No description available.

The Japanese scientist Kitasato Shibasaburo (1853-1931) was one of the founders of microbiology. A devoted student of Robert Koch, his successful collaborations with European scientists resulted in anti-serums for tetanus and diphtheria, the discovery of the causative agent of the bubonic plague, and a number of other major contributions to both science and public health. He achieved this in spite of condescending attitudes on the part of many of his peers and even resistance from within his own government. Yet there remains a paucity of academic writing on Kitasato in the English language, particularly when compared to his eminent contemporaries. What does exist constructs a narrative of an historically weak Japanese scientific establishment. This work challenges that perspective, and will examine Kitasato’s interactions with his fellow collaborators in the context of the considerable social, political, cultural, and linguistic pressures acting upon them in order to elucidate what made them so extraordinarily successful in surmounting these barriers. In so doing it aims to provide insight for the scientists of today – for whom international collaboration is the ever-increasing norm – as to how they have succeeded historically and can now successfully interact with both each other and the powers that organize them. / Graduate

No description available.

<p>Science is changing. Computers, fast communication, and  new technologies have created new ways of conducting research.  For  instance, researchers from different disciplines are processing and  analyzing scientific data that is increasing at an exponential rate.  This kind of research requires that the scientists have access to  tools that can handle huge amounts of data, enable access to vast  computational resources, and support the collaboration of large  teams of scientists. This thesis focuses on tools that help support  scientific collaboration.</p><p>Workflows and provenance are two concepts that have proven useful in  supporting scientific collaboration.  Workflows provide a formal  specification of scientific experiments, and provenance offers a  model for documenting data and process dependencies.  Together, they  enable the creation of tools that can support collaboration through  the whole scientific life-cycle, from specification of experiments  to validation of results.  However, existing models for workflows  and provenance are often specific to particular tasks and tools.  This makes it hard to analyze the history of data that has been  generated over several application areas by different tools.  Moreover, workflow design is a time-consuming process and often  requires extensive knowledge of the tools involved and collaboration  with researchers with different expertise. This thesis addresses  these problems.</p><p>Our first contribution is a study of the differences between two  approaches to interoperability between provenance models: direct  data conversion, and mediation. We perform a case study where we  integrate three different provenance models using the mediation  approach, and show the advantages compared to data conversion.  Our  second contribution serves to support workflow design by allowing  multiple users to concurrently design workflows. Current workflow  tools lack the ability for users to work simultaneously on the same  workflow.  We propose a method that uses the provenance of workflow  evolution to enable real-time collaborative design of workflows.  Our third contribution considers supporting workflow design by  reusing existing workflows. Workflow collections for reuse are  available, but more efficient methods for generating summaries of  search results are still needed. We explore new summarization  strategies that considers the workflow structure.</p><p><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABgAAAAYCAYAAADgdz34AAADsElEQVR4nK2VTW9VVRSGn33OPgWpYLARbKWhQlCHTogoSkjEkQwclEQcNJEwlfgD/AM6NBo1xjhx5LyJ0cYEDHGkJqhtBGKUpm3SFii3vb2956wPB/t+9raEgSs52fuus89613rftdcNH8/c9q9++oe/Vzb5P+3McyNcfm2CcPj9af9w6gwjTwzvethx3Bx3x8xwd1wNM8dMcTNUHTfFLPnX6nVmZpeIYwf3cWD/PhbrvlPkblAzVFurKS6GmmGqqComaS+qmBoTI0Ncu3mXuGvWnrJ+ZSxweDgnkHf8ndVTdbiT3M7cQp2Z31dRTecHAfqydp4ejhwazh6Zezfnu98E1WIQwB3crEuJ2Y45PBTAQUVR9X4At66AppoEVO1Q8sgAOKJJjw6Am6OquDmvHskZ3R87gW+vlHz98zpmiqphkkRVbQtsfPTOC30lJKFbFTgp83bWh7Zx/uX1B6w3hI3NkkZTqEpBRDBRzG2AQHcwcYwEkOGkTERREbLQ/8HxJwuW7zdYrzfZ2iopy4qqEspKaDYravVm33k1R91Q69FA1VBRzFIVvXbx5AgXT44A8MWP81yfu0utIR2aVK3vfCnGrcUNxp8a7gKYKiLCvY2SUvo/aNtnM3e49ucK9S3p0aDdaT0UAVsKi2tVi6IWwNL9JvdqTdihaz79/l+u/rHMxmaJVMLkS2OoKKLWacdeE3IsSxctc2D5Qcl6vUlVVgNt+fkPPcFFmTw1xruvT7SCd7nuVhDQvECzJH90h0azRKoKFRkAmP5lKTWAGRdefoZL554FQNUxB92WvYeA5UN4PtSqwB2phKqsqMpBgAunRhFR3j49zuU3jnX8k6fHEQKXzh1jbmGDuYU6s4t1rt6socUeLLZHhYO2AHSHmzt19ihTZ48O8Hzl/AmunD/BjTvrvPfNX3hWsNpwJCvwYm+ngug4UilSCSq6k8YPtxDwfA+WRawIWFbgscDiULcCEaWqBFOlrLazurupOSHLqGnEKJAY8TwBEHumqUirAjNm52vEPPRV4p01XXMPAQhUBjcWm9QZwijwokgAeYHlHYA06KR1cT6ZvoV56pDUJQEjw0KeaMgj1hPEY4vz2A4eW0/e1qA7KtQdsxTYAG0H3iG4xyK1Y+xm7XmEPOJZDiENzLi2WZHngeOjj2Pe+sMg4GRYyLAsx7ME4FnsyTD9pr0PEc8zPGRAwKXBkYOPEd96cZRvf11g9MDe7e3R4Z4Q+vyEnn3P4t0XzK/W+ODN5/kPfRLewAJVEQ0AAAAASUVORK5CYII%3D" /></p>

This study focuses on a component of computer-mediated communicated which is labeled computer mediated technologies (CMTs) and is composed of the latest group of internet technology and digital media including social networking, Web2.0, Smartphone and Videoconferencing. The computer mediated technologies (CMTs) have the potential to facilitate scientific collaboration between scientists from north and south. This dissertation is a quantitative study that investigates the relationship between CMT use and collaboration, CMT use and research productivity, scientific collaboration and research productivity in Kuwait and the digital divide between developing and developed countries. This study answers the following questions: (1) To what degree has the scientific community in Kuwait adopted CMTs? (2) Are there any differences in the use of CMTs between faculty members (at KU) and researchers (in KISR) for scientific collaboration? (3) To what extent is CMT use associated with scientific collaboration in Kuwait? (4) To what extent is CMT use associated with research productivity in Kuwait? (5) What is the relationship between scientific collaboration and research productivity in Kuwait? The results show that the scientific community in Kuwait is very connected to the internet and has adopted using CMT channels in their daily work. However, there is a difference between academia and research scientists in their educational and collaboration activities. The difference is more notable when Kuwaiti scientists collaborated with scientists in the U.S. and Canada and there is a relationship with the use of CMTs for collaboration. The findings further suggest that scientists who graduated from developed countries collaborate more than scientists who graduated from developing areas. Also there is a correlation between gaining a PhD from developed countries and increased publication in foreign journals. The results support the assumption that collaboration leads to research productivity. But there is a real problem facing the Kuwaiti scientists because they spend little time on their research activities.

Science is changing. Computers, fast communication, and  new technologies have created new ways of conducting research.  For  instance, researchers from different disciplines are processing and  analyzing scientific data that is increasing at an exponential rate.  This kind of research requires that the scientists have access to  tools that can handle huge amounts of data, enable access to vast  computational resources, and support the collaboration of large  teams of scientists. This thesis focuses on tools that help support  scientific collaboration. Workflows and provenance are two concepts that have proven useful in  supporting scientific collaboration.  Workflows provide a formal  specification of scientific experiments, and provenance offers a  model for documenting data and process dependencies.  Together, they  enable the creation of tools that can support collaboration through  the whole scientific life-cycle, from specification of experiments  to validation of results.  However, existing models for workflows  and provenance are often specific to particular tasks and tools.  This makes it hard to analyze the history of data that has been  generated over several application areas by different tools.  Moreover, workflow design is a time-consuming process and often  requires extensive knowledge of the tools involved and collaboration  with researchers with different expertise. This thesis addresses  these problems. Our first contribution is a study of the differences between two  approaches to interoperability between provenance models: direct  data conversion, and mediation. We perform a case study where we  integrate three different provenance models using the mediation  approach, and show the advantages compared to data conversion.  Our  second contribution serves to support workflow design by allowing  multiple users to concurrently design workflows. Current workflow  tools lack the ability for users to work simultaneously on the same  workflow.  We propose a method that uses the provenance of workflow  evolution to enable real-time collaborative design of workflows.  Our third contribution considers supporting workflow design by  reusing existing workflows. Workflow collections for reuse are  available, but more efficient methods for generating summaries of  search results are still needed. We explore new summarization  strategies that considers the workflow structure. <img src="data:image/png;base64,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%3D" />

O crescimento acelerado da produção científica brasileira nos anos recentes foi acompanhado pela expansão das colaborações científicas domésticas. Neste estudo, olhamos mais atentamente esse assunto na tentativa pioneira de identificar padrões espaciais da produção e colaboração científica no Brasil, e avaliar o papel da proximidade geográfica na determinação das interações entre os pesquisadores brasileiros. Por meio de uma base única composta por mais de um milhão de pesquisadores registrados na Plataforma Lattes e de sete milhões de publicações científicas, coletamos e consolidamos informações sobre as colaborações científicas inter-regionais em termos de redes de coautorias entre 1.347 municípios brasileiros ao longo do período compreendido entre 1990 e 2010, o que permitiu uma abrangência de dados e perspectiva de análise inéditas na literatura. Os efeitos da distância geográfica nas redes de colaboração são mensurados para as diferentes áreas do conhecimento por meio da estimação de modelos de interações espaciais. Os principais resultados sugerem fortes evidências de um processo de desconcentração espacial da produção científica nos últimos anos associado à expansão das redes de colaboração e ao aumento da participação de autores das regiões cientificamente menos tradicionais, tais como Sul e Nordeste. Ademais, também encontramos evidência de que a distância ainda desempenha papel crucial na determinação da intensidade dos fluxos de conhecimento nas redes de colaboração científica no Brasil, embora a magnitude do efeito varie entre as redes das diferentes áreas do conhecimento. Por exemplo, verificamos que o distanciamento de 200 quilômetros entre dois pesquisadores implica na redução média de 22% ou 45% na probabilidade de haver colaboração entre eles, caso eles sejam de Linguística, Letras e Artes ou Ciências Exatas e da Terra, respectivamente. / Recent years have witnessed an accelerated growth of Brazilian scientific production that was accompanied by an expansion of domestic research collaboration. In this paper we look more closely at this issue in a pioneering attempt to identify spatial patterns of research production and collaboration in Brazil, and to measure the role of geographical proximity in determining interaction between Brazilian researchers. Using a unique database comprised of over one million researchers registered in the Brazilian Lattes Platform and seven million scientific publications, we collect and consolidate information on interregional research collaboration in terms of co-authorship networks among 1,347 Brazilian cities over the period between 1990 and 2010, which enabled a range of data and analysis perspective unprecedented in literature. The effects of geographical distance on research collaboration are measured for different knowledge areas under the estimation of spatial interaction models. The main results suggest strong evidence of spatial de-concentration of scientific production in the last years with expansion of research collaboration networks and an increased participation of authors in scientifically less traditional regions, such as South and Northeast. Moreover, we also find evidence that distance still plays a crucial role in determining the intensity of knowledge flows in scientific collaboration networks in Brazil, although the magnitude of such effects varies among networks of different knowledge areas. For instance, we found that the distancing of 200 kilometers between two researchers implies an average reduction of 22% or 45% on probability of collaboration among them, if they are of Linguistics, Letters and Arts or Exact and Earth Sciences, respectively.

This study is the exploration of the emergence of DataONE, a multidisciplinary, multinational, and multi-institutional virtual scientific collaboration to develop a cyberinfrastructure for earth sciences data, from the complex adaptive systems perspective. Data is generated through conducting 15 semi-structured interviews, observing three 3-day meetings, and 51 online surveys. The main contribution of this study is the development of a complexity framework and its application to a project such as DataONE. The findings reveal that DataONE behaves like a complex adaptive system: various individuals and institutions interacting, adapting, and coevolving to achieve their own and common goals; during the process new structures, relationships, and products emerge that harmonize with DataONE’s goals. DataONE is quite resilient to threats and adaptive to its environment, which are important strengths. The strength comes from its diversified structure and balanced management style that allows for frequent interaction among members. The study also offers insights to PI(s), managers, and funding institutions on how to treat complex systems. Additional results regarding multidisiplinarity, library and information sciences, and communication studies are presented as well.

This dissertation seeks to answer the research questions that arise when digital technologies are used to support distributed, artifact-centric, scientific collaboration. Scientific research is fundamentally collaborative in nature, with researchers often forming collaborations that involve colleagues from other institutions and often other countries. Modern research tools, such as high-resolution scientific instruments and sophisticated computational simulations, are providing scientists with digital data at an unprecedented rate. Thus, digital artifacts are the focus of many of today’s scientific collaborations. The understanding of scientific data is difficult because of the complexity of the scientific phenomena that the data represents. Such data is often complex in structure, dynamic in nature (e.g. changes over time), and poorly understood (little a-priori knowledge about the phenomena). These issues are exacerbated when such collaborations take place between scientists who are working together at a distance. This dissertation studies the impact of distance on artifact-centric scientific collaboration. It utilizes a multi-dimensional research approach, considering scientific collaboration at multiple points along the methodological (qualitative/quantitative research methods), cognitive (encoding/decoding), community (many/single research groups), group locality (collocated/distributed), and technological (prototype/production) dimensions. This research results in three primary contributions: 1) a new framework (CoGScience) for the study of distributed, artifact-centric collaboration; 2) new empirical evidence about the human communication channels scientists use to collaborate (utilizing both longitudinal/naturalistic and laboratory studies); and 3) a set of guidelines for the design and creation of more effective distributed, scientific collaboration tools.

Através da análise da co-autoria em artigos, este trabalho investiga as publicações nacionais indexadas pelo SCI do ISI entre os anos 2004-2006, com o objetivo de aprofundar e entender a colaboração científica na comunidade brasileira. Fizeram parte do estudo todos os artigos que contêm ao menos um endereço brasileiro no campo Address. Os dados foram organizados e analisados com o auxílio dos softwares Bibexcel, SPSS versão 14.0, Excel 2007 e Pajek. A análise quantitativa foi complementada por uma pesquisa qualitativa, realizada por meio de questionários e entrevistas com pesquisadores brasileiros. Os 49.046 artigos examinados revelaram que a produção científica nacional cresceu anualmente durante o triênio, e os artigos são publicados majoritariamente em inglês. Os artigos foram publicados em um vasto número de revistas, sendo que 15,7% deles em periódicos nacionais. As áreas mais produtivas da ciência nacional no SCI são a Química, a Biologia, a Física e a Medicina Clínica e Experimental II. Um grande número de instituições de filiação foi detectado, indicando que o Brasil não possui um padrão de publicação científica consolidado, dada a presença esparsa de muitas instituições cuja participação aconteceu uma única vez (59,1%). A co-autoria entre indivíduos cresceu ao longo do triênio, representando cerca de 96% da produção nacional. A média de autores por artigo é 6,3. A análise das instituições revela que a produção concentra-se em poucas instituições, a maioria universidades públicas localizadas em regiões específicas. A média de instituições por artigo é 2,4, e o exame das instituições mais produtivas destacou a prática da co-autoria intra-institucional. A aplicação de índices de colaboração relativos, análises EMD, fatorial e de agrupamentos identificou a existência de grupos formados regionalmente. A co-autoria internacional decresceu percentualmente ao longo do triênio, representando 30,3% da produção brasileira. EUA, França, Reino Unido e Alemanha são os maiores parceiros em número de artigos, entretanto, os índices relativos revelam que os EUA e a Argentina são os principais parceiros. A motivação para a colaboração internacional parece seguir razões históricas, lingüísticas e de proximidade geográfica. A análise específica das áreas do conhecimento revela que a co-autoria possui facetas próprias nas distintas áreas analisadas. A Agricultura e Meio Ambiente mostrou que os cientistas se agrupam em redes que refletem os colégios invisíveis a que eles pertencem. Na Física, preponderam grandes grupos de co-autoria, e a Matemática apresentou pesquisadores distribuídos em sub-redes que não refletiram agrupamentos por instituição. A forma como acontece a interação entre os cientistas variou conforme a área do conhecimento, e a motivação para a co-autoria é diversificada. / Trough co-authorship analysis of articles, this study investigates the national publications indexed in ISI's SCI between the years of 2004-2006, aiming to deepen and understand the scientific collaboration in the Brazilian community. It was part of the study all the articles that had at least one Brazilian address in the Address field. The data was organized and analyzed through software Bibexcel, SPSS 14.0 version, Excel 2007 and Pajek. The quantitative analysis was completed by a qualitative analysis, done through questionnaires and interviews with Brazilian researches. The 49.046 articles analyzed revealed that the scientific production grew annually during the triennium, and the articles are mostly published in English. The articles were published in a wide number or journals, were 15,7% of it were published in national journals. The most productive areas of the national science in SCI are Chemistry, Biology, Physics and Clinical and Experimental Medicine II. A large number of institutions, indicating that Brazil does not have a consolidated scientific publication standard, given to the sparse presence of many institutions whose participation happened only once (59,1%). The individual co-authorship grew during the triennium, representing about 96% of the national production. The mean of authors per article is 6, 3. The analysis of the institutions shows that the production is concentrated in a few institutions, mostly public universities located at specific regions. The mean of institution per article is 2,4 , and the exam of the most productive institutions evidenced the practice of intra-institutional co-authorship. The application of relative collaboration indexes, MDS analysis, factorial and clusters identified the presence of regionally formed groups. The international co-authorship decreased percentage during the triennium, representing 30, 3% of Brazilian production.USA, France, United Kingdom and Germany are the major partners in number of articles, though relative indexes show that USA and Argentina are the main partners. The motivation for international collaboration seems to follow historical, linguistics and geographical proximity reasons. The specific analysis of areas of knowledge shows that the co-authorship has its own aspects in the different analyzed areas. The Agriculture and Environmental Sciences showed that scientists gather in networks that reflect on invisible college which they belong to. In Physics, large groups of co-authorship predominates, and Mathematics presented researches scattered in sub-networks that did not reflected in groups by institutions. The way the interaction happens between scientists changed according to the area of knowledge, and the motivation to co-authorship is diverse.