[pt] Atualmente, as malhas de simulação do fluxo em reservatórios naturais de petróleo (RNPs) são modelos compostos por centenas de milhares de células hexaédricas, cada uma podendo ser decomposta em 12 triângulos, de modo que a visualização interativa dessas malhas, através das estações gráficas atuais, ainda não é factível. À medida que os computadores e as placas gráficas aumentam sua capacidade de processamento, as malhas de simulação também crescem. A solução para esse tipo de problema passa, normalmente, por técnicas de aceleração, dentre as quais está a multi-resolução (MR). Ocorre, entretanto, que os modelos de multi-resolução atualmente conhecidos não são aplicáveis às malhas de simulação de RNPs, devido aos requisitos específicos da área, tais como a preservação do modelo de células hexaédricas e a descontinuidade entre células. Na realidade, as técnicas de multi-resolução tendem a enfocar a Visualização Realista, enquanto o problema de RNPs é de Visualização Científica, para a qual ainda não existem soluções genéricas. Esta dissertação propõe um modelo de MR específico para o problema de visualização das malhas de simulação em RNPs, no qual a partição descontínua do espaço, a semântica baseada em células hexaédricas e as características de visualização do problema são pontos considerados. O modelo proposto permite uma construção eficiente da estrutura de MR, a partir da qual, em tempo real, são extraídas malhas adaptativas dependentes: (a) do erro geométrico da aproximação, (b) da câmera e (c) do número desejado de polígonos na malha. Além disso, o modelo permite a utilização conjunta de outra técnica de aceleração, o descarte, possibilitando o descarte hierárquico de regiões da malha que estão fora do volume de visão. O modelo proposto foi implementado em um sistema que permitiu uma extensa bateria de testes, cujos resultados permitiram traçar algumas conclusões e recomendações. / [en] Current flow-simulation meshes of natural oil reservoirs (NOR) are composed of hundreds of thousands of hexahedral cells. The visualization of the geometry of these cells superimposed with color attributes to represent properties and flow results requires the rendering of and unstructured mesh of millions of triangles. The current graphics hardware does not allow for an interactive visualization of such meshes. As computers and graphics boards increase their processing capacity, simulation meshes also grow and the solution to the rendering problem usually includes acceleration techniques, one of which is multi-resolution (MR). However, currently known MR models are not applicable to NOR simulation meshes due to this field’s specific requirements, such as the preservation of the hexahedral-cell model and discontinuities among cells. In fact, MR techniques tend to focus on Realistic Visualization, while the NOR problem is one of Scientific Visualization, for which generic solutions still do not exist. The present work proposes a specific MR model for the visualization problem concerning NOR simulation meshes, in which discontinuous space partition, hexahedral-cell-based semantics and the problem’s visualization characteristics are taken into account. The proposed model allows an efficient construction of a MR structure, from which, in real time, adaptive meshes can be extracted that depend on: (a) the geometric error approximation, (b) the view, and (c) the polygon budget. This model can also be used combined with another acceleration technique, frustum culling, which allows for the hierarchical elimination of regions in the mesh that are out of the view volume. The proposed model was implemented in a system on which extensive testing was performed, providing results that allowed us to draw some conclusions and recommendations.

Depuis l'identification par Brown \& Roshko, en 1974, de structures jouant un rôle majeur dans le mélange d'un écoulement turbulent, la recherche de structures cohérentes a été un des principaux axes d'étude en mécanique des fluides.Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit s'inscrivent dans cette voie.La première partie du manuscrit traite ainsi de l'identification de structures cohérentes. Elle se compose de trois chapitres abordant deux techniques d’identification. La Décomposition en mode dynamique (DMD), ainsi que des variantes généralisant son champ applicatif est présenté dans le premier chapitre. Cette méthode propose une représentation par modes spatiaux et temporels d'un ensemble de données. Une méthode pour la sélection de composantes particulièrement représentatives de la dynamique, i.e. présentant de bonnes qualités d'observabilité, se basant sur cette décomposition est également décrite dans ce chapitre.Le deuxième chapitre traite de la détection de structures cohérentes lagrangienne, par suivi de particules. Ces structures permettent d'identifier les frontières matérielles et apportent des éclaircissements sur les mécanismes du mélange au sein de l'écoulement considéré.Ces méthodes sont appliquées, dans le chapitre trois, au cas d’un écoulement incompressible affleurant une cavité ouverte.La seconde partie du manuscrit traite des questions de représentation et discrimination de données scientifiques.Une réponse à la question de la représentation de structures cohérentes a été la mise en place d'outils permettant la visualisation interactive de jeux de données scientifiques, qui dont la présentation fait l'objet du chapitre quatre. En particulier, l'utilisation d'objets tangibles, représentant les données dans le monde réel, permet une exploration plus efficace des ensembles de volumétriques de données scientifiques. La question d'une perception et discrimination efficace de données représentées, e.g. la différentiation entre deux valeurs proches, est abordée dans le cinquième chapitre. / Brown \& Roshko identify the key role, as soon as 1974, of coherent structures in the mixing of a turbulenet jet. Since, the seek for coherent structures has been a major field in fluid mechanics. This manuscript follows this path, and aims at describing algorithm to compute and explore coherent structures from fluid mechanics dataset.The first part of this manuscript is dedicated to present algorithms for the computations of coherent structures from dataset. The first chapter exposes the Dynamical Modes Decomposition, and presents improvements of the method. A criterion to estimate the observability properties of components of the state vector is also presented.The second chapter aims at describing an efficient algorithm to compute Lagrangian Coherent Structures, which are somewhat equivalent to material frontiers in fluid flows, and highlight mixing dynamics.This methods are applied, in a third chapter, to caracterize the dynamics of an open cavity flow.The second parti of this manuscript is dedicated to the representation and discrimination of scientific dataset.The fourth chapter presents metaphors for the interactive exploration of scientific and volumetric dataset. The use of tangible interfaces is investigated. The last chapter deals with the differenciation between represented data, by proposing an algorithm for the differenciation between close but different signals.

Mit der Bekanntgabe der Entdeckung Röntgens 1895 begann nicht nur eine massive Bildproduktion, sondern auch ein reges radiologisches Ausstellungwesen, das sich an ein medizinisch-wissenschaftliches Publikum richtete und parallel zu wissenschaftlichen Kongressen stattfand. Die vorliegende Arbeit geht dieser Praxis des Ausstellens von Röntgenbildern und -apparaten im ersten Drittel des 20. Jahrhunderts nach und bezieht die Ausstellungen auf das im Entstehen begriffene medizinisch-wissenschaftliche Feld der Radiologie. Ausstellungen waren, so die zentrale These, keine dem radiologischen Erkenntnisprozess nachfolgenden Veranstaltungen, sondern Orte, bei denen ein radiologisches Apparate- und Bildwissen kommuniziert und erzeugt wurde. In der Arbeit wird die soziale, technische und expositorische Entwicklung des radiologischen Feldes parallel erzählt und eng miteinander verflochten gedacht. So geraten die engen Kopplungen zwischen Ausstellungsraum und Röntgeninstitut und zwischen technischer Entwicklung und professionellem Selbstverständnis von Radiologen in den Blick. / With the discovery of X-rays in 1895 not only an increased image production can be observed, but also the new format of the X-ray exhibition was created. The exhibitions were mainly aimed at a medical and scientific audience and were organized parallel to scientific congresses. The work traces this practice of exhibiting X-ray images and apparatus in the first third of the 20th century and relates the exhibitions closely to the medical-scientific field of radiology that developed during this period. According to the central thesis, exhibitions were not events that took place after the genesis and development of radiological facts in the clinic or scientific institutes, but spaces where knowledge about the new apparatus and images was communicated and generated. In the work, the social, technical and exhibition-related development of the radiological field is told in parallel and thought of in close relation to each other. Using exhibitions as an example, the close links between exhibition spaces and X-ray institutes and between technical development and the professional self-image of radiologists are brought into focus.