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Orientador: Maria Regina Guarnieri / Banca: Alda Junqueira Marin / Banca: Adriane Knoblauch / Banca: Silvia Ricco Lucato Sigolo / Banca: Vera Lúcia M. Fialho Capellini / Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo geral investigar o rendimento escolar de alunos de 3º e 4º anos em situação de recuperação e suas relações com as condições de uma escola municipal de Ensino Fundamental de Bauru/SP. Buscou-se desvendar como a referida escola organizou o trabalho didático-pedagógico, de que modo desenvolveu ações de recuperação escolar e quais parâmetros e critérios estabeleceu para considerar os alunos recuperados. A hipótese norteadora do estudo foi de que o rendimento dos alunos em recuperação escolar não decorre somente do trabalho sistemático da coordenação, do grau de compromisso do professor de recuperação e do apoio dos familiares, mas, sobretudo, do nível de exigência da escola para considerá-los efetivamente recuperados, ou seja, ainda que ocorram avanços, eles não ultrapassarão os patamares mais elementares se o nível de exigência da escola for baixo e o próprio aluno considerado como parâmetro de avaliação. Trata-se de pesquisa de base empírica, de abordagem qualitativa, com procedimentos metodológicos que envolveram análise de documentos da escola; realização de entrevistas individuais com as 5 professoras das classes regulares, com a professora da classe da recuperação, com a coordenadora e com os 8 alunos de 3º e 4º anos escolares; questionários aplicados aos familiares dos alunos e visitas à escola para observações e análise dos cadernos de alunos. Os dados foram coletados no ano de 2009, mapeados e analisados em dois eixos abrangendo os seguintes elementos de análise: Condições iniciais, dificuldades e lacunas dos alunos encaminhados para o processo de recuperação (Eixo 1); Melhorias e condições favoráveis resultantes do processo de recuperação (Eixo 2). Os resultados obtidos permitiram confirmar a hipótese ao se atestar... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the academic performance of students in the 3rd and 4th grade in remedial situation and its relations with the conditions of a public school for elementary education in Bauru/SP. We attempted to discover how the mentioned school organized the didactic and pedagogic work how it developed remedial school actions for students with learning gaps and what parameters and standard were established to consider the students effectively recovered. The central hypothesis of the study was that the achievement of students in remedial school does not simply follow the systematic coordination work, from the level of commitment of the recovery teacher and support of family, but specially with the demands of school in considering them effectively recovered, in other words, even if advances occur, they will not exceed the elementary levels if the most basic level of the school demand is low and the students themselves are regarded as the evaluation parameter. It is empirically based research, qualitative study with methodological procedures that involved analysis of school documents, varied; individual interviews with five teachers of regular grades, with the teacher of the recovery class, with the coordinator and with 8 students, 3rd and 4th grade; questionnaires to the families of students and school visits for observations and analysis of students notebooks. Data were collected in 2009, mapped and organized in boards, graphs, figures and analyzed in two axes including the following elements of analysis: Initial conditions, difficulties and gaps of the students referred to the recovery process (Axis 1); Improvements and conditions resulting from the recovery process (Axis 2). The results gotten confirmed the hypothesis as they demonstrate that the improvements presented by the students... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / This study is an evaluative analysis of the performance of Advanced Level (A-level) female students in schools for the academically talented in Tanzania. The pass rates of female students at Advanced Level in such schools are consistently lower than those of males, particularly in mathematics and science. The available literature on special schools in Tanzania is very limited. There are a number of related resources available concerning, for example, performance indicators for primary and secondary schools. This study would add to the sparse literature concerning factors which influence the performance of both female and male Tanzanian students who are academically talented. The study gives attention to feminist perspectives within an educational evaluation framework. This is because evaluation is a process of determining to what extent particular educational objectives are actually being realised. It is based on student performance, curricula and instructional materials, school personnel, educational programmes and projects, education institutions and organisations. The main argument of the thesis largely draws on a liberal, socialist feminism and empowerment approach to education and seeks to explain and change historical systems of sexual differences according to which females and males are socially constituted and positioned in relations of hierarchy and antagonism (Haraway, 1989). Data was collected through questionnaires, interviews, and by observation. Both quantitative and qualitative thematic content was used to analyse data. The respondents in this study involved four special schools (two for female and two for male students) with ten participants from each school. The data obtained from male students was used for comparative purposes. The sample also involved four heads of schools, two teachers from each school, two zonal inspectors (Eastern and Central zone) and the director of secondary schools. The study reveals that male students' performance in special schools is better than their female counterparts. The reason for this is inadequate provision of teaching and learning materials such as textbooks and an uneven distribution of teachers in schools for female which leads to a high teaching workload. In addition, there is a shortage of female graduate teachers who can act as female role models. Other factors include social cultural aspects and differential gender expectations for males and females in a society. All of these issues disadvantage females in relation to male students. This study r~commends that the government through the responsible Ministry should: increase the resources to these schools so as to create conducive learning environment for students and teachers; ensure even distribution of graduate teachers; encouraging more females to enroll in science and mathematics subjects; in order to be role models for younger students and recruit more· female graduates teachers specialised in science and mathematics. Future research should involve all special schools as well as other ordinary schools both private and public with a large sample.

<p>Previous research has shown both positive and negative effects of gaming on academic and cognitive performance. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of gaming on development of working memory (WM), inattention, reading and math ability using a longitudinal design. A randomly chosen sample of 335 (168 girls) 6–25 year olds performed tests of visuo-spatial and verbal WM, reading and math ability twice, with a two year interval. Gaming and inattention were assed with questionnaires. Time spent gaming did not affect development of any of the variables. However, game category did correlate with development of visuo-spatial WM, with action-gamers having a more favourable development. There was, however, no positive interaction with more time spent gaming for action-gamers. These results suggest that gaming should not be regarded as a damaging leisure activity. There could instead be some positive effects of gaming, but future research should try to identify the aspects of gaming contributing to this effect.</p>

Previous research has shown both positive and negative effects of gaming on academic and cognitive performance. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of gaming on development of working memory (WM), inattention, reading and math ability using a longitudinal design. A randomly chosen sample of 335 (168 girls) 6–25 year olds performed tests of visuo-spatial and verbal WM, reading and math ability twice, with a two year interval. Gaming and inattention were assed with questionnaires. Time spent gaming did not affect development of any of the variables. However, game category did correlate with development of visuo-spatial WM, with action-gamers having a more favourable development. There was, however, no positive interaction with more time spent gaming for action-gamers. These results suggest that gaming should not be regarded as a damaging leisure activity. There could instead be some positive effects of gaming, but future research should try to identify the aspects of gaming contributing to this effect.

Reforms that expand school choice have been the focus of considerable policy interest, not least as a possible means of improving public school performance. According to the standard argument, increased choice will intensify competition, forcing public schools to improve quality in order to retain enrolment. Yet in principle, increased choice need not always raise performance, pointing to the need for careful empirical analysis. A key challenge in measuring the effects of greater choice on school performance is that convincing variation in choice is often hard to come by, especially in cross-sectional studies. And while school choice policy experiments have the advantage that choice increases in a clear way, few large-scale school choice policies have been implemented in North America. An important exception is the 2002 Ontario tuition tax credit, which eased access to private schools throughout Canada's most populous province. Analyzing the effects of the tax credit reform provides the focus of this thesis. The thesis begins by presenting the literature and gaps in existing research. The next chapter presents a model to clarify the link between increases in competition and school performance, and to motivate the empirical identification strategy. To set the stage for the main empirical analysis, I also provide some relevant institutional background relating to the Ontario education policy environment and the Ontario tuition tax credit as well as a descriptive analysis on the Ontario private school market. I then present an initial examination of the possible performance effects of the Ontario tuition tax credit using a difference-in-differences setup, before turning to the main empirical analysis, which exploits the differential competitive effects for public schools in districts with relative to those without a significant private school presence. The empirical results indicate that public school performance improved for schools facing the greatest competitive pressures following the introduction of the policy, controlling for a host of other relevant factors. To assess whether the effect is due primarily to increases in productivity, the analysis controls carefully for a series of alternative mechanisms. Overall, the Ontario findings are consistent with increased choice giving rise to productivity improvements in public schools.

Reforms that expand school choice have been the focus of considerable policy interest, not least as a possible means of improving public school performance. According to the standard argument, increased choice will intensify competition, forcing public schools to improve quality in order to retain enrolment. Yet in principle, increased choice need not always raise performance, pointing to the need for careful empirical analysis. A key challenge in measuring the effects of greater choice on school performance is that convincing variation in choice is often hard to come by, especially in cross-sectional studies. And while school choice policy experiments have the advantage that choice increases in a clear way, few large-scale school choice policies have been implemented in North America. An important exception is the 2002 Ontario tuition tax credit, which eased access to private schools throughout Canada's most populous province. Analyzing the effects of the tax credit reform provides the focus of this thesis. The thesis begins by presenting the literature and gaps in existing research. The next chapter presents a model to clarify the link between increases in competition and school performance, and to motivate the empirical identification strategy. To set the stage for the main empirical analysis, I also provide some relevant institutional background relating to the Ontario education policy environment and the Ontario tuition tax credit as well as a descriptive analysis on the Ontario private school market. I then present an initial examination of the possible performance effects of the Ontario tuition tax credit using a difference-in-differences setup, before turning to the main empirical analysis, which exploits the differential competitive effects for public schools in districts with relative to those without a significant private school presence. The empirical results indicate that public school performance improved for schools facing the greatest competitive pressures following the introduction of the policy, controlling for a host of other relevant factors. To assess whether the effect is due primarily to increases in productivity, the analysis controls carefully for a series of alternative mechanisms. Overall, the Ontario findings are consistent with increased choice giving rise to productivity improvements in public schools.

Group mentoring may offer similar supports as traditional one-on-one mentoring and a more culturally consistent forum for addressing issues of ethnicity, academic self-concept and school connectedness (Lindsay-Dennis, Cummings, McClendon, in press; Utsey, Howard & Williams, 2003). The present study investigates the development of students’ ethnic identity, academic self-concept and school connectedness through participation in a school based group mentoring program within a culturally diverse high school. Employing a mixed method design and multilevel modeling analysis, both the ethnicity of the mentor and the diversity composition of each group were assessed as contributors to the mentoring process. Ethnic identity and academic self concept did not yield significant associations (p =.75 and p =.42). School connectedness yielded a significant, but negative association (p < .05) from participation; with multicultural students reporting significantly less connection to the school. Review of process notes maintained by mentors revealed specific group processes that may have influenced the ethnic identity, academic self-concept, and school connectedness of students; such as discussion and resolution of experiences of racism.

Abstract The current education policy in Finland tends to result in higher levels of education, and to avoid educational failures. The aim of the present study was to determine school predictors for later severe mental disorders requiring hospital treatment, and to determine whether or not severe mental disorders or smoking are associated with educational achievement. Educational attainments were analysed in the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort (n = 12 058 born alive) using school performance and attained level of education. Data was collected using questionnaires as well as from national registers. Data on psychiatric morbidity was gathered from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register. The case notes of all potential subjects were examined. Up to the end of 1994, a total of 387 subjects had received a DSM-III-R psychiatric diagnosis categorized as follows: schizophrenia (n = 89), other psychoses (n = 55), and non-psychotic disorders (n = 243). Smoking habits were assessed at 14 and 31 years by postal questionnaires. The association between exposure, confounding and outcome variables were analysed by cross-tabulations. Regression models were fitted and adjusted for confounding. Children not in their normal grade or not in normal school at the age of 14 years had a 2 to 8 times higher risk than those in the comparison category (with no psychiatric hospitalisation) to develop some form of mental disorders. Among adolescents with non-psychotic disorders, the means of school marks were lower than in the comparison category, but lower marks did not predict schizophrenia or other psychoses. 11% of the pre-schizophrenic boys had excellent mean school marks compared with only 3% of the comparison category (adjusted OR 3.8; 95% CI 1.6 - 9.3). Over half of all those with a hospital-treated mental disorder progressed beyond basic education, but few completed their tertiary education. Early schizophrenia, (i.e. onset before 22 years of age) as well as non-psychotic cases had an approximately 3- to 6- fold adjusted odds for staying in the basic level. Persons with psychoses with an onset at age 23 or later performed nearly as well as the comparison group. Adult smoking (at age 31) and prolonged smoking (at ages 14 and 31) were associated with an approximately 2- to 6- fold, adjusted odds for educational underachievement, but not smoking only at the age of 14. These results provide new information on the need for earlier therapeutic, rehabilitative and educational interventions directed at children with poor school performance as well as at mentally vulnerable and smoking young persons.

MSc (Med), Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand / Background The first two years of a child’s life are crucial for cognitive development. In societies where there are high rates of poverty, children are at risk of undernutrition and subsequently stunting. Insufficient nutrition in early childhood results in growth retardation in young infants and subsequently weak school performance later in life due to poorer cognitive development. As far as we know no study has been conducted in South Africa to examine the association between height at age 2 years and school performance at the end of primary school. Purpose The primary objective of this study was to investigate the association between growth at age 2 years and education performance (school performance in Mathematics and English or first language) of adolescents at the end of primary school (grade 7). In addition, other growth variables such as weight-for-age, BMIfor- age and weight-for-height were tested for the association as a secondary objective. Prevalence of stunting, underweight, wasting and obesity at age two years was also investigated. Methods This study is a primary analysis of historical data collected from Birth to Twenty (BT20) cohort in Johannesburg, South Africa. A cohort study conceptualised to v investigate the effects of the urbanization and societal transition on health and development A longitudinal study design within the BT20 cohort was employed. A total of 252 study participants were included in the study. An ordinal logistic model was used to test for association between growth at age two years and school performance. Potential confounders such as maternal education, birth weight and socio-economic status as defined by household assets were adjusted for in the model. Results At age two years, about 29% of the study participants were stunted as defined by height-for-age, based on the WHO 2006 growth standards. The proportion of girls defined as stunted was equal to that of boys. Levels of underweight, wasting and obesity were 9%, 6% and 2% respectively. The risk of low versus combined high and average performance in Mathematics at grade 7 was about three times more likely in study participants whose heightfor- age was below -3SD and seven times more likely for those below -4SD. Participants whose weight-for-age as defined by the WHO reference was below - 2SD were more than three times more likely to achieve a low score versus a combined high and average score in English or first language. There was no evidence of correlation between low birth weight, wasting and obesity and poor education performance for both Mathematics and English results Conclusion: We conclude that there is an association between height at age 2 years and school performance at the end of primary school.