To prevent the buildup of epidemic level mountain pine beetle populations, conditions of the stand environment they inhabit must be altered. Silvicultural treatment is the most effective means for doing this. Preventative treatments work best when applied while mountain pine beetle populations are still at the endemic population level. Therefore, information necessary for making decisions concerning mountain pine beetle populations in lodgepole pine stands needs to be included in the initial silvicultural prescription planning process, at a time before beetle populations reach outbreak numbers. In this dissertation, several quantitative descriptions of the mountain pine beetle/lodgepole pine relationship were investigated. Models were developed to 1) describe the temperature-dependent development of six mountain pine beetle life stages and 2) describe the amount of loss a stand could sustain if an epidemic level population were to occur in the stand. Concepts of mountain pine beetle risk rating were also discussed. These models and additional information pertaining to the mountain pine beetle/lodgepole pine relationship were incorporated into a knowledge-based system, the MPB Advisory System. This system was designed to help U.S. Forest Service silviculturists include decisions concerning mountain pine beetle populations in the stand management process. / Ph. D.

Submitted by Nathália Faria da Silva (nathaliafsilva.ufv@gmail.com) on 2017-07-18T11:48:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.PDF: 1456284 bytes, checksum: 6f5cb8752ccf248f8fafab70e593e553 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-18T11:48:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.PDF: 1456284 bytes, checksum: 6f5cb8752ccf248f8fafab70e593e553 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-07-18 / A broca-do-café, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae), é considerada como uma espécie que provoca perdas econômicas em lavouras de café. Para seu controle ectoparasitóides biológico, têm sido utilizados, entre outros organismos, os larvais Cephalonomia stephanoderis (Betrem) (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) e Prorops nasuta (Waterston) (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). No entanto, apesar da ação desses parasitóides, a broca-do-café continúa sendo considerada como a principal praga das lavouras de café nos países produtores de café do mundo. Em 1990 foi registrado Phymastichus coffea (La Salle) (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), como um endoparasitóide de adultos da broca-do-café com potencial para controlar as populações dessa praga. No entanto, devido à insuficiencia de dados que permitam comparar o potencial de P. coffea com o de C. stephanoderis e P. nasuta para reduzir populações da broca-do-café, foram objetivos do presente trabalho, i) avaliar em condições de laboratório, a taxa líquida de incremento natural (rm) desses três parasitóides e da broca-do-café, em função de diferentes temperaturas e umidades relativas do ar, e, ii) quantificar em condições semicontroladas de campo, a duração do ciclo de vida e as taxas de parasitismo de P. coffea em cafezais com diferente altitude. A proposta consistiu em explicar como pode ser afetado o sucesso técnico desses parasitóides, quando atuam sobre eles, algumas variáveis ecológicas presentes em campo (temperatura, umidade relativa do ar, e, altitude). Em condições de laboratório, os diferentes valores de umidade relativa não afetaram as taxas de crescimento populacional das espécies estudadas, mas, quando considerados os diferentes valores de temperatura, os parasitóides C. stephanoderis e P. nasuta apresentaram uma taxa de crescimento populacional mais baixa que a de P. coffea, na faixa térmica compreendida entre 12 e 28°C. Segundo os resultados de laboratório, P. coffea se apresenta como o parasitóide com maior potencial para o controle biológico da broca-do-café em cafezais localizados numa ampla faixa térmica. No entanto, quando avaliadas as taxas de parasitismo de P. coffea em condições de campo, estas diminuiram quando diminuia a altitude onde se localiza a lavoura. Foi evidenciado e quantificado a infecção espontânea e natural do fungo entomopatogênico Beauveria bassiana sobre adultos da broca-do-café previamente parasitados pelo P. coffea. Ainda, estas infecções estiveram inversamente relacionadas com a diminuição gradativa do número de adultos da broca-do-café parasitados por P. coffea. Finalmente, numa análise teórica, são consideradas além das variáveis avaliadas no presente trabalho, outras que poderiam explicar hipotéticamente, o insucesso técnico de parasitóides em geral, e dos parasitóides da broca-do-café em particular. / The coffee borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae), is considered a species that causes economic losses in coffee crops. To its biological control larvae ectoparasitoids have been used, among other organisms, such as Cephalonomia stephanoderis (Betrem) (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) and Prorops nasuta (Waterston) (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae). Despite the action of these parasitoids, however, the coffee borer continues to be considered as the main pest of coffee crops in the coffee producer countries in the World. In 1990, the coffee borer adult endoparasitoid Phymasticus coffea (La Salle) (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) has been registered and considered as potential controller of populations of coffee borer. Because data allowing to compare the potential of P. coffea, C. stephanoderis and P. nasuta in reducing borer coffee populations are scarce, this work aimed: i) to evaluate in laboratory conditions the net rate of natural increase (rm) of these three parasitoids and of the coffee borer, varying the temperature and air moisture, and ii) quantify in semi-controlled field conditions the life cycle duration and parasitism rates of P. coffea in coffee plantations in different altitudes. The proposal consisted in explaining how the technical success of such parasitoids may be affected by ecological variables that are present in field conditions (temperature, air moisture and altitude). In laboratory conditions the different values of air moisture did not affect populations increase rates of studied species, but temperature affected C. stephanoderis and P. nasuta, which presented a smaller population increase rate than P. coffea in the range of 12 and 28°C. According to laboratory results, P. coffea is the parasitoid with larger potential use in biological control in coffee crops located in an ample temperature range. However, when P. coffea parasitism rates were evaluated in field conditions, they decrease with altitude decrease. The spontaneous and natural infection by the entomopatogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana on previously parasitized coffee borer adults was evidenced and quantified. Such infections were inversely related to decrease of adult number in the coffee borer adults parasitized by P. coffea. Finally, in a theoretical analysis, several other variables, besides those evaluated in the present work, are considered to the hypothetical explanation of the technical lack of success of parasitoids in general, and of the coffee borer parasitoids in particular.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work was developed with the objective of testing the efficiency of five models of ethanolic traps to collect specimens from the Scolytidae family in a native forest. The study was made in a native forest near of the CIPAM field seat in Itaara-RS. The models of trap tested were: PET Santa Maria, Roechling, Marques-Carrano, Escolitídeo-Curitiba and Marques-Pedrosa. 35 traps were installed in the forest, distributed in seven blocks. The collects occurred during 2006, since February up to December, each two weeks, totalizing 23 collects. To calculate the efficiency were used the mean test, the cost/man/hour, the relative variation, the liquid relative precision and diversity indexes for each model studied. The indexes calculated to analyze the data were frequency, dominance, constancy and abundance. The capture of the insects was correlated with the precipitation, the medium temperature and the air relative humidity. The models Marques-Pedrosa and Escolitídeo-Curitiba were most efficient in number of insects captured; the models PET Santa Maria and Roechling captured more species. The PET Santa Maria model had lower cost and was handier. The best values to the liquid relative precision were for the Marques-Carrano and Marques-Pedrosa models. The diversity indexes were high for all models of traps. 2.256 scolitids were caught in the traps, and included in 31 species. Among these species, six were considered abundant and 25 rare or disperse. The species H. eruditus was the most collected for all models; the species H. bolivianus, X. gracilis, C. letezeneri and X. retusus were classified as constant and abundant for the most of the models. The population fluctuation shows the same pattern for all the studied traps; the biggest number of collect insects occurred in the months of September, October and November, with significant correlation with the meteorological factors, but with low values for the most of the models. / Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de testar a eficiência de cinco modelos de armadilha etanólica na coleta de espécimes da família Scolytidae, em floresta nativa. O estudo foi realizado em mata ciliar próxima à sede de campo do Centro Internacional de Projetos Ambientais (CIPAM), no município de Itaara-RS. Os modelos de armadilha testados foram: PET Santa Maria, Roechling, Marques-Carrano, Escolitídeo-Curitiba e Marques-Pedrosa, no total foram instaladas 35 armadilhas, organizadas em sete blocos dentro da floresta. As coletas ocorreram durante o período de fevereiro de 2006 até dezembro de 2006, sendo feitas quinzenalmente, totalizando 23 coletas. Para o cálculo da eficiência, foi realizado o teste de médias, cálculo do custo/hora/homem/coleta, variação relativa, precisão relativa líquida e índices de diversidade para cada um dos modelos estudados. Foram calculados os índices de freqüência, dominância, constância e abundância. A captura dos insetos foi correlacionada com a precipitação, temperatura média e umidade relativa do ar. Os modelos Marques-Pedrosa e Escolitídeo-Curitiba mostraram-se mais eficientes quantitativamente; os modelos PET Santa Maria e Roechling são mais eficientes qualitativamente. O modelo de armadilha PET Santa Maria mostrou menor custo e maior praticidade. Os melhores valores obtidos para a precisão relativa líquida estão relacionados aos modelos Marques-Carrano e Marques-Pedrosa. Os índices de diversidade foram altos para todos os modelos estudados. Foram capturados 2.256 exemplares da família Scolytidae, pertencentes a 31 espécies. Das 31 espécies capturadas, seis foram consideradas abundantes, 25 raras ou dispersas. A espécie H. eruditus foi a mais coletada em todos os modelos; as espécies H. bolivianus, X. gracilis, C. letezeneri, X. retusus foram classificadas como constantes e abundantes, na maioria dos modelos estudados. A flutuação populacional do total das espécies apresentou o mesmo padrão para os cinco modelos estudados; o maior número de insetos foi coletado nos meses de setembro, outubro e novembro, mostrando valores significativos de correlação com os fatores meteorológicos, porém baixos para a maioria dos modelos.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 265242 bytes, checksum: ae9c791b949415eacc531f321dffc178 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-28 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The coffee growing reality in Viçosa region is peculiar among producers, as in socioeconomic aspect as well as in production. It is known that population control of coffee berry borer is very important to this activity, due to the grain direct damage, although many producers did not consider it a real problem, despising its possible influence in the harvest. The objectives of this work were to verify if coffee berry borer is a problem in Viçosa region and if the altitude affects this plague infestation. For this, it was made a data survey of altitude and production in 25 large properties, 30 medium and 34 small, numbers considered representative of each producer extract in the region. By anamnesis, it was known the socioeconomic reality and coffee production in the referred properties. Besides, in the harvest, it was determined the real infestation of the coffee berry borer, by sampling, in the farms. This data were compared with those obtained in the interviews. It can be verified that the borer is a proven problem in Viçosa region and that the altitude did not influence the plague infestation percentile. / A realidade da cafeicultura na região de Viçosa é muito peculiar entre os produtores, tanto no aspecto socioeconômico quanto no de produção. Sabe-se que o controle populacional da broca do café é de suma importância para essa atividade devido aos danos diretos causados aos grãos, embora muitos cafeicultores não a considerem um problema real, menosprezando, assim, sua possível influência nas safras. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi constatar se a broca do café realmente é problema na região de Viçosa e se a altitude afeta a porcentagem de infestação dessa praga. Para isso, levantaram-se dados de altitude e produção em 25 propriedades grandes, 30 médias e 34 pequenas, números esses considerados representativos de cada estrato de cafeicultor da região. Por meio de anamnese ativa, conheceu-se a realidade socioeconômica e da produção de café das referidas propriedades. Além disso, na colheita foi determinada a real infestação da broca, por amostragem, nas lavouras. Esses dados foram comparados com os obtidos nas entrevistas. Pôde-se constatar que a broca é comprovadamente um problema na região de Viçosa e que a altitude não influenciou a porcentagem de infestação da praga.

Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references.

The phenology of the three exotic pine bark beetles present in South Africa was determined in the south-western Cape Province. Results from weekly trapping of adult beetles using trap-logs over a period of five years showed that the different species had activity peaks at different times of the year. Hylastes angustatus was the most consistent with 95% of the beetles captured in September and October. The Orthotomicus erosus activity peak was more variable but always occurred in the summer months (October to February) when 84% of the beetles were captured. Hylurgus ligniperda was the most variable, being found in every month of the year, although an autumn peak representing 37% of the beetles occurred in April/May. Activity peaks of each species coincided with distinct climatic conditions. Buried and partially-buried pine logs placed vertically in the soil to simulate roots and stems of seedlings were used to determine the colonisation sites of the three bark beetle species. Ninety-eight percent of O. erosus beetles were found in the protruding parts of the logs while 86% of H. ligniperda beetles were found mainly below soil level. H. angustatus were intermediate, entering the logs at or just below the soil interface but colonising mainly the buried parts in which 64% of the beetles were found. Both H. angustatus and H. ligniperda were able to detect and colonise logs buried horizontally at depths of 400mm, but O. erosus beetles were unable to do so. For adequate protection of seedlings from bark beetles, insecticide should be applied to both stems and roots. The phenology of the indigenous pine needle feeders Oosomus varius (Curculionidae) and Prasoidea sericea (Chrysomelidae) was determined by counting, at weekly intervals, the number of beetles present on 10 young pine trees. The O. varius activity peak occurred in August where 42% of all beetles were active, with 87% of the beetles present in July, August and September. P. sericea also had their activity peak in August when 60% of all beetles were active, but with August and September alone accounting for 87% of the beetles. The occurrence of the activity peaks was consistent each year over the five-year study period. This information facilitates the correct timing of prophylactic insecticide sprays.

La détection précoce de foyers de scolytes est une étape déterminante des opérations phytosanitaires qui doivent permettre de réduire l’impact indirect des tempêtes sur les forêts de conifères, en particulier l’impact du typographe sur les pessières. Cette détection doit idéalement être efficace, précise et économique.<p>La présente thèse portait sur le typographe, Ips typographus, en pessière dans le massif vosgien. Elle visait à étudier et à comparer les performances en termes de précision (détection, localisation et inventaire), de coût et de rapidité de mise en œuvre de différentes méthodes de détection: la surveillance au sol, la détection aéroportée par un observateur embarqué (hélicoptère et ULM), et la télédétection (photographies aérienne infrarouge et imagerie satellitaire à haute et très haute résolution).<p>Dans le chapitre « techniques de détection au sol », nous avons évalué plusieurs méthodes de suivi (par transects, le long des routes carrossables et chemins forestiers, des courbes de niveau, à partir des foyers antérieurs, le long de parcours conditionnels liés aux foyers observés). Leurs performances ont été estimées via des simulations sous SIG (système d’information géographique) et les trajets qui ont présenté les meilleurs résultats ont ensuite fait l’objet d’une validation sur le terrain. Il en ressort que ce sont les trajets le long des routes carrossables et chemins forestiers ainsi que les trajets conditionnels qui présentent les meilleurs rapports efficacité/rendement dans la détection des foyers de scolytes. Le choix d’une de ces méthodes dépendra de la taille minimum des foyers que l’on veut observer.<p>Nous avons ensuite évalué, dans le chapitre « détection aéroportée », les performances de techniques d’observations de foyers réalisées par un observateur embarqué à bord d’un hélicoptère et d’un ULM. Une première étape a consisté à optimaliser toute une série de paramètres de vol pour les deux types d’appareils afin de permettre à l’observateur embarqué d’être dans les meilleures conditions d’observation. Ensuite, nous avons évalué la précision de détection en fonction de divers types de trajets en ULM et hélicoptère. D’après nos résultats, les observations recueillies à l’aide des deux sortes appareils n’ont pas permis de détecter de manière satisfaisante les foyers de scolytes quelque soit le type de trajet utilisé. Ces résultats sont sans-doute dus, en partie, à la faible expérience des observateurs embarqués mais également aux caractéristiques spatiales des foyers d’infestation qui ne facilitent pas leur détection par ce genre de méthode. <p>Enfin, dans le chapitre « télédétection », nous avons évalué les performances qu’offrent (1) des séries temporelles d’images SPOT, (2) la photographie aérienne infrarouge et (3) des images Quickbird dans la détection de foyers de scolytes. Pour tous ces types d’images, nous avons estimé la précision d’une classification automatique des foyers d’infestation, réalisée à partir de leurs caractéristiques spectrales, texturales et environnementales, par rapport aux autres éléments présents sur l’image. Ces analyses ont mis en évidence qu’il est possible d’atteindre une précision de classification relativement bonne (>80%) des foyers d’infestation sur des photographies aériennes et sur des images satellites à très haute résolution spatiale (Quickbird) grâce à des techniques de segmentation et de classification par arbre de décision. Par contre, il ne nous a pas été possible de déterminer de façon satisfaisante la précision de classification des images SPOT (haute résolution spatiale). <p><p>Les résultats détaillés de chacune de ces méthodes de détections sont développés dans les différents chapitres de cette thèse. La discussion générale met ceux-ci en relation en abordant leurs avantages et inconvénients respectifs, et aborde les perspectives découlant de nos résultats. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Dans l’hémisphère Nord, le climat des deux derniers millions d’années a été marqué par une alternance de périodes froides et de brefs intervalles chauds. Cette succession d’évènements a laissé des traces durables au niveau de l’arrangement spatial de la diversité et de la structure génétique au sein des espèces.<p>En décrivant la répartition spatiale des lignées d’une espèce au moyen d’informations génétiques, la phylogéographie vise à identifier les processus évolutifs responsables de cette répartition. La phylogéographie comparée permet de gagner en compréhension en confrontant les patrons de variation génétique présents chez plusieurs espèces codistribuées :en étudiant des espèces partageant une même histoire au moyen de plusieurs sources d’information indépendantes (par exemple, plusieurs fragments d’ADN ou des données bioclimatiques historiques externes), il est possible de mettre en évidence des éléments de cette histoire commune tels que des refuges glaciaires ou des routes de recolonnisation post-glaciaires. Par contre, il est aussi possible que les caractéristiques biologiques intrinsèques à chaque espèce, telles que des stratégies dispersives ou reproductives différentes, engendrent une différenciation dans la structure et la diversité de cette variation génétique. <p>Dans cette thèse de doctorat nous nous sommes intéressés à deux espèces inféodées à un même hôte (Picea abies) et appartenant à une même sous-famille taxonomique (Coleoptera :Curculionidae, Scolytinae). Il sagit du typographe, Ips typographus et du dendroctone, Dendroctonus micans. Au moyen de plusieurs fragments génétiques spécialement identifiés pour cette étude ainsi que par le recours à des modèles bioclimatiques et des tests statistiques basés sur la théorie de la coalescence, nous avons étudié la phylogéographie de ces espèces.<p>Les résultats obtenus au cours de ce travail ont permis de mettre en évidence l’influence contrastée de stratégies écologiques différentes sur l’arrangement de la variation génétique. Une espèce opportuniste aux capacités de dispersion élevées telle qu’I. typographus présente un patron génétique peu structuré (des variants génétiques appelés haplotypes sont présents dans des régions très disparates) et un degré de polymorphisme nucléaire relativement élevé. Au contraire, une espèce parasitique adaptée à un environnement stable et caractérisée par une stratégie de dispersion limitée telle que D. micans présente un patron génétique très structuré (un nombre restreints et spécifiques d’haplotypes sont observés dans des régions géographiquement proches) et un degré de polymorphisme nucléaire dramatiquement faible.<p>Par ailleurs la comparaison de nos résultats à ceux de leur hôte, l’épicéa, ainsi qu’à ceux d’autres espèces partageant une même niche écologique (ex. Rhizophagus grandis), nous a permis de mettre en évidence des éléments communs dans l’histoire de ces espèces boréo-montagnardes :les populations européennes et asiatiques présentent une même divergence ancienne (antérieure à la dernière glaciation) et les populations européennes affichent des traces de structure génétique. Ces éléments nous ont permis de reconsidérer l’histoire de ces deux espèces en proposant et testant de nouveaux scénarios historiques./In the North Hemisphere, the climate of the last two million years has been paced by<p>the alternation of ice ages and warm interglacial periods. This succession of events has markedly shaped the present-day spatial arrangement of genetic diversity and structure within species. <p>By analyzing the geographical distribution of genetic variation within species, Phylogeography aims to identify evolutionary processes responsible for the current spatial patterns in the distribution of populations. Comparative phylogeography is used to gain insights into the understanding of driving evolutionary processes by co-analyzing the current genetic variation patterns of several co-distributed species; the study of species sharing a same history by several independent sources of information (e.g. different DNA fragments or historical bioclimatic data) allows to identify similar historical events such as glacial refugia or post-glacial recolonization pathways. However differences in life-history traits related to specific ecological strategies may also influence contrasting patterns of genetic structure and diversity. <p>In this PhD thesis, we focused on two insect associated with a same host (Picea abies) and belonging to a same taxonomic sub-familly (Coleoptera :Curculionidae, Scolytinae). The two insects are the Eurasian spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, and the great spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus micans. By the use of several genetic markers specifically designed for the purpose of this study and by bioclimatic modeling approach combined with coalescent-based statistical method, we have studied the phylogeography of both species. <p>Our results enable us to highlight the influence of contrasting ecological strategies on the spatial arrangement of genetic variation. On the one hand, opportunistic species characterized by high dispersal capacities, such as I. typographus, exhibits poor genetic structure (same genetic variants named haplotypes are found in really distant geographic regions) and a relatively high polymorphism level. On the other hand, parasitic species well-adapted to stable environmental conditions and characterized by limited dispersal strategy, such as D. micans, exhibits high genetic structure (same specific haplotypes found in same or neighboring geographic countries) and an extremely low polymorphism level.<p>Moreover, the comparison of our results with those of their specific host plant Picea abies and of other sympatric species (e.g. Rhizophagus grandis), has enable us to identify common patterns typical of boreo-montane species :a same old divergence between european and asiatic populations (older than the last glaciation) and genetic structure in european populations. These findings have been used to infer past of both species by identifying and testing new historical scenarii.<p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Nos recherches abordent, par une approche multidisciplinaire, l’écologie spatiale et la dynamique d’invasion du ravageur de l’épicéa Ips typographus (Coleoptera :Scolytinae) en Belgique. Bien que cette espèce ne puisse pas être considérée au sens strict comme invasive en Belgique où elle est implantée depuis le milieu du 19ème siècle, de très vraisemblables introductions de souches exotiques en provenance de Russie et des Pays baltes, en font un modèle exceptionnel pour l’étude de ces processus.<p><p>Une analyse en milieu urbain, suivant des transects centre-périphérie, a d’une part suggéré l’introduction probable de ces souches exotiques et d’autre part permis d’étudier ce ravageur forestier dans un milieu qui lui est a priori défavorable. Il en résulte que, malgré un effet de la structure urbaine sur l’abondance du scolyte, sa présence a été observée partout, y compris dans les zones densément bâties du centre de Bruxelles. Cela suggère, en terme de dispersion, que cette espèce est capable d’atteindre des arbres isolés, et en terme d’infestation, que tout épicéa constitue un hôte potentiel tant en milieu forestier qu’en milieu ouvert ou urbain.<p><p>Une étape préliminaire dans l’estimation des risques liés aux invasions biologiques est d’effectuer une analyse de filière, afin d’analyser les différentes voies d’introduction et les risques liés aux pays d’origine des marchandises importées. Sur base de l’analyse de l’ensemble des sources de données statistiques disponibles, nous avons déterminé l’ampleur du commerce de grumes d’épicéa entre l’est de l’Europe et la Belgique, les modes de transport utilisés, les origines et destinations des grumes, ainsi que la variabilité de la localisation et du nombre des différents points d’entrée de ces marchandises sur le territoire belge d’une année à l’autre, depuis le début des importations en 1996. Notre analyse illustre les difficultés inhérentes à ce genre d’étude, particulièrement au niveau de la disponibilité des données à une échelle appropriée.<p> <p>Par une approche de modélisation, nous avons envisagé différents scénarios de dispersion de souches introduites d’Ips typographus afin d’estimer l’expansion de celles-ci en Belgique.<p>Notre modèle a permis de mettre en évidence l’importance de la bonne connaissance de certains paramètres biologiques caractétistiques de l’espèce étudiée (phénologie, capacité de dispersion, taux de croissance). Par ailleurs, les volumes d’importation et la localisation des points d’entrée des marchandises semblent jouer un rôle secondaire.<p><p>Enfin, nous avons utilisé des marqueurs génétiques afin d’essayer de prouver l’introduction de souches russes et baltes du scolyte de l’épicéa en Belgique. Des échantillons ont été collectés dans neuf pays européens ainsi que sur l’ensemble du territoire wallon. La structure génétique observée n’a pas permis de mettre en évidence une différenciation entre les populations de l’est et de l’ouest de l’Europe. La présence d’haplotypes communs à l’est et à l’ouest rejoint l’hypothèse d’une homogénéisation des populations en relation avec le large pouvoir de dispersion du typographe. Cependant, un grand nombre de mutations a été observé entre 2 haplotypes. Des introductions d’origines lointaines telles que la Sibérie ne sont donc pas improbables.<p><p>Les résultats détaillés de chacune de ces études sont développés dans les différents articles constituant cette thèse. La discussion générale met ceux-ci en relation et aborde les perspectives découlant de nos recherches. / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation géographie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Polyphagy is a very common trait among insects. In this study, we focus on a generalist bark-beetle predator, Thanasimus formicarius (L.) (Coleoptera, Cleridae), which feeds on many scolytids in spruce, pine and broad-leaf stands. It is known to respond to the pheromones of many scolytids, among which the most harmful spruce bark beetle in Europe, Ips typographus (L.). The adults attack scolytid adults and oviposit on attacked trees where their larvae feed upon immature stages of the prey. <p>However, a bottom-up process limits Thanasimus formicarius’ impact on spruce bark beetles, because in most cases the bark of spruce is too thin for sheltering pupal niches and mature larvae have to leave the trees. On pine however, pupation is quite successful and reproductive success is high. <p><p>The present work estimates the advantages (complementary prey during gaps among the phenology of pine bark beetles or due to the population fluctuations of most scolytids) and constraints (landing on unsuitable host trees for the predator’s reproduction) for T. formicarius to have a wide range of prey. <p><p>Passive barrier-trappings showed that the presence and abundance of scolytid species vary strongly from year to year. So, polyphagy in T. formicarius appears as a response to fluctuating prey supplies. <p><p>This way of foraging may lead T. formicarius towards stands not always favourable for its development (for example, spruces). <p>At the tree level, funnels and pitfall-traps caught high numbers of third-instar T. formicarius larvae walking on the bark surface of standing spruces infested by Ips typographus (respectively 365 and 70 L3s). After feeding into the whole infested part of the trunk, these larvae are obliged to migrate outside of the galleries to favourable pupation site (e.g. the base of the trees where the bark is thicker), or even to leave the trees and search for an acceptable pupation substrate in the litter. <p><p>At the landscape level, different trapping experiments showed a correlation between catches of T. formicarius and the proportion of pines around each trap. Consequently, in a metapopulation landscape pattern, pines would act as “sources” of predators, whilst spruces are “sinks”. Indeed, Thanasimus formicarius are trapped in higher numbers in mixed stands comprising pines. This observation is also corroborated in a four-year trapping experiment in the North-East of France, following the storms of December 1999. The predator/prey ratios (T. formicarius/I. typographus) were higher in stands comprising pines than in stands without pines. The first step of a method to estimate Ips typographus infestation trends thanks to the predator/prey ratios was also developed. <p> / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie animale / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished