There is no abstract available for this dissertation.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1971. / Typescript. Vita. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

In the analysis and evaluation of the role of the elementary school supervisor, the purpose was (1) to investigate relationships which might exist between certain personal and professional background characteristics of elementary school supervisors and the activities in which they engaged, (2) to determine the activities in which elementary school supervisors engaged, (3) to determine emphasis placed upon those activities in which elementary school supervisors engaged, and (4) to evaluate those activities in which elementary school supervisors engaged.

The study focused on the role of the principal as an instructional leader in the Motupa Circuit primary schools of Limpopo Province. The nature and effectiveness of the education system depend on the role of school principals as instructional leaders in the effective and efficient monitoring and support of educators' curriculum implementation in the classrooms, evidenced by learners' performance and the effective functioning of educational institutions. The literature review undertaken benchmarked on the instructional leadership roles of school principals. Qualitative research approach in the form of observations, interviews and the analysis of written documents was employed to elicit the principals' perceptions on their instructional leadership roles and how they enhance effective teaching and learning towards improving learners' performances. The study anticipated that principals as instructional leaders will be increasingly involved in ensuring that curriculum implementation in the classrooms is monitored and supported for effective teaching and learning to be realised. The study's findings revealed that this is not happening as it should. A synopsis of the research findings revealed that principals are beset with a number of contextual factors such as, an inadequate provision of teaching and learning resources and infrastructure needs, lack of monitoring and support of curriculum implementation, inadequate support from the Department of Basic Education, and lack of parental involvement and concern on the education of their children. It is anticipated that the literature review and the findings from the empirical study will contribute to, and strengthen principals' instructional leadership roles in creating conditions for effective teaching and learning, by monitoring and supporting educators in curriculum delivery and implementation in the classrooms. The research recommended that principals should conduct regular class visits and also ensure that strategies are developed to involve parents of learners in the education of their children, and that teaching and learning resources should be provided. The Provincial Department of Basic Education must provide the much needed basic school infrastructure and basic school resources such as LTSM, the national norms and standard for school funding (NNSSF) earlier during the first term, in support of principals' instructional leadership roles. It is recommended that attention to these issues by school principals and the Department of Basic Education will contribute towards effective teaching and learning and improve learners' performances in Limpopo Province and the Motupa Circuit in particular. / Educational Management and Leadership / M. Ed. (Education Management)

The study focused on the role of the principal as an instructional leader in the Motupa Circuit primary schools of Limpopo Province. The nature and effectiveness of the education system depend on the role of school principals as instructional leaders in the effective and efficient monitoring and support of educators' curriculum implementation in the classrooms, evidenced by learners' performance and the effective functioning of educational institutions. The literature review undertaken benchmarked on the instructional leadership roles of school principals. Qualitative research approach in the form of observations, interviews and the analysis of written documents was employed to elicit the principals' perceptions on their instructional leadership roles and how they enhance effective teaching and learning towards improving learners' performances. The study anticipated that principals as instructional leaders will be increasingly involved in ensuring that curriculum implementation in the classrooms is monitored and supported for effective teaching and learning to be realised. The study's findings revealed that this is not happening as it should. A synopsis of the research findings revealed that principals are beset with a number of contextual factors such as, an inadequate provision of teaching and learning resources and infrastructure needs, lack of monitoring and support of curriculum implementation, inadequate support from the Department of Basic Education, and lack of parental involvement and concern on the education of their children. It is anticipated that the literature review and the findings from the empirical study will contribute to, and strengthen principals' instructional leadership roles in creating conditions for effective teaching and learning, by monitoring and supporting educators in curriculum delivery and implementation in the classrooms. The research recommended that principals should conduct regular class visits and also ensure that strategies are developed to involve parents of learners in the education of their children, and that teaching and learning resources should be provided. The Provincial Department of Basic Education must provide the much needed basic school infrastructure and basic school resources such as LTSM, the national norms and standard for school funding (NNSSF) earlier during the first term, in support of principals' instructional leadership roles. It is recommended that attention to these issues by school principals and the Department of Basic Education will contribute towards effective teaching and learning and improve learners' performances in Limpopo Province and the Motupa Circuit in particular. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)

香港政府在二千年推行教育改革，校長作為學校教學領導團隊的核心領導者，如何帶動學校的教學發展更趨重要。本研究探討香港小學校長教學領導的具體策略，以及在實踐教學領導過程中，如何受到不同因素的影響。 / 本研究採用質化的多重個案研究方法，挑選了校長教學領導較為成功的兩所小學作為研究對象，探討有關問題。研究資料搜集方法包括訪問校長及學校主要的中層教學領導教師及部分基層教師；實地觀察課堂教學、教師專業發展活動和不同類型的會議；以及分析學校、政府、大專院校的文件。 / 研究發現，在推動學校學與教發展的過程中，校長的領導策略是根據學校的獨特情境而選擇的，沒有一個放諸四海皆準或是所謂「最佳」的策略。面對着來自不同層面的各種不同因素的考驗及牽制，教學領導的效能取決於校長領導策略、行為與情境的配合，能否運用其領導解難能力，將挑戰轉化為發展機會。而在這過程中，建立學校教學願景、促進團隊正面人際關係及環境氛圍是校長教學領導的重要策略。 / 研究進一步發現，校長個人信念、經驗、專業知識及領導能力、個人特質等，是影響校長教學領導策略的重要因素。因為個人信念和經歷對領導工作內容具有一種指向性作用，確立校長如何定義學生的學習、教師的教學；而個人專業知識和能力與及個人特質這兩項，則是實踐學校願景的一些能力條件；校長需要依靠這些知識、能力特長去推動教學發展及學校改進。可以說，信念、經歷、專業知識和能力、個人特質之間是相輔相成的。 / 研究又發現，校長教學領導策略和學校情境內的不同因素，包括學校文化、教師、中層領導、學生和家長等等具交互影響，彼此不斷調校以回應改進需求。最後，隨着校長領導策略發揮作用，學校出現變革，中層教學領導能力提升，他們不僅協助校長深化和加快教學發展，也幫助學校回應新挑戰。因此，學校情境因素亦是影響校長教學領導策略不可忽略的重要因素。 / 本研究對校長教學領導的知識領域有三方面的貢獻，它揭示了（1）校長在學校學與教發展過程中扮演引導教學發展方向及營造學校正面文化的關鍵角色；（2）不同因素對校長教學領導策略的影響；以及（3）校長教學領導策略成功發揮作用所需要的條件，就是各項策略與校長個人因素、學校情境因素之間的配合。 / Since year 2000, Hong Kong government has initiated a number of educational reforms. Being a center figure in our school structure, the role of principals has become increasingly crucial to the success of those reforms. This study aims to understand Hong Kong school principals’ strategies on instructional leadership and factors affecting them. / The study employed a multiple-case design. Two primary schools with widely recognized reform success were purposefully chosen. Data collected include interviews of principal, key middle managers and teachers; it also included observations of classes, student activities, staff development activities, and meetings at different levels; and reviews of documents from various sources. / The study found that there is no one-size-fits-all nor the best strategy when principals try to improve their schools or to upgrade teachers’ knowledge and skills. Rather, principals should tailor their own plans for teachers’ professional development and school improvement, and the strategies need to be context-specific. Faced by challenges from their changing educational environment, principals’ problem-solving ability determined how well their schools could address these new challenges. All through their leading process, it was found that building a vision for the school, and cultivating a positive social relationship and school atmosphere are crucial tasks for the success. / This study further discovered that principals’ beliefs, experiences, professional knowledge and skills, and personal characteristics are among others the crucial factors for successful leadership. These factors are interrelated in such a way that they either serve as guiding principle for decision making or they provide the essential capacity for the accomplishment. / More notably, this study identified a reciprocal effect between leadership strategies and school context, like the existing characteristics of school culture, teachers, students and their parents. Last but not least, empowered by the principal, the emerged senior and mid-level leaders not only helped the schools deepen and broaden the development, but also increased their capacity to address new challenges. / The study contributes to the knowledge of instructional leadership in three ways. First, it deepens the understandings of school principals’ role in school improvement, particularly in choosing the focus of development and establishing a positive school culture. Second, it makes explicit the pathways of factors in changing school principals’ strategies. Third, it reveals a good matching between strategies and personal factors as well as school context is an essential criterion for the effectiveness of instructional leadership. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 呂斌. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 438-461). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Lü Bin. / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 研究背景 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- 香港教育改革要求教與學的革新 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- 教育改革中校長領導角色的重要 --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- 校長教學領導角色的新挑戰 --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- 香港的校長教學領導研究 --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- 小結 --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2 --- 研究目的 --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- 研究問題 --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- 研究意義 --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- 理論意義 --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- 實踐意義 --- p.11 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文獻析評 --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1 --- 校長領導 --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- 校長領導角色的發展 --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- 香港校長領導的研究 --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2 --- 教學領導的概念 --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 教學領導概念的源起 --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- 教學領導的不同定義 --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- 小結 --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3 --- 校長教學領導的特點 --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- 校長教學領導對學生學習只有間接影響 --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- 傳統校長教學領導着重監察 --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- 近年校長教學領導開始結合分散領導的特點 --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- 小結 --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4 --- 校長教學領導的策略 --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- 校長教學領導的研究 --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- 校長教學領導的策略研究 --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- 校長教學領導的策略 --- p.55 / Chapter 2.5 --- 影響校長教學領導策略的因素 --- p.67 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- 從單向影響模型探討影響校長教學領導策略的因素 --- p.68 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- 從相互影響模型探討影響校長教學領導的因素 --- p.78 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- 綜合兩類模型歸納出影響校長教學領導策略的因素 --- p.85 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- 小結 --- p.96 / Chapter 第三章 --- 研究方法與研究設計 --- p.97 / Chapter 3.1 --- 研究問題及概念框架 --- p.97 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- 研究問題 --- p.97 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- 研究框架 --- p.98 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- 主要概念的操作性定義 --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2 --- 研究方法 --- p.101 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- 質的研究取向 --- p.101 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- 個案研究策略 --- p.102 / Chapter 3.3 --- 個案研究設計 --- p.103 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- 個案的選擇 --- p.103 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- 研究對象的選擇 --- p.107 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- 研究工具及資料的搜集 --- p.108 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- 研究工具與研究問題的配合 --- p.117 / Chapter 3.4 --- 研究程序 --- p.118 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- 先導研究 --- p.119 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- 研究個案資料的整理與分析 --- p.121 / Chapter 3.5 --- 研究可靠性與研究倫理 --- p.123 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- 研究可靠性及真實性 --- p.123 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- 研究推論 --- p.125 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- 研究倫理 --- p.125 / Chapter 3.6 --- 研究限制及彌補措施 --- p.126 / Chapter 第四章 --- 校長的教學領導策略 --- p.127 / Chapter 4.1 A --- 校校長的教學領導策略：關注教學成效為主 --- p.127 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- 確立學校教學發展願景 --- p.127 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- 促進教師教學專業發展 --- p.135 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- 促進學生學習 --- p.184 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- 建立團隊正面人際關係及環境氛圍 --- p.198 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- 本節小結 --- p.204 / Chapter 4.2 B --- 校校長的教學領導策略：注重團隊文化為先 --- p.205 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 確立學校教學發展願景 --- p.206 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 促進教師教學專業發展 --- p.217 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- 促進學生學習 --- p.258 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- 建立團隊正面人際關係及環境氛圍 --- p.269 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- 本節小結 --- p.294 / Chapter 4.3 --- 對個案學校校長教學領導策略的綜合分析 --- p.295 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 確立學校教學發展的願景 --- p.295 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 促進教師教學專業發展 --- p.297 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- 促進學生學習 --- p.308 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- 建立團隊正面人際關係及環境氛圍 --- p.311 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- 教學領導策略的關鍵 --- p.315 / Chapter 4.4 --- 本章小結 --- p.319 / Chapter 第五章 --- 影響校長教學領導策略的因素 --- p.326 / Chapter 5.1 --- 校長個人因素的影響 --- p.326 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- 校長個人信念、價值觀的影響 --- p.326 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- 校長個人經歷的影響 --- p.335 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- 校長專業知識和能力的影響 --- p.342 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- 校長個人特質的影響 --- p.351 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- 本節小結 --- p.360 / Chapter 5.2 --- 學校情境因素的影響 --- p.361 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- 學校歷史背景的影響 --- p.361 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- 學校文化的影響 --- p.369 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- 學校教師的影響 --- p.374 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- 中層領導特性 --- p.382 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- 學校學生和家長的影響 --- p.386 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- 本節小結 --- p.392 / Chapter 5.3 --- 校外情境因素的影響 --- p.394 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- 香港的教育政策 --- p.394 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- 社會文化、現象 --- p.398 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- 校外支援團體、顧問 --- p.399 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- 本節小結 --- p.401 / Chapter 5.4 --- 本章小結 --- p.402 / Chapter 第六章 --- 研究討論及結論 --- p.406 / Chapter 6.1 --- 研究的討論 --- p.406 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- 堅定的信念與清晰的工作目標是最大的關鍵 --- p.406 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- 團隊成員互信關係的建立是教學領導成功的基本保證 --- p.409 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- 校長教學領導與團隊領導的配合 --- p.412 / Chapter 6.1.4 --- 校長個人質素的條件 --- p.417 / Chapter 6.1.5 --- 領導策略與情境的互動關係 --- p.420 / Chapter 6.2 --- 本研究的結論及建議 --- p.425 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- 校長教學領導的策略 --- p.426 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- 校長教學領導策略的影響因素 --- p.428 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- 校長教學領導培訓的建議 --- p.429 / Chapter 6.3 --- 本研究的貢獻 --- p.434 / Chapter 6.4 --- 本研究的反思 --- p.435 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- 本研究的局限 --- p.435 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- 對未來研究的建議 --- p.437 / 參考文獻 --- p.438

Many schools in South Africa face challenges of poor teacher performance as a result of implementing performance evaluation systems that are not developmental. In an attempt to resolve the current implementation challenges of the South African Integrated Quality Management System (IQMS) which is theoretically aligned to the TQM principles, the focus in this study is on the perceptions of school-based managers and educators regarding the effectiveness of the developmental supervision model as a possible tool for improving the quality of teaching. A mixed methods research design characterised by the explanatory sequential design was used to address the research questions. Out of the 350 randomly selected participants in all 15 districts of the Gauteng Province responded to the quantitative phase in the form of questionnaires. This was followed by analysis of the qualitative data from three focus group interview sessions that were conducted in Sedibeng East, Sedibeng West and Johannesburg North districts of the Gauteng Province in order to get in-depth explanations on perceptions of school-based managers and educators. Each of the three focus group interviews comprised of ten purposefully selected participants embracing two principals, two vice principals, two HODs and four educators per district. The results indicate that school-based managers and educators strongly believed that the developmental supervision model is an excellent tool for improving quality of teaching by applying implementation strategies comprising of the clinical supervision, self-directed supervision, peer supervision and connoisseurship strategies. These results were based on the opinion of the participants that the characteristics of the developmental supervision implementation strategies align with the Total Quality Management principles which were perceived to have a positive influence on improving the quality of teaching. The same supervision strategies were also found to match different levels of teacher development according to their levels of expertise and commitment. In contrast, the IQMS performance evaluation process, which also involves self-evaluation and peer evaluation, was believed to lack compliance with the developmental supervision strategies and the TQM principles during practical implementation because of characteristics related to the traditional inspection approaches to professional development. It is therefore recommended that the developmental supervision model should be introduced in South African schools to effectively implement the IQMS in order to ensure improved quality of teaching. / Educational Management and Leadership / D. Ed. (Education Management)

This study explores teachers’ experiences with the principals’ instructional leadership styles in primary schools in Gauteng province. A qualitative research design was employed in the study to answer the research question. Data was generated by means of semi structured interviews which involved the three HODs and nine ordinary teachers from the three sampled schools so as to provide a rich description, explanation, experiences, challenges and barriers that instructional leadership brings into the teaching and learning process in their particular schools contexts. The interest in the phenomenon emerged on the perspective of principals’ instructional leadership as often seen as the contributor to the challenges that are experienced by Primary school teachers during the learning process. Principals are viewed as contributing to South Africa’s education crisis and the overall ineffectiveness of the school system resulting in poor academic results. The instructional leaders who are not doing their jobs competently because of their leadership styles and lack of supervision skills, have caused this. This includes proper knowledge of how to run the schools and motivating staff to work, to enhance classroom instruction. Sometimes they do not involve the community and other stakeholders in the decision making process. Teachers who provide moral support and professional growth in the schools are also ignored. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Education Management)

Empirical research has confirmed the importance of supervision and support to subordinates in improving the quality of performance. This study investigated the nature of supervision and support provided at previously marginalised school-based Grade classes of the Gauteng North District, at Gauteng Province in South Africa. To meet this objective qualitative research design was used. The subjects of the study were all purposefully selected practitioners, Head of Departments and school principals. Data was collected through observations, documents analysis and semi structured interviews (individual and focus group). The total of 33 purposefully selected participants took part in the research. Participants were selected according to the socio-economic status of their schools. It included schools from rural, semi-rural, semi urban and farm areas. To analyse the information collected, responses were grouped into categories as they appear in the practitioners’ observation template and ATLAS ti. software themes for individual and focus group interviews. The findings showed that the nature of supervision and support provided in Grade classes compromised the quality of teaching. Practitioners were also very vocal about the absence of support they get with regard to classroom practices from the School Management Team (SMT). The Head of Departments also mentioned lack of knowledge of Grade R practices, work overload and limited time as challenges that inhibit them to provide the needed support. Their concerns were also confirmed by the findings of the conducted classroom observations. The mistakes and omissions made by practitioners when carrying out Grade R daily routine activities indicated a lack of proper guidance and support. It was also confirmed during practitioners’ interviews that, practitioners worked on their own without any classroom support or guidance. The problems noted were exacerbated by the lack of professional qualification of practitioners. This study made recommendations and proposed a functional model of supervision and support that could address the challenges of poor supervision and support at Grade R classes. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

Many schools in South Africa face challenges of poor teacher performance as a result of implementing performance evaluation systems that are not developmental. In an attempt to resolve the current implementation challenges of the South African Integrated Quality Management System (IQMS) which is theoretically aligned to the TQM principles, the focus in this study is on the perceptions of school-based managers and educators regarding the effectiveness of the developmental supervision model as a possible tool for improving the quality of teaching. A mixed methods research design characterised by the explanatory sequential design was used to address the research questions. Out of the 350 randomly selected participants in all 15 districts of the Gauteng Province responded to the quantitative phase in the form of questionnaires. This was followed by analysis of the qualitative data from three focus group interview sessions that were conducted in Sedibeng East, Sedibeng West and Johannesburg North districts of the Gauteng Province in order to get in-depth explanations on perceptions of school-based managers and educators. Each of the three focus group interviews comprised of ten purposefully selected participants embracing two principals, two vice principals, two HODs and four educators per district. The results indicate that school-based managers and educators strongly believed that the developmental supervision model is an excellent tool for improving quality of teaching by applying implementation strategies comprising of the clinical supervision, self-directed supervision, peer supervision and connoisseurship strategies. These results were based on the opinion of the participants that the characteristics of the developmental supervision implementation strategies align with the Total Quality Management principles which were perceived to have a positive influence on improving the quality of teaching. The same supervision strategies were also found to match different levels of teacher development according to their levels of expertise and commitment. In contrast, the IQMS performance evaluation process, which also involves self-evaluation and peer evaluation, was believed to lack compliance with the developmental supervision strategies and the TQM principles during practical implementation because of characteristics related to the traditional inspection approaches to professional development. It is therefore recommended that the developmental supervision model should be introduced in South African schools to effectively implement the IQMS in order to ensure improved quality of teaching. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Education Management)