favour performance in school. The same is true of school adjustment and comfort in spite of the fact that children from this environment are considered to be a negative sample according to prevalent social group norms. / <p>Författarens förnamn är på titelbladet skrivet: Anna Greta (alltså i två ord), medan i alla delrapporter skrivs förnamnet: Annagreta.</p> / digitalisering@umu

ABSTRACT Background: Schistosomiasis is a chronic parasitological disease and constitutes one of the major neglected public health problems in the word. The consequences that this disease causes in the population are subject of controversy. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of schistosomiasis in term of malnutrition, anemia and low school performance in an endemic region, naïve of interventions. Methods: The study was conducted in Kasansa health zone in Democratic Republic of Congo where schistosomiasis has been endemic for decades. School aged children were recruited at home. From each child, anthropometric measures, biological and laboratory exams were obtained. The questionnaire was used for economic status, behavior and other factors related to schistosomiasis. Regression logistic was used to control confounding factors. A 95% confidence interval was used for statistically significance. Results: The proportion of malnutrition was 53.8%, anemia 67.0% and low school performance 41.1%. In this health zone, the study found and confirmed a high proportion of children who are infected with S. mansoni (89.3%) and malaria (65.1%). Conclusions: This study showed high proportions of complications that are usually reported as associated with schistosomiasis, among school aged children in the health zone of Kasansa. Future studies are needed to show causality and to find efficient ways to control these morbidities.

Despite decades of policy innovation aimed at improving school performance, the number of public schools defined as low performing in the U.S. continues to grow. Yet, most explanations of low performance do not consider the fact that many of the country’s lowest performing schools share high rates of turnover among both staff and students, or organizational instability. The purpose of this dissertation was to develop the theoretical underpinnings of both the concept of organizational stability and its relationship with school contextual factors and performance, and to assess the relationship quantitatively. I hypothesized that teacher turnover, principal turnover, and student mobility partially mediate the impact of a school’s socioeconomic context on its academic performance. In order to test the proposed partial mediation model, I conducted a quantitative analysis using path analysis and data from North Carolina public schools. I constructed several samples, including one that included all schools, and five others that focused in on high instability, high poverty, and urban schools. The results of the analyses depended in large part on the type of school under investigation. Specifically, I found that the relationships between the context variables varied according to the sample being examined. Similarly, the presence of direct and mediating effects between the organizational stability variables was contingent on the kind of school. The results of these analyses support previous findings and contribute a new understanding of the role of instability in helping to explain low school performance. This dissertation engages the ongoing debate about the effects of teacher and principal turnover on school performance, suggesting that both do indeed have a deleterious effect on performance. Finally, I make several methodological contributions to the literature on both turnover and school performance by utilizing path analysis, which allows for the prioritization of effects and the testing of indirect effects. / text

Neste trabalho queremos avaliar o efeito da pré-escola sobre o desempenho escolar futuro dos indivíduos. Utilizando dados da PNAD e do SAEB, agregados para sucessivas gerações educacionais, relacionamos a proporção de indivíduos de uma determinada geração que freqüentou pré-escola e o seu desempenho escolar futuro. Os indicadores de desempenho educacional utilizados foram: a probabilidade do indivíduo de uma geração completar as oito séries do ensino fundamental, com no máximo dois anos de atraso; terminar o ensino médio, com no máximo dois anos de atraso; ingressar no ensino superior, com no máximo dois anos de atraso; e a pontuação em Língua Portuguesa e Matemática obtida ao utilizarmos os dados do SAEB entre 1995 e 2005 para os alunos da 4° série do ensino fundamental. Em relação a variável iniciar os estudos na pré-escola, não foi possível encontrar efeito para nenhum dos indicadores de desempenho estimados. Entretanto, encontramos que iniciar os estudos já na primeira série aumenta em 14,5 pontos percentuais a probabilidade de o indivíduo concluir o ensino médio. Com relação à proficiência em língua portuguesa e matemática encontramos um efeito positivo para o 3° quartil da distribuição de notas dos alunos. Assim, os resultados mostram que o importante é começar os estudos mais cedo independente de ser na pré-escola ou na primeira série. / In this work we evaluate the effect of preschool on future academic performance of individuals. Using data from PNAD and SAEB aggregated for successive educational generations, relate the proportion of individuals of a certain generation who attended preschool and school performance future. The indicators of educational performance used were: the probability of an individual from one generation to complete the eight grades of elementary school, with a maximum of two years of delay; to finish high school, with a maximum of two years of delay; enter higher education, with within two years of delay, and the score in Portuguese Language and Mathematics obtained when we use the data from SAEB between 1995 and 2005 for students in 4th grade. Regarding the variable \'start their studies in pre-school,\' I can not find any effect on performance indicator estimates. However, we found that start with the studies already in first grade increases by 14.5 percentage points the probability of individuals completing high school. With regard to proficiency in Portuguese Language and Mathematics found a positive effect for the 3rd quartile of the distribution of students\' grades. Thus, the results show that the important thing is to get the earlier studies no matter whether in pre-school or first grade.

O presente trabalho analisa o impacto do trabalho infantil no desempenho escolar das crianças e adolescentes que trabalharam e frequentaram a escola no período entre 2007 e 2011. A Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios - PNAD de 2011 mostra que 6,9% das crianças e adolescentes em idade escolar, ou seja, entre 6 e 17 anos de idade, conciliavam o seu tempo entre estudo e trabalho, representando cerca de 2,7 milhões de indivíduos nesta faixa etária. Ademais, o Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Básica - SAEB, responsável pelas aplicações das provas de conhecimentos gerais e específicos aos alunos das 4ªs e 8ªs séries do Ensino Fundamental e da 3ª série do Ensino Médio, nas escolas públicas e privadas do Brasil, mostra que o nível de conhecimento em testes de proficiência nas disciplinas de Língua Portuguesa e Matemática encontra-se aquém do satisfatório em cada série avaliada. Assim, na medida em que a universalização do ensino ocorre, torna-se importante verificar não só o impacto do trabalho infantil na frequência escolar, mas também no desempenho escolar. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar qual o impacto do trabalho das crianças e adolescentes (aqui segregado por suas ocupações: trabalho fora do domicílio, trabalho dentro do domicílio e trabalho em ambos os locais) na proficiência nos testes de Língua Portuguesa e Matemática. Para tanto, utilizaram-se microdados da Prova Brasil/SAEB de 2007 e 2011. A segunda base de dados utilizada foi o Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio - ENEM, que contém testes e informações dos alunos do Ensino Médio. Foi criado um pseudo painel e estimado o modelo de Efeitos Fixos, além de se utilizar o método de Propensity Score Matching. Concluiu-se que o trabalho exercido por crianças tem um efeito negativo no desempenho acadêmico, sendo esse efeito ainda pior para os alunos que trabalham fora do próprio domicílio ou que conciliam o trabalho fora do domicílio com os afazeres domésticos comparado aos que trabalham somente no domicílio. Os resultados mostram que as diferenças das médias nos testes de proficiência podem reduzir em até 10% a Média Mínima Satisfatória - MMS dada pelo SAEB para as crianças que trabalham em relação às que não trabalham. / This paper analyzes the impact of child labor on school performance between 2007 and 2011. The Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio - PNAD, Brazilian annual household survey of 2011 estimated that 6.9% of children in school age, between 6 and 17 years old, allocated their time between study and work, represented by, nearly 2.7 million people at this age range. In addition, the Sistema Nacional de Avaliação da Educação Básica - SAEB, Brazilian biannual education survey, responsible for the application of the tests of general and specific knowledge of students in the 4th and 8th grades of elementary school and senior high school, in public and private schools in Brazil, shows that the proficiency in Portuguese Language and Mathematic tests is below de adequate level for each grade evaluated. Considering that 94% of school-age children are in school, it is important to analyze the impact of child labor not only on attainment in school but also on their performance. Therefore, this paper aims to verify the impact of child labor (here treated as nondomestic work, domestic work and work in both places) in learning. Standardized test scores in Portuguese and Mathematics are available from Prova Brasil microdata, as well as information on socioeconomic characteristics of each student who attended school in Brazil from 2007 to 2011. The second database consists of National Examination for High School - ENEM with test scores and information about student´s characteristics in Senior High School in 2011.The impact was estimated by two different econometric methods: creating a pseudo panel using fixed effects model and Propensity Score Matching. The results show that child labor has a negative effect on student´s achievement. Additionally, this effect is worse for students who work outside their house or work both inside and outside their houses compared to those that only work in the household. The reduction in the average proficiency tests for those working can reach up to 10% of the minimum satisfactory mean given by SAEB.

The climate of a school can be defined as the set of internal characteristics that distinguishes one school from another and influences the behavior of its members (Hoy & Hannum, 1997). Schools with a positive climate have been shown to positively impact students (Hoy, 1972). A principal’s leadership style influences the climate that, in turn, impacts student performance. In this work, the researcher investigated Miami-Dade County Public Schools in order to determine if there was a relationship between instructional staff members’ perceptions of their school’s principals, a derivative of the district’s school climate studies, and their schools’ grades. Eight School Climate Survey items were inter-correlated. The smallest intercorrelation was .83, which is still a large intercorrelation, and the largest intercorrelation was .96. Pearson’s correlation analysis (Healey, 2004) was run to determine the relationship between schools’ earned points and averaged survey responses. Survey items 8, 9, 12 and 13 had weak (less than .30) positive correlations to schools’ earned points. Survey items 7, 10, 11 and 14 had moderate (above .30) positive correlations to schools’ earned points. The researcher created a composite variable (Pallant, 2007) from all the School Climate Survey responses. This composite variable, titled Principal Leadership Score, allowed the researcher to determine that approximately 9% of the variance in the points earned by schools in 2009 can be accounted for by how teachers in this study perceived the leadership of their principals. This study’s findings of a moderate positive correlation between teachers’ perceptions of principal leadership and school performance supports earlier research linking school climate and school performance. Due to the fact that the leadership of the principal affects, either positively or negatively, the learning and working environment of students and teachers, it is recommended that principals use the eight School Climate Survey items examined within this study as guides (Pepper & Thomas, 2002). Through focusing on these survey items, principals may be propelled to self-identify their leadership strengths as well as leadership weaknesses.

No description available.