A research project report submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the MSc in Science Education. Johannesburg, February 2017. / An understanding of the NOS is a basis for scientific literacy which is one of the major goals of science education the world over. This study compared Grade 11 High school learners (n=10) and third year Bachelor of Education, Pre-service teachers’ (n=10) understandings of Nature of Science (NOS). Data on participants’ understandings of NOS was collected by means of a Likert type questionnaire and through semi - structured interviews. Likert type questionnaire data was quantitatively analysed using a combination of descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U test and graphical comparison of group median scores on questionnaire items to ascertain differences in NOS understandings between the Grade 11 learners and the B.Ed. Pre-service teachers. Semi-structured interview data was analysed through a combination of typological and interpretative analysis of interview transcripts to determine differences in NOS understandings between the two groups. The findings reveal that there are no significant differences in the understandings of the NOS between the Grade 11 learners and third year, Bachelor of Education, Pre-service teachers. The analyses reveal that overall; the Grade 11 Learners and third year B.Ed. Pre-service teachers’ understandings of NOS are not very different from each other. Both groups held such misunderstandings as; there is a single scientific method, scientific knowledge is not socially and culturally embedded, scientific knowledge is universal and can be proven through collection of empirical data. It is recommended that if the goal of science education for scientific literacy is to be achieved, initial teacher education training should do more to explicitly develop Pre-service teachers’ subject matter knowledge understandings, pedagogical skills and valuing of NOS, that is, their pedagogical content knowledge for nature of science. Explicit testing of learners’ NOS understandings is also suggested as a way of improving the school Physical Science curriculum. The effectiveness of the current science content and methods courses in improving the Pre-service teachers’ NOS understandings is questioned. Recommendations for further studies are suggested. / MT2017

Orientador: João José Caluzi / Banca: Ana Maria de Andrade Caldeira / Banca: Fernanda da Rocha Brando Fernandez / Resumo: O presente trabalho analisa algumas concepções sobre a Natureza da Ciência, mostrando que é imprescindível a utilização da História da Ciência no Ensino de Ciências. O caso que estudamos é a pesquisa do químico americano Stanley Lloyd Miller sobre a produção de aminoácidos na Terra primitiva partindo da hipótese de uma atmosfera redutora. A fundamentação teórica nos priniciais autores que influenciaram Miller: Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin e Harold Clayton Urey. Tem-se como objetivo geral analisar a trajetória de vida de Stanley Lloyd Miller e seus experimentos sobre a origem da vida, e o contexto sociocultural, político e econômico que o influenciou. A metodologia baseia-se na análise histórica e documental, fundamentando-se em textos primários e secundários, utilizando a abordagem qualitativa. Também foi verificado, em geral, como o comportamento dos cientistas é mostrado nos livros didáticos: de maneira descontextualizada e fragmentada. Constatou-se que na teoria de Miller e Oparin é possível discutir uma mudança na concepção sobre a origem da vida; antes existia a ideia de que a proteína originou a vida; atualmente acredita-se que a molécula de DNA possa ter uma relação com a origem da vida. A ideia dos coacervatos também não é mais aceita. Isso mostra, conforme já ressaltou Lederman e colaboradores, que o conhecimento científico é provisório, sofre modificações, correlações, e portanto, nunca é definitivo. Outra visão difundida no meio acadêmico, sobre a Natureza da Ciência, é a visão rígida que se tem do método científico. Este seria constituído por etapas que deveriam ser seguidas de forma precisa, apresentando resultados com extrema exatidão, infalibilidade e previsibilidade. O próprio Miller destrói este mito (previsibilidade), pois ao longo de sua pesquisa, realizou vários experimentos para chegar a um resultado satisfatório. Sendo assim pode-se afirmar que é aconselhável... / Abstract: This paper assesses some ideas on the Nature of Science, showing that the use of the History of Science Education is essential. The case studied is the research of the American chemist Stanley Lloyd Miller into the production of amino acids on the primitive Earth, on the assumption of a reducing atmosphere. The theoretical framework is based on the main authors who influenced Miller: Alesandr Ivanovich Oparin and Urey Harold Clayton. The main objective was to analyze the life trajectory of Stanley Lloyd Miller and his experiments on the origin of life, and the sociocultural, political and economic context that influenced him. The methodology is based on historical and documentary analysis of primary and secondary texts, using the qualitative approach. It was also found that, in general, the scientists behavior is shown in textbooks in a decontextualized and fragmented way. It was found that in Oparin and Miller's theory it is possible to discuss a change in the conception of the origin of life: before there was the idea in whichthe protein originated life; nowadays it is believed that the DNA molecule could have a relationship with the origin of life. The idea of coacervates is no longer accepted either. This shows, as already pointed out by Lederman and collaborators, that the scientific knowledge is provisional. It undergoes changes, correlations and, therefore, is never definitive. Another view on the Nature of Science which is widespread in academia is that the scientific method is very rigid. The scientific method would consist of steps that should be followed precisely, presenting results with extreme accuracy, predictability and infallibility. Miller himpself destroys the myth of predicability when, throughout his research, he conducted several experiments to reach a satisfactory result. Therefore it can be stated that it is advisable to separate the Nature of Science, the History of Science and the Science Teaching / Mestre

Resumo: A literatura específica da área de Ensino de Ciências tem apresentado importantes discussões sobre dificuldades de aprendizagem e compreensão de conceitos científicos pelos alunos. Diante disso, já há algum tempo a História da Ciência tem sido defendida enquanto elemento que pode auxiliar no processo de ensino-aprendizagem dos conceitos científicos. Apesar do potencial educacional que é atribuído à História da Ciência e do esforço que tem sido feito para aproximá-la da educação científica, existem algumas barreiras que podem inviabilizar o sucesso desta aproximação impedindo que ela cumpra, efetivamente, o seu papel frente ao Ensino de Ciências. Dentre as barreiras que a literatura aponta, destacamos a falta de material histórico de qualidades e acessível a alunos e professores que possa subsidiar práticas metodológicas em sala de aula. No bojo dessa escassez está a falta de traduções de fontes primárias para o português. Tendo em vista tal contexto, este trabalho de doutorado tem como objetivo geral de fazer a tradução comentada dos dez artigos de Stephen Gray (1666-1736) relacionados à eletricidade. Dos dez textos traduzidos, nove foram publicados no periódico Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society e uma carta foi publicada por Chipman (1954). Como objetivo específico propomos elaborar um conjunto de elementos, os quais denominamos de recursos didáticos, que possam ampliar o acesso de professores e alunos ao conteúdo das traduções: comentários em forma de notas; figuras; experimentos históricos com material de baixo custo; breve biografia do autor do texto traduzido; linha do tempo do período em questão; introdução geral ao texto. Stephen Gray foi um importante, porém mencionado, pesquisador do início do Século XVIII. Seu trabalho trouxe importantes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The specific literature related to Science Education has presented important discussion on the difficulties faced by students in the learning and understanging of scientific concepts. In this context, some time ago the History of Science has been advocated as an element that can facilitate the process of teaching scientific conceps. Despite the educational potential that is assigned to the History of Science and the effort that has been done to bring it closer to Science Education, there are some barriers that can hinder the sucess of this approach, preventing it to fulfill effectively its role with the teaching of science. Among the barriers pointed out by the literature, we emphasize the lack of historical material with quality and accessible to students and teachers that can subsidize methodological practices in the classroom. Among this shortage of historical material, there is a lack of Portuguese translations of primary sources. Given this context, the main goal of this PhD work is the translation into Portuguese of the ten articles of Stephen Gray (1666-1736) related to electricity. Of the ten translated texts, nine were published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society and a letter was published by Chipman (1954). The specific goal of this thesis is to prepare a set of elements, which we will call teaching resources, that can expand the accesss of the content of the translations to teachers and students: comments as notes; figures; historical experiments with law-cost material; brief biography of the author of the tranlated text; timeline of the period; and a general introduction to the text. Stephen Gray was an important, though rarely mentioned, researcher at the beginning of the Eighteenth Century. His work has brought important contributions to the field of electricity. Some of his... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: André Koch Torres de Assis / Coorientador: João José Caluzi / Banca: Marcos Cesar Danhoni Neves / Banca: Lizete Maria Orquiza de Carvalho / Banca: Shirley Takeco Gobara / Banca: Moacir Pereira de Souza Filho / Doutor

Orientador: Osmar Cavassan / Banca: Ana Maria de Andrade Caldeira / Banca: Fernanda da Rocha Brando Fernandez / Banca: Luzia Marta Bellini / Banca: Jandira Liria Biscalquini Talamoni / Resumo: Frederic Edward Clements (1874-1945) foi um botânico e ecólogo estadunidense. Realizou trabalhos principalmente na área de Ecologia Dinâmica. Recebeu reconhecimento perante a comunidade científica, sobretudo após a publicação do livro "Plant Succession: an analysis of the development of vegetation", em 1916. Nessa obra defendeu a metáfora das formações vegetais como entidades orgânicas, o superorganismo. Após esse trabalho foi convidado a integrar o corpo de pesquisadores da Instituição Carnegie, em Washington (EUA), conseguindo assim maiores financiamentos para as suas pesquisas. Seus trabalhos, alvos de críticas e elogios, contribuíram para a institucionalização da Ecologia enquanto ciência no século XX. Tendo em vista a importância das ideias desse autor para a estruturação desse campo, objetivou-se neste trabalho investigar as suas contribuições, a partir de fontes originais, com o propósito de oferecer subsídios para a discussão a respeito de seus aportes para o ensino da Ecologia no nível superior de educação. A fim de que compreendêssemos mais profundamente o alcance de sua obra, foram realizadas entrevistas com seis professores universitários, que além de discutirem a obra de Clements, ainda teceram diálogos sobre a inclusão da História e Filosofia da Ciência no ensino. Esse fato é interessante, pois a história da ciência, segundo pesquisadores da área, pode configurar-se como uma ferramenta importante para a aprendizagem científica. Cabe ressaltar que as entrevistas ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Frederic Clements (1874-1945) was an American botanist and ecologist who carried out works mainly in Dynamic Ecology field. He received recognition from the scientific community, especially after the publication of "Plant Succession: an analysis of the development of vegetation", in 1916. In this work, he defended the analogy of plant formations as organic entities, the superorganism. After this work, he was invited to join the body of researchers on the Carnegie Institution, in Washington, DC (USA), thereby achieving greater funding for his research. His works, targets of criticism and praise, contributed to the strengthening of Ecology as a science in the twentieth century. Given the importance of this author's ideas to the structuring of this field, the aim of the present work was to investigate his contributions, based on the original sources, in order to provide subsidies for discussion of his additions to the teaching of Ecology in higher education. To broadly understand the scope of his work, interviews were conducted with six university professors. Besides discussing Clements' production, they dialogued on the inclusion of History and Philosophy of Science in education. This is an interesting fact because, according to researchers in the field, the History of Science can be configured as an important tool for scientific learning. It is worth noting that the interviews were analyzed by content analysis method, and the works by documental analysis. After analysis, it wa... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Fernando Bastos / Jorge Megid Neto / Maria José Pereira Monteiro de Almeida / Resumo: Este trabalho tem o objetivo de identificar as concepções de História e Natureza da Ciência veiculadas no ensino de Biologia por professores em serviço e pelos materiais didáticos que se utilizam. Um levantamento realizado com as atas eletrônicas do 7º, 8º e 9º ENPEC evidenciou ausência de pesquisas com essa temática, o que mostrou a necessidade de sua realização. Assim, a investigação pôde contar com a participação de três professoras de Biologia do Ensino Médio da rede pública, com a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas para melhor compreender suas concepções e perfis como educadoras, bem como análises do material didático que utilizam. A linha teórica para compreensão e análise dos dados é formada pelas contribuições de Pimenta (1996) e Tardif (2002) quanto ao ensino e o perfil docente e Toulmin (1977) e Gil-Pérez et al. (2001), quanto às visões de Natureza da Ciência. Por meio dos métodos empregados, a visão de História da Ciência mais presente é aquela cronológica e socialmente neutra, apresentando variações entre as professoras e os materiais em estudo. Quanto à Natureza da Ciência, por sua vez, é retratada essencialmente como aproblemática ateórica e acumulativa linear, adquirindo um aspecto empírico-indutivista entre as professoras, assumindo algumas variações por conta de suas trajetórias de vida. / Abstract: This work aims to identify the conceptions of History and Nature of Science conveyed in Biology teaching for in-service teachers and teaching materials that are used. A survey of the electronic proceedings of the 7th, 8th and 9th ENPEC showed no researchs on this subject, which showed the need for its realization. Thus, the research could count on the participation of three high school biology teachers from public schools, by carrying out semi-structured interviews to better understand their views and profiles as educators, as well as analysis of the teaching materials they use. The theoretical framework for understanding and analyzing the data is formed by the contributions of Pimenta (1996) and Tardif (2002) about teaching and teacher's profile and Toulmin (1977) and Gil-Pérez et al (2001), for the views of the Nature of Science. Through the methods employed, the most present views of History of Science is those more chronological and socially neutral, with variations between the teachers and the materials under study. As the Nature of Science in turn, is portrayed essentially as aproblematic and atheoretical, as well linear cumulative, being empirical-inductive for the teachers, with some variations due to their life histories. / Mestre

陳強立. / 稿本(電腦打印本) / Thesis (Ph.d.)--香港中文大學哲學學部. / Gao ben (dian nao da yin ben) / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [134]-142). / Chen Qiangli. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue zhe xue xue bu. / 論文提纲 / 導言 --- p.1 / Chapter （上篇） --- 論晚清及當代儒家學者的文化反思方向 ´ؤ´ؤ「體用」論及「内聖外王」的思想格局 / Chapter 第一章 --- 從「體用」範疇的理論涵蘊看晚清「中體西用」思想的困局 / Chapter §1.1 --- 引言 --- p.5 / Chapter §1.2 --- 「體用」範疇的理論義蘊 --- p.6 / Chapter §1.3 --- 結語 --- p.12 / Chapter 第二章 --- 當代新儒家之（一）´ؤ´ؤ梁漱溟與熊十力的文化哲學 / Chapter §2.1 --- 引言 --- p.14 / Chapter §2.2 --- 梁漱溟的文化觀 --- p.15 / Chapter §2.3 --- 中國文化與儒家的獨特的理性主義 --- p.16 / Chapter §2.4 --- 熊十力的文化哲學 --- p.25 / Chapter 第三章 --- 當代新儒家之（二）一牟宗三之理性轉化理論 與「内聖外王」的再詮釋 / Chapter §3.1 --- 引言 --- p.31 / Chapter §3.2 --- 「内聖外王」的文化理想之再詮釋 --- p.32 / Chapter §3.3 --- 牟氏的理性轉化理論 --- p.36 / 總結 --- p.40 / Chapter 【下篇】 --- 論儒家政治理論傳统一一從政治之側面 檢討近百年儒家的文化發展構想 / Chapter 第四章 --- 重構儒家政治傳统的新進路 / Chapter §4.1 --- 引言 --- p.44 / Chapter §4.2 --- 史學與政治傳统 --- p.45 / Chapter §4.3 --- 倫理的政治觀 --- p.48 / Chapter §4.4 --- 政道與政治傳统 --- p.55 / Chapter §4.5 --- 政治典範與政治傳统 --- p.60 / Chapter 第五章 --- 兩種政治觀 / Chapter §5.1 --- 政治與道德 --- p.69 / Chapter §5.2 --- 利益平衡與人格提昇衡的政治觀 --- p.78 / Chapter §5.3 --- 儒家政治與人格提昇的政治觀 --- p.88 / Chapter 第六章 --- 先秦孺家政治思想之若干問題 / Chapter §6.1 --- 孔子政治思想 --- p.93 / Chapter §6.2 --- 孟子政治思想 --- p.94 / Chapter §6.3 --- 先秦儒家的合法性理論 --- p.97 / Chapter §6.4 --- 结語 --- p.102 / 總结 --- p.104 / 註釋 --- p.121 / 參考書目

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This research explored the complex issue of the nature of science. The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between teachers 's beliefs about the nature of science and their classroom practices. Limited literature exists on the nature of science in South Africa. However, findings from the study concurs with the abundant international literature on the nature of science. This research has shown that textbooks, the curriculum, and teacher training are three of the primary factors that shape teachers ' beliefs about the nature of science. The under-emphasis of the nature of science in textbooks, the curriculum and in teaching training contributes to the misrepresentation of the nature of science by teachers in their classroom practices. This research was conducted as a case study using quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection such as questionnaires, interviews, and classroom observations. Findings from the study have shown that teachers' instructional strategies are consistent with their personal educational philosophies, that is, teachers' teach science according to a belief system. For teachers operating in the analytical paradigm, the products of science such as the laws and theories were emphasized in their teaching and lessons were teacher dominated. Teachers operating in the hermeneutic and critical paradigms present science as dynamic and changing and they emphasized the products and processes of science with the teacher acting as a facilitator. Recommendations from the research include the development of new textbooks, curricula, teaching techniques and approaches to science. The research also calls for the inclusion of history and philosophy of science in the science curriculum. / Thesis (M.Ed.)-University of Durban-Westville, 1998.

In my dissertation, I present Hermann Cohen's foundation for the history and philosophy of science. My investigation begins with Cohen's formulation of a neo-Kantian epistemology. I analyze Cohen's early work, especially his contributions to 19th century debates about the theory of knowledge. I conclude by examining Cohen's mature theory of science in two works, The Principle of the Infinitesimal Method and its History of 1883, and Cohen's extensive 1914 Introduction to Friedrich Lange's History of Materialism. In the former, Cohen gives an historical and philosophical analysis of the foundations of the infinitesimal method in mathematics. In the latter, Cohen presents a detailed account of Heinrich Hertz's Principles of Mechanics of 1894. Hertz considers a series of possible foundations for mechanics, in the interest of finding a secure conceptual basis for mechanical theories. Cohen argues that Hertz's analysis can be completed, and his goal achieved, by means of a philosophical examination of the role of mathematical principles and fundamental concepts in scientific theories.