L’étude des usages et pratiques informationnels des usagers en démarche de recherche d’information est un axe majeur de la recherche en sciences de l’information et de la communication, à en juger par les travaux consacrés à cette problématique et disponibles sur Internet. Si les pays du Nord ont une tradition bien ancrée en la matière, au Sud, par contre, et plus précisément dans les pays francophones d’Afrique au sud du Sahara, peu d’études ont été consacrées à cette thématique. Au Mali, les références de travaux de thèses sur ce sujet sont quasi-inexistantes.La présente étude se place dans ce contexte thématique et géographique, et vise comme public cible les doctorants de l’Université de Bamako. Il s’agira d’abord de définir une typologie de cette communauté d’utilisateurs de l’information (spécialisation, écoles doctorales et laboratoires d’attache, thématique de recherche, etc.), puis d’évaluer ses besoins et pratiques informationnels et enfin d’identifier l’existence de difficultés éventuelles d’accès à l’information et de proposer des pistes de solutions. Pour la collecte de données une enquête réalisée auprès de doctorants et l’observation de leurs comportements en situation de recherche d’information seront privilégiées. Les résultats de l’étude permettront une meilleure connaissance des besoins et pratiques informationnels de la communauté des doctorants de l’université de Bamako et pourraient être utilisés par les unités d’information en vue d’améliorer l’offre de services d’information à leur intention. / The study uses and informational practices of users in information retrieval process is a major focus of research in Information and Communication Sciences, judging by the work on this issue and on the Internet. If the North has a strong tradition in this area, to the south by cons, specifically in Francophone countries of Africa in south of the Sahara, few studies have been devoted to this theme.In Mali, the thesis work of reference on this subject is almost non-existent.This study falls within this thematic and geographical context and aims as public target doctoral students from the University of Bamako. This will be first to define a typology of this information users community (specialization, doctoral schools and laboratories attachment, thematic research, etc.) and then evaluate its information needs and practices finally, to identify the existence of possible access to information problems and propose possible solutions. For data collection a survey of doctoral students and observing their behavior information search situation will be favored. The results of the study will enable a better understanding of community needs and the informational practices of doctoral students from the University of Bamako and could be used by the units of information to improve the supply of information services them.

Objetivos. Reflexos das transformações sociais promovidas pela Sociedade do Conhecimento são percebidos no contexto da gestão em saúde no Brasil. Apresentam-se referencial teórico sobre essas mudanças, gestão do SUS, sistemas de informação em saúde, produção científica e uso da informação na gestão. Foi analisada a produção científica brasileira em saúde pública como fonte de apoio à tomada de decisão em saúde. Metodologia. Foram feitos estudo exploratório qualitativo e análise documental em três áreas: bases de dados bibliográficas disponíveis na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, agendas estaduais de saúde e sites das Secretarias Estaduais de Saúde. Resultados. Os principais resultados foram: as bases de dados LILACS e MEDLINE foram as fontes de apoio mais abrangentes para localizar produção brasileira publicada no país e no exterior, respectivamente; a produção científica brasileira destaca-se nessa área, correspondendo a 39 por cento dos registros da LILACS-SP; as principais instituições produtoras são universidades e organismos governamentais; a produção de saúde pública encontra-se distribuída em revistas de outras áreas da saúde; a internet, já utilizada pelo ministério e pelas secretarias de saúde, seria favorável para disseminação de conhecimento científico para a gestão em saúde. Conclusões e recomendações. A informação científica e técnica disponível poderia apoiar os processos de tomada de decisão, mas o caminho entre sua produção e uso não é linear e precisa ser estimulado. São apresentadas sugestões para promover integração e articulação entre pesquisa científica e decisão política. / Objectives. Social changes introduced by Knowledge Society are perceptible in the health management context in Brazil. Literature on these social changes, on National Health System - SUS legislation, on health information systems, on the health scientific production and on its use for decision making was reviewed. Brazilian public health scientific literature as support to health decision making was analyzed. Methods. Qualitative exploratory methods and document analysis were used to study bibliographic databases available at the Virtual Health Library, health agendas and sites of the State Secretaries of Health. Results. The main results were: LILACS and MEDLINE databases were the most comprehensive sources for searching Brazilian public health literature; 39 per cent of LILACS-SP records corresponds to Brazilian public health literature; universities and government institutions are the main producers of public health scientific literature; public health journal articles are published also in journals from other health fields; Internet, which is already being used by Ministry and State Secretaries of Health for communication, could be a favorable environment for dissemination of scientific information for health decision making. Conclusions and recommendations. Available health scientific and technical information could support health decision making processes but the channels between its production and use are not linear and need to be strengthened. Recommendations to improve relationship and interaction between health research and policy were presented.

Objetivos. Reflexos das transformações sociais promovidas pela Sociedade do Conhecimento são percebidos no contexto da gestão em saúde no Brasil. Apresentam-se referencial teórico sobre essas mudanças, gestão do SUS, sistemas de informação em saúde, produção científica e uso da informação na gestão. Foi analisada a produção científica brasileira em saúde pública como fonte de apoio à tomada de decisão em saúde. Metodologia. Foram feitos estudo exploratório qualitativo e análise documental em três áreas: bases de dados bibliográficas disponíveis na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, agendas estaduais de saúde e sites das Secretarias Estaduais de Saúde. Resultados. Os principais resultados foram: as bases de dados LILACS e MEDLINE foram as fontes de apoio mais abrangentes para localizar produção brasileira publicada no país e no exterior, respectivamente; a produção científica brasileira destaca-se nessa área, correspondendo a 39 por cento dos registros da LILACS-SP; as principais instituições produtoras são universidades e organismos governamentais; a produção de saúde pública encontra-se distribuída em revistas de outras áreas da saúde; a internet, já utilizada pelo ministério e pelas secretarias de saúde, seria favorável para disseminação de conhecimento científico para a gestão em saúde. Conclusões e recomendações. A informação científica e técnica disponível poderia apoiar os processos de tomada de decisão, mas o caminho entre sua produção e uso não é linear e precisa ser estimulado. São apresentadas sugestões para promover integração e articulação entre pesquisa científica e decisão política. / Objectives. Social changes introduced by Knowledge Society are perceptible in the health management context in Brazil. Literature on these social changes, on National Health System - SUS legislation, on health information systems, on the health scientific production and on its use for decision making was reviewed. Brazilian public health scientific literature as support to health decision making was analyzed. Methods. Qualitative exploratory methods and document analysis were used to study bibliographic databases available at the Virtual Health Library, health agendas and sites of the State Secretaries of Health. Results. The main results were: LILACS and MEDLINE databases were the most comprehensive sources for searching Brazilian public health literature; 39 per cent of LILACS-SP records corresponds to Brazilian public health literature; universities and government institutions are the main producers of public health scientific literature; public health journal articles are published also in journals from other health fields; Internet, which is already being used by Ministry and State Secretaries of Health for communication, could be a favorable environment for dissemination of scientific information for health decision making. Conclusions and recommendations. Available health scientific and technical information could support health decision making processes but the channels between its production and use are not linear and need to be strengthened. Recommendations to improve relationship and interaction between health research and policy were presented.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-06-08T19:03:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGMPF.pdf: 1941310 bytes, checksum: 01f6cf1ecae87f260aa6aa566208a08e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-13T19:45:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGMPF.pdf: 1941310 bytes, checksum: 01f6cf1ecae87f260aa6aa566208a08e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-13T19:45:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGMPF.pdf: 1941310 bytes, checksum: 01f6cf1ecae87f260aa6aa566208a08e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-13T19:49:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGMPF.pdf: 1941310 bytes, checksum: 01f6cf1ecae87f260aa6aa566208a08e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Adapting constantly to new scenarios, society develops with great influence of technology. Smartphones, communication technology present in the various social layers, can contribute to the democratization of access to scientific information. Considering the social dimensions that this fact extends, it is understood that it is necessary to carry out studies that establish an association between the theoretical and practical perspectives that involve such questions. Therefore, the objective of this research is to investigate how smartphones effectively contribute to the access to scientific information by young students of the Álvaro Guião State School, located in the city of São Carlos, São Paulo. The justifications for conducting this research are based on the need to understand how these students currently contemplate aspects related to science. The proposed methodology is based on two aspects: 1) theoretical study through a bibliographical survey, comprising the themes: Scientific dissemination; Scientific information; Scientific communication by electronic means; And Information and Communication Technologies; 2) empirical study - developed based on experimental knowledge of young smartphone users. The data collection instrument used in this research was the questionnaire, applied to a group of young people, students of the third year of high school at the Álvaro Guião school, in the city of São Carlos. The results of the research demonstrated that despite different socioeconomic contexts and social environments among groups of students, there is a valorization of scientific information by the dominant cultural capital in the school environment that encourages them to access scientific dissemination in order to have sociability. It is concluded that the availability of open networks added to the increase in the number of young people who have smartphones, effectively contribute to the scientific dissemination and, consequently, to the access of these students to scientific information. / Adaptando-se constantemente a novos cenários, a sociedade se desenvolve com grande influência da tecnologia. Os smartphones, tecnologia de comunicação presente nas várias camadas sociais, podem contribuir para a democratização do acesso à informação científica. Tendo como pressuposto as dimensões sociais as quais este fato se estende, entende-se que seja necessário realizar estudos que estabeleçam associação entre as perspectivas teóricas e práticas que envolvem tais questões. Sendo assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar como os smartphones contribuem efetivamente para o acesso à informação científica por jovens estudantes da Escola Estadual Álvaro Guião, localizada na cidade de São Carlos, São Paulo. As justificativas para a realização dessa pesquisa apoiam-se na necessidade de compreensão sobre como estes estudantes contemplam atualmente aspectos relacionados à ciência. A metodologia proposta baseia-se em duas vertentes: 1) estudo teórico por meio de levantamento bibliográfico, compreendendo as temáticas: Divulgação científica; Informação científica; Comunicação científica por meios eletrônicos; e Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação; 2) estudo empírico – desenvolvido com base em conhecimento experimental de jovens usuários de smartphones. O instrumento de coleta de dados adotado nesta pesquisa foi o questionário, aplicado a um grupo de jovens, estudantes do terceiro ano do ensino médio da escola Álvaro Guião, da cidade de São Carlos. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram que apesar de diferentes contextos socioeconômicos e meios sociais entre os grupos de alunos, existe uma valorização da informação científica pelo capital cultural dominante no ambiente escolar que os incentiva ao acesso da divulgação científica a fim de terem sociabilidade. Conclui-se que que a disponibilidade de redes abertas somada ao aumento do número de jovens que possuem smartphones, contribui de forma efetiva para a divulgação científica e, consequentemente, para o acesso destes estudantes à informação científica.

Cette thèse s’intéresse aux données de la recherche, dans un contexte d’incitation croissante à leur ouverture. Les données de la recherche sont des informations collectées par les scientifiques dans la perspective d’être utilisées comme preuves d’une théorie scientifique. Il s’agit d’une notion complexe à définir, car contextuelle. Depuis les années 2000, le libre accès aux données occupe une place de plus en plus stratégique dans les politiques de recherche. Ces enjeux ont été relayés par des professions intermédiaires, qui ont développé des services dédiés, destinés à accompagner les chercheurs dans l’application des recommandations de gestion et d’ouverture. La thèse interroge le lien entre idéologie de l’ouverture et pratiques de recherche. Quelles formes de gestion et de partage des données existent dans les communautés de recherche et par quoi sont-elles motivées ? Quelle place les chercheurs accordent-ils à l’offre de services issue des politiques de gestion et d’ouverture des données ? Pour tenter d’y répondre, 57 entretiens ont été réalisés avec des chercheurs de l’Université de Strasbourg dans différentes disciplines. L’enquête révèle une très grande variété de pratiques de gestion et de partage de données. Un des points mis en évidence est que, dans la logique scientifique, le partage des données répond un besoin. Il fait partie intégrante de la stratégie du chercheur, dont l’objectif est avant tout de préserver ses intérêts professionnels. Les données s’inscrivent donc dans un cycle de crédibilité, qui leur confère à la fois une valeur d’usage (pour la production de nouvelles publications) et une valeur d’échange (en tant que monnaie d’échange dans le cadre de collaborations avec des partenaires). L’enquête montre également que les services développés dans un contexte d’ouverture des données correspondent pour une faible partie à ceux qu’utilisent les chercheurs. L’une des hypothèses émises est que l’offre de services arrive trop tôt pour rencontrer les besoins des chercheurs. L’évaluation et la reconnaissance des activités scientifiques étant principalement fondées sur la publication d’articles et d’ouvrages, la gestion et l’ouverture des données ne sont pas considérées comme prioritaires par les chercheurs. La seconde hypothèse avancée est que les services d’ouverture des données sont proposés par des acteurs relativement éloignés des communautés de recherche. Les chercheurs sont davantage influencés par des réseaux spécifiques à leurs champs de recherche (revues, infrastructures…). Ces résultats invitent finalement à reconsidérer la question de la médiation dans l’ouverture des données scientifiques. / The thesis investigates research data, as there is a growing demand for opening them. Research data are information that is collected by scientists in order to be used as evidence for theories. It is a complex, contextual notion. Since the 2000s, open access to scientific data has become a strategic axis of research policies. These policies has been relayed by third actors, who developed services dedicated to support researchers with data management and sharing.The thesis questions the relationship between the ideology of openness and the research practices. Which kinds of data management and sharing practices already exist in research communities? What drives them? Do scientists rely on research data services? Fifty-seven interviews were conducted with researchers from the University of Strasbourg in many disciplines. The survey identifies a myriad of different data management and sharing practices. It appears that data sharing is embedded in the researcher’s strategy: his main goal is to protect his professional interests. Thus, research data are part of a credibility cycle, in which they get both use value (for new publications) and exchange value (as they are traded for other valuable resources). The survey also shows that researchers rarely use the services developed in a context of openness. Two explanations can be put forward. (1) The service offer comes too early to reach researchers’ needs. Currently, data management and sharing are not within researchers’ priorities. The priority is publishing, which is defined as source of reward and recognition of the scientific activities. (2) Data management services are offered by actors outside the research communities. But scientists seem to be more influenced by internal networks, close to their research topics (like journals, infrastructures…). These results prompt us to reconsider the mediation between scientific communities and open research data policies.

Le décloisonnement des économies et l’accélération mondiale des échanges commerciaux ont, en une décennie à peine, transformés l’environnement concurrentiel des entreprises. La zone d’activités s’est élargie en ouvrant des nouveaux marchés à potentiels très attrayants. Ainsi en est-il des BRIC (Brésil, Russie, Inde et Chine). De ces quatre pays, impressionnants par la superficie, la population et le potentiel économique qu’ils représentent, la Chine est le moins accessible et le plus hermétique à notre compréhension de par un système linguistique distinct des langues indo-européennes d’une part et du fait d’une culture et d’un système de pensée aux antipodes de ceux de l’occident d’autre part. Pourtant, pour une entreprise de taille internationale, qui souhaite étendre son influence ou simplement conserver sa position sur son propre marché, il est aujourd’hui absolument indispensable d’être présent sur le marché chinois. Comment une entreprise occidentale aborde-t-elle un marché qui de par son altérité, apparaît tout d’abord comme complexe et foncièrement énigmatique ? Six années d’observation en Chine, nous ont permis de constater les écueils dans l’accès à l’information concernant le marché chinois. Comme sur de nombreux marchés extérieurs, nos entreprises sont soumises à des déstabilisations parfois inimaginables. L’incapacité à « lire » la Chine et à comprendre les enjeux qui s’y déroulent malgré des effets soutenus, les erreurs tactiques qui découlent d’une mauvaise appréciation du marché ou d’une compréhension biaisée des jeux d’acteurs nous ont incités à réfléchir à une méthodologie de décryptage plus fine de l’environnement d’affaire qui puisse offrir aux entreprises françaises une approche de la Chine en tant que marché. Les méthodes de l’Intelligence Economique (IE) se sont alors imposées comme étant les plus propices pour plusieurs raisons : le but de l’IE est de trouver l’action juste à mener, la spécificité du contexte dans lequel évolue l’organisation est prise en compte et l’analyse se fait en temps réel. Si une approche culturelle est faite d’interactions humaines et de subtilités, une approche « marché » est dorénavant possible par le traitement automatique de l’information et de la modélisation qui s’en suit. En effet, dans toute démarche d’Intelligence Economique accompagnant l’implantation d’une activité à l’étranger, une grande part de l’information à portée stratégique vient de l’analyse du jeu des acteurs opérants dans le même secteur d’activité. Une telle automatisation de la création de connaissance constitue, en sus de l’approche humaine « sur le terrain », une réelle valeur ajoutée pour la compréhension des interactions entre les acteurs car elle apporte un ensemble de connaissances qui, prenant en compte des entités plus larges, revêtent un caractère global, insaisissable par ailleurs. La Chine ayant fortement développé les technologies liées à l’économie de la connaissance, il est dorénavant possible d’explorer les sources d’information scientifiques et techniques chinoises. Nous sommes en outre convaincus que l’information chinoise prendra au fil du temps une importance de plus en plus cruciale. Il devient donc urgent pour les organisations de se doter de dispositifs permettant non seulement d’accéder à cette information mais également d’être en mesure de traiter les masses d’informations issues de ces sources. Notre travail consiste principalement à adapter les outils et méthodes issues de la recherche française à l’analyse de l’information chinoise en vue de la création de connaissances élaborées. L’outil MATHEO, apportera par des traitements bibliométriques une vision mondiale de la stratégie chinoise. TETRALOGIE, outil dédié au data-mining, sera adapté à l’environnement linguistique et structurel des bases de données scientifiques chinoises. En outre, nous participons au développement d’un outil d’information retreival (MEVA) qui intègre les données récentes des sciences cognitives et oeuvrons à son application dans la recherche de l’information chinoise, pertinente et adéquate. Cette thèse étant réalisée dans le cadre d’un contrat CIFRE avec le Groupe Limagrain, une application contextualisée de notre démarche sera mise en œuvre dans le domaine des biotechnologies agricoles et plus particulièrement autour des enjeux actuels de la recherche sur les techniques d’hybridation du blé. L’analyse de ce secteur de pointe, qui est à la fois une domaine de recherche fondamentale, expérimentale et appliquée donne actuellement lieu à des prises de brevets et à la mise sur le marché de produits commerciaux et représente donc une thématique très actuelle. La Chine est-elle réellement, comme nous le supposons, un nouveau territoire mondial de la recherche scientifique du 21e siècle ? Les méthodes de l’IE peuvent-elles s’adapter au marché chinois ? Après avoir fourni les éléments de réponses à ces questions dans es deux premières parties de notre étude, nous poserons en troisième partie, le contexte des biotechnologies agricoles et les enjeux mondiaux en terme de puissance économico-financière mais également géopolitique de la recherche sur l’hybridation du blé. Puis nous verrons en dernière partie comment mettre en œuvre une recherche d’information sur le marché chinois ainsi que l’intérêt majeur en terme de valeur ajoutée que représente l’analyse de l’information chinoise / The rise of globalization, including technological innovations and the dismantling of trade barriers, has spurred the steady acceleration of global trade and, in barely a decade, has transformed the competitive environment of enterprises. The area of activity has been expanded by the emergence of new markets with very attractive potential. So are the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China). Among the four of them, all impressive by their size, population and economic potential they represent, China is the least accessible and the more closed to our understanding because of a linguistic system radically different from the Indo-European languages on the one hand and of the fact of a culture and a thought system at odds with those of Western countries. Yet for a company of international size, which wants to extend its influence or simply to maintain its market position, including its own market, it is now essential to be present on the Chinese market. How does a western company operate on a market that appears at first as inherently complex and enigmatic because of its otherness? During six years of observation in China, we have found out the pitfalls in access to information about the Chinese market. As on many markets, our companies are subject to some unimaginable destabilization. The inability to “read” China and understand the issues that take place in spite of sustained efforts, the tactical errors that arise from a misjudgement of the market or a biased understanding of the game players led us to consider a methodology that could provide French companies an approach to China as a market. The methodologies of Business Intelligence (BI) came out to be the most suitable for several reasons: the goal of BI is to find out the right action to realise, the specificity of the context in which the organization is evolving is taken into consideration and the analysis is done just in time. If a cultural approach is made of human interactions and subtleties, a market approach is now possible by the automatic processing of information and its modelling. In any process of economic intelligence accompanying the establishment of a foreign operation, a large part of the strategic information comes from analysis of the game players operating in the same sector of activity. Such an automation of knowledge creation is, in addition to the human approach on the field, a real high value added to help the understanding of the interactions between the players. It provides a set of knowledge, which taking into account more large entities, are more comprehensive. They are more elusive anywhere else. Because has highly developed technologies linked to the knowledge economy, it is now possible to explore the scientific and technological sources of information science in China. We are also convinced that Chinese sources of information will take a more and more crucial importance in any global watch. It is therefore an urgent need for organizations to get solutions that not only allow the access to this information but also are able to handle the masses of information from these sources. The aim of this thesis is mainly to adapt the tools and the methods invented by French university research to the analysis of Chinese information in order to create useful knowledge. Matheo software will provide some bibliometrical treatments that will give a global vision of the Chinese strategy. Tetralogy software, a tool dedicated to data-mining, will be tailored to the linguistic environment and to the structure of the Chinese scientific databases. In addition, we participate in the development of a method for the information retrieval (MEVA) which integrates the data of recent discoveries in cognitive science. We develop this method to the research of the relevant and appropriate information among the Chinese datas. As this thesis is conduced under a contract university /enterprise with Limagrain, an application of our approach will be implemented in the field of agricultural biotechnology and in particular around issues of research on techniques for hybridization of wheat. The analysis of this sector, which is an area of fundamental research, experimental and applied is a very current topic as it gives rise to the acquisition of patents and to the marketing of commercial products. Is China really, as we suppose to, a new territory Global Scientific Research of the 21st century? Can the methods of BI be adapted to the Chinese market? After providing some answers to these questions in the first two parts of our study, the third part will describe the global context of agricultural biotechnologies and its issues in terms of economic and financial power but also geopolitical. Then we will focus on the problematic of research on hybridization wheat. Then we will see in the fourth and last part how to implement a search for information on the Chinese market and the major interest in terms of added value of information analysis in China

This work disserts upon information policy in Czechoslovakia in the 70`s and 80`s the 20th century. It concerns with program of national information policy for scientific and technical development P18 and P13 and its partial aims and tasks. It enters into details of activities of Central technical base, its services and functions in four five-year plans of national economy. It analyses System of Central technical base and its individual modules. It follows development of computer technique and information transfer technology. It concerns with International system of scientific and technical information and cooperation between countries of Council for Mutual Economic Assistance in connection with Central technical base (for example: information line Moscow-Prague-Vienna). This work is devoted to Center of computerized information exchange which negotiates a connection to countries in soviet area and also connection to capitalistic vendors. At the end there is a short part about development after 1990.