本研究是以1980年代以後的科學教育目標來分析我國國小自然科學教科書 之課本、教學指引及習作，探討教科書的內容、實驗活動及作業問題型態 ，並調查國小自然科教師對教科書的使用意見，了解現行教科書的優缺點 ，以供編撰教科書及學校、教師選擇教科書的參考。 為達上述之目的，本研究在內容分析部份採用的工具有科學知識本質年齡 層次分類表、ＳＴＳ科學教育目標、實驗活動發現開放層次分類法、科學 過程探究技能、教科書作業問題型態評估工具、以及 Bloom的目標分類法 ，在問卷調查方面採用國小自然科學教科書之意見調查表來蒐集和分析資 料。 本研究的主要發現如下: 一、國小自然科學教科書之課本內容在文字敘述上涉及科學知識本質的僅 佔0.084%，而這些文字敘述只提到科學知識是實證性的，雖如此，但其內 容仍含有科學知識本質之正面教學功能。 二、國小自然科學教科書的每個單元都提及個人需要及學術準備的科學教 育目標，而有25.53%的單元提及與科學有關的社會議題，但無提及有關生 涯職業教育的內容。 三、國小自然科學教科書的實驗活動無屬於層次０的單元，有55.32%的單 元屬於層次１，42.55%的單元屬於層次２，2.13% 的單元屬於層次３，是 屬相當不錯的實驗活動設計。 四、國小自然科學教科書習作的作業問題型態以及層次之分佈，有1.94% 的問題屬於非經驗性問題，98.06%的問題屬於經驗或實驗性問題；且屬於 高層次問題的比例較多，亦有一些價值性問題的設計，是相當重視學生高 層次問題解決的學習。以 Bloom目標分類來看，幾乎所有的作業問題都屬 於認知領域的問題，佔了99.72%，其中以理解和應用的問題為最多。 五、國小自然科教師對教科書的整體意見為滿意。可是教師對於教科書的 內容並不滿意但尚可接受；其他各項來說，教師對教科書的組織、閱讀層 次、圖表說明、課文中的實驗活動及習作、教學指引、教科書的容貌均呈 滿意的態度。 The purpose of this study was to analyze the science textbooks used in the elementary schools of Taiwan in terms of goals for science education. The following five components were studied and analyzed:(1)the nature of scientific knowledge, (2)the interaction of science, technology and society, (3)openness and process/skills of laboratory activities, (4)type and level of questioning style, and(5)opinions of science teachers concerning science textbooks. For the purposes described above, seven methods were adopted for this study; that is, the classification of the nature of scientific knowledge, the desired state of science in the elementary school, the level of discovery/openness, science process or inquity skills, and textbook questioning strategies assessment instrument, Bloom's taxonomy classifies educational objectives and science textbook rating system. The major findings include: 1.Only about 0.084% of the narrative page space is devoted to the nature of scientific knowledge in the science textbooks used in elementary school. Only empirical scientific knowledge was presented. 2.Every unit in the science textbooks used in elementary school is associated with the goals of personal needs and academic preparation. 25.53% of units are associated with the goals of societal issues, but no unit associated with the goals of career education. 3.Most of the laboratory activities in the science textbooks used in elementary schools, which provided the problems and the procedures to student's performance, belong to level 1 or 2. 4.Most of the questions are experiential questions(98.06%). And almost of the questions are cognitive domain(99.72%), and most of them are comprehension questions and application questions. 5.Most of the elementary school science teachers are satisfied with the science textbooks used in elementary schools , and their satisfaction goes beyond the contents of the textbooks.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:16:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4190.pdf: 11005741 bytes, checksum: 5111833931c5b3e0a07ef928042a9be7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-16 / The units of information can be considered the repository of knowledge to their institutions as they appease the right to access information along with documentary record. By assisting the development of the Research and Extension activities at Federal Institutes of Education, Science and Technology, this research aimed the investigation and propagation of the importance of a unit of information in the Science and Technology strengthening. The chosen methodology for the theoretical and applied research was qualitative. Its approach was sociocognitive and implemented through questionnaires as well as the realization of the Group Verbal Protocol. Three units of information from the Federal Institute of São Paulo (IFSP) were analyzed, that is, the campuses of São Paulo itself, Garulhos and Salto. The chosen methods were: the realization of a bibliographical survey as theoretical support; the realization of a survey concerning the campuses and their respective units of information; the application of questionnaires and the use of the Group Verbal Protocol technique through the involvement of its participants, that is, management, professors, students, librarians and institutional partners from each campus. Some. The result, achieved through the application of questionnaires, was the socio-historical organizational characterization of the units of information from the IFSP. Some results achieved through the application of the Group Verbal Protocol were the following: the IFSP libraries have primary infrastructure and are still at an early stage. They require systemic structuring; the IFSP libraries do not support the Research and Extension activities which are developed in their campuses; the inexistence of projects derived from the units of information of the various areas in the Research and Extension field; the lack of exchange and partnership among the units of information themselves and other IFSP departments. The findings of the achieved results show the necessity of a greater autonomy, notoriety, visibility and institutional awareness about the importance of the units of information in the socio-educational context of the IFSP. The growth and development of Science and Technology are a pretension and part of the IFSP policy. Therefore, the units of information could spur this growth by truly acting as a repository of scientific, technological and social knowledge. / As unidades de informação podem ser consideradas o repositório do saber para suas instituições, tendo em vista que propiciam o direito ao acesso à informação e também ao registro documental. Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa realizar investigações e divulgações sobre a importância de uma unidade de informação no fortalecimento da Ciência e da Tecnologia, por intermédio do auxílio no desenvolvimento das atividades de pesquisa e de extensão nos Institutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia. A metodologia utilizada foi qualitativa para a pesquisa teórico-aplicada, com abordagem sociocognitiva, e deu-se a partir da aplicação de questionários e da realização de Protocolos Verbais na modalidade em Grupo. Foram analisadas três unidades de informação do Instituto Federal de São Paulo (IFSP), campi São Paulo, Guarulhos e Salto. Os métodos utilizados foram: realização de levantamento bibliográfico para suporte teórico; realização de levantamentos referentes aos campi e suas respectivas unidades de informação; aplicação de questionários e utilização da técnica do Protocolo Verbal na modalidade em Grupo, envolvendo os participantes: direção, docentes, discentes, bibliotecários e parceiros institucionais de cada campus. O resultado obtido a partir da aplicação dos questionários foi a caracterização organizacional sóciohistórica das unidades de informação do IFSP. Citam-se alguns resultados obtidos a partir da aplicação dos Protocolos Verbais na modalidade em Grupo: as bibliotecas do IFSP possuem infraestrutura primária e se encontram em estágio inicial de formação, havendo necessidade de estruturação sistêmica; as bibliotecas do IFSP não possibilitam apoio e nem suporte às atividades de pesquisa e de extensão desenvolvidas em seus campi; inexistência de projetos oriundos das unidades de informação nas vertentes da pesquisa e da extensão; falta de intercâmbio e parceria entre as próprias unidades de informação e demais departamentos do IFSP. A junção dos resultados obtidos demonstram a necessidade de maior autonomia, notoriedade, visibilidade e conscientização institucional sobre a importância das unidades de informação no contexto sócio-educativo do IFSP. É pretensão e faz parte da política do IFSP o crescimento e o desenvolvimento da Ciência e da Tecnologia, portanto, as unidades de informação podem auxiliar no fortalecimento deste crescimento, atuando verdadeiramente como repositório do saber científico, tecnológico e social.

The present research seeks to analyze the conceptions about CTS (Science-Technology-Society) and about the teaching in this perspective, of graduates in Chemistry of an IES of the state of Sergipe (Institutions of Higher Education) of the private network (Association of Education and Culture Pio Tenth), relating such conceptions to relevant aspects of their initial formation. This IES is located in the city of Aracaju, located in the state of Sergipe.. The research was developed through a qualitative approach. For this, the data collection was divided in three moments. In the first collection, there was the analysis of the curricular matrix of the course of Degree in Chemistry offered by the IES. This analysis was not an in-depth analysis, since the objective of this stage was to analyze the existence or not of subjects that contemplate the CTS conceptions, as well as to analyze the philosophical line that this curricular matrix seeks to follow. Type of state of the art, that sought to select works that already exist in the academic environment that approach or resemble the subject of the research. In the second stage of the research, an investigative questionnaire was applied, consisting of two parts: the first one was the application of the Portuguese version abbreviated by Canavarro (1999) containing 14 questions from the VOSTS (Views on Science-Technology-Society) questionnaire. The second part of the questionnaire was composed of 06 open questions about C-T-S teaching and the initial training of subjects related to this teaching paradigm. In the third moment of the data collection, there was the application of a focal group with 06 of the 07 subjects of the research. For the analysis of the data collected through the VOSTS questionnaire, a categorization of the responses was chosen considering the categories that were established by Canavarro (1999) in his adapted version of the VOSTS questionnaire. For the analysis of the second stage of the questionnaire and the data collected through the focus group, we used the Discursive Textual Analysis, proposed by Moraes and Galiazzi (2011). The results obtained in the research allow to show that the CTS conceptions that the subjects possess, in their majority, are in agreement with the already defined categories in the literature as realistic and acceptable on Science and Technology and its influences in the Society. Therefore, the members of the research have CTS conceptions acceptable to their formation. / A presente pesquisa busca analisar as concepções sobre C-T-S (Ciência-Tecnologia-Sociedade) e sobre o ensino nessa perspectiva, de formandos em Química de uma IES do estado de Sergipe (Instituições de Ensino Superior) da rede privada (Associação de Ensino e Cultura Pio Décimo), relacionando tais concepções a aspectos relevantes de sua formação inicial. Esta IES encontra-se localizada na cidade de Aracaju, situada no estado de Sergipe. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida por meio de uma abordagem qualitativa. Para tal, a coleta de dados dividiu-se em três momentos. Na primeira coleta, houve a análise da matriz curricular do curso de Licenciatura em Química ofertado pela IES. Essa análise, não foi uma análise aprofundada, pois o objetivo desta etapa foi analisar a existência ou não de disciplinas que contemplam as concepções CTS, bem como analisar a linha filosófica que esta matriz curricular busca seguir, ainda nesta etapa, foi realizado uma pesquisa do tipo estado da arte, que buscou selecionar trabalhos que já existem no meio acadêmico que se aproximam ou assemelham-se ao tema objeto da pesquisa. Na segunda etapa da pesquisa houve aplicação de um questionário investigativo, composto por duas partes: a primeira constituiu-se na aplicação da versão portuguesa abreviada por Canavarro (1999) contendo 14 questões do questionário VOSTS (Views on Science-Technology-Society). A segunda parte do questionário compôs-se por 06 questões abertas sobre ensino de C-T-S e a formação inicial dos sujeitos relacionada a esse paradigma de ensino. No terceiro momento da coleta de dados, houve a aplicação de um grupo focal com 06 dentre os 07 sujeitos da pesquisa. Para a análise dos dados coletados por meio do questionário VOSTS, optou-se por uma categorização das respostas tendo em vista as categorias que foram estabelecidas por Canavarro (1999) em sua versão adaptada do questionário VOSTS. Para a análise da segunda etapa do questionário e dos dados coletados por meio do grupo focal, foi utilizada a Análise Textual Discursiva, proposta por Moraes e Galiazzi (2011). Os Resultados obtidos na pesquisa permitem evidenciar que as concepções CTS que os sujeitos possuem, em sua maioria, são consentâneas com as categorias já definidas na literatura como realistas e aceitáveis sobre Ciência e Tecnologia e suas influencias na Sociedade. Sendo assim, os integrantes da pesquisa possuem concepções CTS aceitáveis a sua formação.

L’anti-microbio-gouvernance apparaît comme un ensemble de politiques, de standards et d’avis judicieux visant à responsabiliser les pratiques à l’égard des conséquences d’une technologie – l’antibiotique. Si l’antibiotique améliore à court terme l’offre de soins (la cure pharmaceutique), il est aussi à la source de nouveaux risques anthropiques et écologiques à long terme pour la santé, la productivité et la biodiversité, en raison de l’émergence de gènes de résistance réduisant l’efficacité des traitements et faisant pression sur les communautés bactériennes – humaines, urbaines, édaphiques, etc. L’appréciation de ce dilemme (cure / risque), puis la performance de sa gestion, reposent sur la qualité des politiques et du processus d’antimicrobiogouvernance ainsi que des réflexions en amont intégrant les valeurs (éthiques), les savoirs (scientifiques) et l’expérience. La vision globale de Van Rensselaer Potter pour la bioéthique ouvre la perspective vers la philosophie et la pratique d’Aldo Leopold, dont une technique d’aménagement adaptatif des écosystèmes co-construite, par communauté, sur la base d’une bio-éthique globale (techno-socio-écologique) des pratiques et de l’environnement. En effet, comment responsabiliser tout un chacun face à une cure, à un risque et à l’incertitude ? En prenant la perspective de la sociologie des organisations, cette thèse explore une piste étudiée en science, technologie et société : comment concerter l’humain et le non-humain (les technologies et la Nature) par la voie de systèmes (communication, collaboration et éducation) pour anticiper l’émergence de problèmes ? L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une approche en éthique pour coconstruire la gouvernance des relations se tissant entre les secteurs et les disciplines bâtis sur les valeurs de la santé, de la productivité et de la biodiversité. À sa racine, ce cadre de gouvernance vise à dynamiser l’arbitrage de l’accès et de la protection des données – et conséquemment le trajet de l’information, des connaissances et des applications technologiques, pratiques et politiques – sans briser la confiance des acteurs impliqués. L’arbitrage des données, à la source de la production des connaissances techniques, est la clé pour orienter les systèmes de communication et de politiques conduisant à des conseils et à des régulations. Cette nouvelle approche en éthique cherche à avancer la vision d’un projet commun sans altérer l’intégrité des actions spécifiques à la médecine, à l’agriculture et à l’écologie. Cette thèse théorise et applique le procédé d’une bioéthique expérimentale combinant les façons de faire empirique, réflexive et multisite. Elle s’inspire de méthodes en anthropologie, en sociologie et en gestion, et de la réflexivité balancée. Quatre unités épistémiques sont articulées in fine selon une logique précise pour éviter un biais cognitif auquel le raisonnement d’une bio-éthique s’expose (le sophisme naturaliste) : le descriptif, une prise de conscience (partie I) ; l’appréciatif, une théorie de travail (partie II) ; le normatif, la préparation du terrain (partie III) ; et l’évaluatif, les outils de bioéthique (partie IV). Ultimement, le produit de l’approche est un cadre de gouvernance coconstruit avec plusieurs collaborateurs dont les initiatives sont susceptibles de provoquer des changements politiques et scientifiques. À titre de bioéthicien, l’intention est d’aider les personnes et les institutions ayant le leadership de projets de société à développer des outils capables d’encapaciter (ang., empowerment) les communautés à gouverner les changements à venir qui les concernent. / Anti-microbial governance can be understood as a set of policies, standards and judicious guidance aimed at making practices more responsible for the consequences of a technology – the antibiotic. While in the short-term antibiotics improve the quality of care (the pharmaceutical cure), they also create new long-term risks to anthropical and environmental health, productivity and biodiversity, due to the emergence of resistance genes that reduce the effectiveness of treatments and put pressure on bacterial communities – human, urban, edaphic, etc. The appreciation of this cure / risk dilemma, and the performance of its management, rely on the quality of the antimicrobial policy and governance processes as well as on upstream reflections integrating (ethical) values, (scientific) knowledge and experience. Van Rensselaer Potter’s global vision for bioethics opens the perspective towards Aldo Leopold’s philosophy and practice, namely an adaptive management technique of ecosystems co-constructed, per community, based on a global (techno-socio-ecological) bio-ethics of practices and the environment. Indeed, how can we make everyone responsible in the face of a cure, risk and uncertainty? By taking the perspective of the sociology of organizations, this thesis explores a path studied in Science, Technology and Society: how to bring together the human and the non-human (technologies and Nature) through (communication, collaboration and education) systems to anticipate the emergence of problems? This thesis will propose an approach in ethics to co-construct the governance of relationships between sectors and disciplines built on the values of health, productivity and biodiversity. At its root, this governance framework aims to energize the arbitration of access to and protection of data – and consequently the paths of information, knowledge and technological, practical and political applications – without breaking the trust of the actors involved. Data arbitration, at the source of technical knowledge production, is the key to guiding communication and policy systems toward guidelines and regulations. This new approach to ethics proposes the vision of a common project without altering the integrity of specific actions in medicine, agriculture and ecology. This thesis theorizes and applies the practice of an experimental bioethics combining empirical, reflexive, and multisite ways of thinking. It draws on methods in anthropology, sociology, and management, and uses the reflexive balancing process. Four epistemic units are articulated in fine according to a precise logic in order to avoid a cognitive bias to which the reasoning of a bioethics is exposed (the naturalistic fallacy): the descriptive, a raising of awareness (part I); the appreciative, a working theory (part II); the normative, the preparation of the terrain (part III); and the evaluative, the tools of bioethics (part IV). Ultimately, the product of this approach is a governance framework co-constructed with several collaborators whose initiatives have the potential to bring about policy and scientific changes. As a bioethicist, the intention is to help individual and institutional leaders of socio-technical projects to develop tools capable of empowering communities to prospectively govern the changes that concern them.