The design of computer tools to assist in work has often attempted to replicate manual methods. This replication has been proven to fail in a diversity of fields such as business management, Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer- Supported Collaborative Work (CSCW). To avoid such a failure being repeated in the field of Computer-Supported Collaborative Design (CSCD), this thesis explores the postulation that CSCD does not have to be supported by tools which replicate the face-to-face design context to support distal architectural design. The thesis closely examines the prevailing position that collaborative design is a social and situated act which must therefore be supported by high bandwidth tools. This formulation of architectural collaboration is rejected in favour of the formulation of a collaborative expert act. This proposal is tested experimentally, the results of which are presented. Supporting expert behaviour requires different tools than the support of situated acts. Surveying research in computer-supported collaborative work (CSCW), the thesis identifies tools that support expert work. The results of the research is transferred to two contexts: teaching and practice. The applications in these two contexts illustrate how CSCD can be applied in a variety of bandwidth and technological conditions. The conclusion is that supporting collaborative design as an expert and knowledge-based act can be beneficially implemented in the teaching and practice of architecture.

<p>Oppaven består av tre hoveddeler; Teori, Innsamlede data, og Avslutning.</p><p>Teori er delt inn i tre kapitler, kapitlene 2-4, som er CSCW, Bruk av samarbeidsteknologi og Klassifiseringsproblematikken.</p><p>I Innsamlede data inngår kapittel 5 og 6. Kapittel 5 Bakgrunn for case beskriver prosjektarbeid spesifikt til avdelingen ”Kunnskap og strategi” på SINTEF Teknologiledelse, hvor jeg også presenterer de dataverktøy avdelingen vanligvis bruker. Det danner en ramme for Case i kapittel 6. </p><p>Avslutning består av kapittel 7 og 8. Kapittel 7 Analyse bruker i hovedsak kapittel 4 som bakgrunn, men også deler av kapittel 2 og 3. Kapittel 8 Konklusjon svarer på de spørsmål som ble stilt innledningsvis i kapittel 1 Innledning, og som ble diskutert under kapittel 7 Analyse.</p>

Oppaven består av tre hoveddeler; Teori, Innsamlede data, og Avslutning. Teori er delt inn i tre kapitler, kapitlene 2-4, som er CSCW, Bruk av samarbeidsteknologi og Klassifiseringsproblematikken. I Innsamlede data inngår kapittel 5 og 6. Kapittel 5 Bakgrunn for case beskriver prosjektarbeid spesifikt til avdelingen ”Kunnskap og strategi” på SINTEF Teknologiledelse, hvor jeg også presenterer de dataverktøy avdelingen vanligvis bruker. Det danner en ramme for Case i kapittel 6. Avslutning består av kapittel 7 og 8. Kapittel 7 Analyse bruker i hovedsak kapittel 4 som bakgrunn, men også deler av kapittel 2 og 3. Kapittel 8 Konklusjon svarer på de spørsmål som ble stilt innledningsvis i kapittel 1 Innledning, og som ble diskutert under kapittel 7 Analyse.

Groupware applications allow geographically distributed users to collaborate on shared tasks. However, it is widely recognized that groupware applications are expensive to build due to coordination services and group dynamics, neither of which is present in single-user applications. Previous collaboration transparency systems reuse existing single-user applications as a whole for collaborative work, often at the price of inflexible coordination. Previous collaboration awareness systems, on the other hand, provide reusable coordination services and multi-user widgets, but often with two weaknesses: (1) the multi-user widgets provided are special-purpose and limited in number, while no guidelines are provided for developing multi-user interface components in general; and (2) they often fail to reach the desired level of flexibility in coordination by tightly binding shared data and coordination services. In this dissertation, we propose a component-based approach to developing group- ware applications that addresses the above two problems. To address the first prob- lem, we propose a shared component model for modeling data and graphic user inter- face(GUI) components of groupware applications. As a result, the myriad of existing single-user components can be re-purposed as shared GUI or data components. An adaptation tool is developed to assist the adaptation process. To address the second problem, we propose a coordination service framework which systematically model the interaction between user, data, and coordination protocols. Due to the clean separation of data and control and the capability to dynamically "glue" them together, the framework provides reusable services such as data distribution, persistence, and adaptable consistency control. The association between data and coordination services can be dynamically changed at runtime. An Evolvable and eXtensible Environment for Collaboration (EXEC) is built to evaluate the proposed approach. In our experiments, we demonstrate two benefits of our approach: (1) a group of common groupware features adapted from existing single- user components are plugged in to extend the functionalities of the environment itself; and (2)coordination services can be dynamically attached to and detached from these shared components at different granules to support evolving collaboration needs.

A new approach is proposed to transparently share familiar single-user editors without modifying their source code. This approach tweaks a classic diff algorithm to derive edit scripts between document states. Concurrent edit scripts are merged to synchronize states of coauthoring sites. Our concept-proving prototype currently works with familiar, heterogeneous text editors such as GVim and WinEdt that can be adapted to support two basic interfaces, GetState and SetState. The adaption is less expensive and more robust than recent approaches such as ICT and CoWord, which must understand and translate editing operations at the operating system level. Experimental data show that our approach is able to provide sufficient performance for near-realtime group editing.

The growing importance of multimedia content generated by ordinary users demands research for models, methods, technologies and systems that support multimedia production. Despite recent results allowing the collaborative capture of video via mobile devices, there is gap in supporting the collaborative capture of multiple media. In this dissertation we propose that ubiquitous collaborative multimedia production can be carried out by users who capture and annotate multiple media using the CMoViA mobile application. CMoViA also allows export the user-generated content to the CI+WaC, which allows them to edit the user-generated content in the form of interactive and extensible multimedia documents. The proposal demanded extending recent work reported in the literature, namely the I+WaC-IE (Interactors+WaC-Interaction Events) model, the I+WaC-Editor tool and MoViA tool. Hence, CMoViA follows the proposed CI+WaC-IE model. We discuss results from a case study, carried out in the educational domain, in which students collaboratively capture a lecture. / A crescente importância de conteúdo multimídia gerado por usuários amadores exige pesquisas por modelos, métodos, tecnologias e sistemas que apoiem a produção multimídia. Apesar dos recentes resultados que permitem captura colaborativa em vídeo utilizando dispositivos móveis, existe uma lacuna no apoio à captura colaborativa de múltiplas mídias. O trabalho apresentado nesta dissertação propõe que a produção multimídia colaborativa ubíqua possa ser alcançada por usuários que realizem a captura de múltiplas mídias e de anotações utilizando o aplicativo móvel CMoViA. CMoViA também permite que o conteúdo gerado por esses usuários seja exportado para a plataforma CI+WaC, a qual permite editar e anotar documentos multimídia interativos. Essa proposta requer a extensão de trabalho recentes reportados na literatura: o modelo I+WaC-IE (Interactors+WaC-Interaction Events), a ferramenta I+WaC-Editor e a ferramenta MoViA. Assim, a aplicação CMoViA segue o modelo CI+WaC-IE proposto neste trabalho como extensão do modelo I+WaC-IE. A proposta foi avaliada por meio de estudo de caso realizado no domínio educacional, no qual estudantes capturam colaborativamente uma palestra.

The growing importance of multimedia content generated by ordinary users demands research for models, methods, technologies and systems that support multimedia production. Despite recent results allowing the collaborative capture of video via mobile devices, there is gap in supporting the collaborative capture of multiple media. In this dissertation we propose that ubiquitous collaborative multimedia production can be carried out by users who capture and annotate multiple media using the CMoViA mobile application. CMoViA also allows export the user-generated content to the CI+WaC, which allows them to edit the user-generated content in the form of interactive and extensible multimedia documents. The proposal demanded extending recent work reported in the literature, namely the I+WaC-IE (Interactors+WaC-Interaction Events) model, the I+WaC-Editor tool and MoViA tool. Hence, CMoViA follows the proposed CI+WaC-IE model. We discuss results from a case study, carried out in the educational domain, in which students collaboratively capture a lecture. / A crescente importância de conteúdo multimídia gerado por usuários amadores exige pesquisas por modelos, métodos, tecnologias e sistemas que apoiem a produção multimídia. Apesar dos recentes resultados que permitem captura colaborativa em vídeo utilizando dispositivos móveis, existe uma lacuna no apoio à captura colaborativa de múltiplas mídias. O trabalho apresentado nesta dissertação propõe que a produção multimídia colaborativa ubíqua possa ser alcançada por usuários que realizem a captura de múltiplas mídias e de anotações utilizando o aplicativo móvel CMoViA. CMoViA também permite que o conteúdo gerado por esses usuários seja exportado para a plataforma CI+WaC, a qual permite editar e anotar documentos multimídia interativos. Essa proposta requer a extensão de trabalho recentes reportados na literatura: o modelo I+WaC-IE (Interactors+WaC-Interaction Events), a ferramenta I+WaC-Editor e a ferramenta MoViA. Assim, a aplicação CMoViA segue o modelo CI+WaC-IE proposto neste trabalho como extensão do modelo I+WaC-IE. A proposta foi avaliada por meio de estudo de caso realizado no domínio educacional, no qual estudantes capturam colaborativamente uma palestra.

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