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The Japanese scientist Kitasato Shibasaburo (1853-1931) was one of the founders of microbiology. A devoted student of Robert Koch, his successful collaborations with European scientists resulted in anti-serums for tetanus and diphtheria, the discovery of the causative agent of the bubonic plague, and a number of other major contributions to both science and public health. He achieved this in spite of condescending attitudes on the part of many of his peers and even resistance from within his own government. Yet there remains a paucity of academic writing on Kitasato in the English language, particularly when compared to his eminent contemporaries. What does exist constructs a narrative of an historically weak Japanese scientific establishment. This work challenges that perspective, and will examine Kitasato’s interactions with his fellow collaborators in the context of the considerable social, political, cultural, and linguistic pressures acting upon them in order to elucidate what made them so extraordinarily successful in surmounting these barriers. In so doing it aims to provide insight for the scientists of today – for whom international collaboration is the ever-increasing norm – as to how they have succeeded historically and can now successfully interact with both each other and the powers that organize them. / Graduate

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Local and international scientific collaborations are crucial for innovation and sustainable development. However, there is a gap in understanding how these collaborations affect national innovation ecosystems. This study examines the dynamics of Triple Helix Relations, focusing on collaborations within Thailand and its international partnerships with the United States and China from 2006 to 2022. I use Shannon's mutual information, enhanced by Loet Leydesdorff, to analyze the synergy among various local sectors and conduct interviews with eighteen researchers and policymakers, utilizing Latour and Woolgar's cycle of credibility. The study delves deeply into the complexities of collaboration dynamics and motivations. The analysis reveals nuanced patterns of collaboration, spanning both within Thailand and across international boundaries. I distinguish collaborations based on the nationality of partners (Thai-China vs. Thai-U.S.) and subject areas (engineering, medicine, agricultural and biological sciences). The findings show significant variation in collaboration patterns depending on these factors. Universities are the main contributors to scientific publications, while the Thai government is more active in medicine and collaborations with the United States. Industry is more engaged in agricultural, biological sciences, and engineering, especially with China. One recurring theme that emerges from our interviews is the importance of relationship networks as significant assets in collaborative endeavors. Different credibility resources and networks yield varying levels of negotiation power and influence dynamics in different collaborative settings. Understanding these dynamics could assist smaller countries like Thailand in devising strategies to maximize the benefits of international collaborations. Despite the opportunities globalization presents, I observe a decline in local collaborative synergy among Thailand's three sectors, university, government, and industry. Local collaborations are mostly bilateral, indicating a need for greater involvement from the third sector to foster sustainable growth and development. This study demonstrates the use of STS concepts and various analytical tools, such as co-authored publications and Shannon's mutual information, to showcase collaboration trends and synergy among local sectors in Thailand. The study also includes case studies from diverse countries to consider different conditions affecting collaboration dynamics. Emphasizing recent data, the study aims to capture the evolving landscape of international and local scientific collaborations comprehensively. / Doctor of Philosophy / Scientific collaborations, both local and international, are vital for driving innovation and sustainability worldwide. However, there remains a significant gap in our understanding of how these collaborations impact national innovation ecosystems. This study examines the connections in research collaboration among local sectors within Thailand and the international collaborations involving Thailand, the United States, and China from 2006 to 2022. This study uses tools such as co-authored citations, Shannon's mutual information, and interviews with several researchers and policymakers to gain an understanding of research collaboration dynamics and motivations. I found that collaboration varies depending on the research partners involved and the areas of study. For example, universities publish most scientific papers in general, while the government is more active in medicine and with the United States. On the other hand, industry is more active in agriculture, biology, and engineering, especially when working with China. The interviews also showed that having connections with other researchers is crucial for successful collaborations. Different networks and credibility resources give different levels of power and influence in these partnerships. Understanding this can help smaller countries like Thailand make the most of their international collaborations. Despite the benefits of working globally, it is noticed that local collaborations in Thailand are decreasing, mainly sticking to bilateral partnerships between sectors. This shows the need for more involvement from different sectors to promote sustainable economic growth. The study also shows how using different tools helps us understand collaboration trends better. By looking at real-life examples from different countries, this study hope to provide a clear picture of how scientific collaborations are changing over time.

<p>Science is changing. Computers, fast communication, and  new technologies have created new ways of conducting research.  For  instance, researchers from different disciplines are processing and  analyzing scientific data that is increasing at an exponential rate.  This kind of research requires that the scientists have access to  tools that can handle huge amounts of data, enable access to vast  computational resources, and support the collaboration of large  teams of scientists. This thesis focuses on tools that help support  scientific collaboration.</p><p>Workflows and provenance are two concepts that have proven useful in  supporting scientific collaboration.  Workflows provide a formal  specification of scientific experiments, and provenance offers a  model for documenting data and process dependencies.  Together, they  enable the creation of tools that can support collaboration through  the whole scientific life-cycle, from specification of experiments  to validation of results.  However, existing models for workflows  and provenance are often specific to particular tasks and tools.  This makes it hard to analyze the history of data that has been  generated over several application areas by different tools.  Moreover, workflow design is a time-consuming process and often  requires extensive knowledge of the tools involved and collaboration  with researchers with different expertise. This thesis addresses  these problems.</p><p>Our first contribution is a study of the differences between two  approaches to interoperability between provenance models: direct  data conversion, and mediation. We perform a case study where we  integrate three different provenance models using the mediation  approach, and show the advantages compared to data conversion.  Our  second contribution serves to support workflow design by allowing  multiple users to concurrently design workflows. Current workflow  tools lack the ability for users to work simultaneously on the same  workflow.  We propose a method that uses the provenance of workflow  evolution to enable real-time collaborative design of workflows.  Our third contribution considers supporting workflow design by  reusing existing workflows. Workflow collections for reuse are  available, but more efficient methods for generating summaries of  search results are still needed. We explore new summarization  strategies that considers the workflow structure.</p><p><img src="data:image/png;base64,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%3D" /></p>

This study focuses on a component of computer-mediated communicated which is labeled computer mediated technologies (CMTs) and is composed of the latest group of internet technology and digital media including social networking, Web2.0, Smartphone and Videoconferencing. The computer mediated technologies (CMTs) have the potential to facilitate scientific collaboration between scientists from north and south. This dissertation is a quantitative study that investigates the relationship between CMT use and collaboration, CMT use and research productivity, scientific collaboration and research productivity in Kuwait and the digital divide between developing and developed countries. This study answers the following questions: (1) To what degree has the scientific community in Kuwait adopted CMTs? (2) Are there any differences in the use of CMTs between faculty members (at KU) and researchers (in KISR) for scientific collaboration? (3) To what extent is CMT use associated with scientific collaboration in Kuwait? (4) To what extent is CMT use associated with research productivity in Kuwait? (5) What is the relationship between scientific collaboration and research productivity in Kuwait? The results show that the scientific community in Kuwait is very connected to the internet and has adopted using CMT channels in their daily work. However, there is a difference between academia and research scientists in their educational and collaboration activities. The difference is more notable when Kuwaiti scientists collaborated with scientists in the U.S. and Canada and there is a relationship with the use of CMTs for collaboration. The findings further suggest that scientists who graduated from developed countries collaborate more than scientists who graduated from developing areas. Also there is a correlation between gaining a PhD from developed countries and increased publication in foreign journals. The results support the assumption that collaboration leads to research productivity. But there is a real problem facing the Kuwaiti scientists because they spend little time on their research activities.

Science is changing. Computers, fast communication, and  new technologies have created new ways of conducting research.  For  instance, researchers from different disciplines are processing and  analyzing scientific data that is increasing at an exponential rate.  This kind of research requires that the scientists have access to  tools that can handle huge amounts of data, enable access to vast  computational resources, and support the collaboration of large  teams of scientists. This thesis focuses on tools that help support  scientific collaboration. Workflows and provenance are two concepts that have proven useful in  supporting scientific collaboration.  Workflows provide a formal  specification of scientific experiments, and provenance offers a  model for documenting data and process dependencies.  Together, they  enable the creation of tools that can support collaboration through  the whole scientific life-cycle, from specification of experiments  to validation of results.  However, existing models for workflows  and provenance are often specific to particular tasks and tools.  This makes it hard to analyze the history of data that has been  generated over several application areas by different tools.  Moreover, workflow design is a time-consuming process and often  requires extensive knowledge of the tools involved and collaboration  with researchers with different expertise. This thesis addresses  these problems. Our first contribution is a study of the differences between two  approaches to interoperability between provenance models: direct  data conversion, and mediation. We perform a case study where we  integrate three different provenance models using the mediation  approach, and show the advantages compared to data conversion.  Our  second contribution serves to support workflow design by allowing  multiple users to concurrently design workflows. Current workflow  tools lack the ability for users to work simultaneously on the same  workflow.  We propose a method that uses the provenance of workflow  evolution to enable real-time collaborative design of workflows.  Our third contribution considers supporting workflow design by  reusing existing workflows. Workflow collections for reuse are  available, but more efficient methods for generating summaries of  search results are still needed. We explore new summarization  strategies that considers the workflow structure. <img src="data:image/png;base64,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%3D" />

O crescimento acelerado da produção científica brasileira nos anos recentes foi acompanhado pela expansão das colaborações científicas domésticas. Neste estudo, olhamos mais atentamente esse assunto na tentativa pioneira de identificar padrões espaciais da produção e colaboração científica no Brasil, e avaliar o papel da proximidade geográfica na determinação das interações entre os pesquisadores brasileiros. Por meio de uma base única composta por mais de um milhão de pesquisadores registrados na Plataforma Lattes e de sete milhões de publicações científicas, coletamos e consolidamos informações sobre as colaborações científicas inter-regionais em termos de redes de coautorias entre 1.347 municípios brasileiros ao longo do período compreendido entre 1990 e 2010, o que permitiu uma abrangência de dados e perspectiva de análise inéditas na literatura. Os efeitos da distância geográfica nas redes de colaboração são mensurados para as diferentes áreas do conhecimento por meio da estimação de modelos de interações espaciais. Os principais resultados sugerem fortes evidências de um processo de desconcentração espacial da produção científica nos últimos anos associado à expansão das redes de colaboração e ao aumento da participação de autores das regiões cientificamente menos tradicionais, tais como Sul e Nordeste. Ademais, também encontramos evidência de que a distância ainda desempenha papel crucial na determinação da intensidade dos fluxos de conhecimento nas redes de colaboração científica no Brasil, embora a magnitude do efeito varie entre as redes das diferentes áreas do conhecimento. Por exemplo, verificamos que o distanciamento de 200 quilômetros entre dois pesquisadores implica na redução média de 22% ou 45% na probabilidade de haver colaboração entre eles, caso eles sejam de Linguística, Letras e Artes ou Ciências Exatas e da Terra, respectivamente. / Recent years have witnessed an accelerated growth of Brazilian scientific production that was accompanied by an expansion of domestic research collaboration. In this paper we look more closely at this issue in a pioneering attempt to identify spatial patterns of research production and collaboration in Brazil, and to measure the role of geographical proximity in determining interaction between Brazilian researchers. Using a unique database comprised of over one million researchers registered in the Brazilian Lattes Platform and seven million scientific publications, we collect and consolidate information on interregional research collaboration in terms of co-authorship networks among 1,347 Brazilian cities over the period between 1990 and 2010, which enabled a range of data and analysis perspective unprecedented in literature. The effects of geographical distance on research collaboration are measured for different knowledge areas under the estimation of spatial interaction models. The main results suggest strong evidence of spatial de-concentration of scientific production in the last years with expansion of research collaboration networks and an increased participation of authors in scientifically less traditional regions, such as South and Northeast. Moreover, we also find evidence that distance still plays a crucial role in determining the intensity of knowledge flows in scientific collaboration networks in Brazil, although the magnitude of such effects varies among networks of different knowledge areas. For instance, we found that the distancing of 200 kilometers between two researchers implies an average reduction of 22% or 45% on probability of collaboration among them, if they are of Linguistics, Letters and Arts or Exact and Earth Sciences, respectively.

This study is the exploration of the emergence of DataONE, a multidisciplinary, multinational, and multi-institutional virtual scientific collaboration to develop a cyberinfrastructure for earth sciences data, from the complex adaptive systems perspective. Data is generated through conducting 15 semi-structured interviews, observing three 3-day meetings, and 51 online surveys. The main contribution of this study is the development of a complexity framework and its application to a project such as DataONE. The findings reveal that DataONE behaves like a complex adaptive system: various individuals and institutions interacting, adapting, and coevolving to achieve their own and common goals; during the process new structures, relationships, and products emerge that harmonize with DataONE’s goals. DataONE is quite resilient to threats and adaptive to its environment, which are important strengths. The strength comes from its diversified structure and balanced management style that allows for frequent interaction among members. The study also offers insights to PI(s), managers, and funding institutions on how to treat complex systems. Additional results regarding multidisiplinarity, library and information sciences, and communication studies are presented as well.

This dissertation seeks to answer the research questions that arise when digital technologies are used to support distributed, artifact-centric, scientific collaboration. Scientific research is fundamentally collaborative in nature, with researchers often forming collaborations that involve colleagues from other institutions and often other countries. Modern research tools, such as high-resolution scientific instruments and sophisticated computational simulations, are providing scientists with digital data at an unprecedented rate. Thus, digital artifacts are the focus of many of today’s scientific collaborations. The understanding of scientific data is difficult because of the complexity of the scientific phenomena that the data represents. Such data is often complex in structure, dynamic in nature (e.g. changes over time), and poorly understood (little a-priori knowledge about the phenomena). These issues are exacerbated when such collaborations take place between scientists who are working together at a distance. This dissertation studies the impact of distance on artifact-centric scientific collaboration. It utilizes a multi-dimensional research approach, considering scientific collaboration at multiple points along the methodological (qualitative/quantitative research methods), cognitive (encoding/decoding), community (many/single research groups), group locality (collocated/distributed), and technological (prototype/production) dimensions. This research results in three primary contributions: 1) a new framework (CoGScience) for the study of distributed, artifact-centric collaboration; 2) new empirical evidence about the human communication channels scientists use to collaborate (utilizing both longitudinal/naturalistic and laboratory studies); and 3) a set of guidelines for the design and creation of more effective distributed, scientific collaboration tools.