No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania. / Bibliography: p. 120-128.

The energetics of, the holotrich ciliate Colpidium campylum fed on the bacterium Moraxella sp. at 10°C, 15°C and 20°C were investigated. The parameter used for ascertaining growth. was the volume of protoplasm produced measured by means of a Coulter Counter with a mean cell volume converter attachment. Growth and consumption were measured in relation to food availability as indicated by the ratio of bacteria: protozoan. Mean cell volume variation and reproduction were also measured in relation to food availability and energy consumed. Protozoan and bacterial material were harvested by centrifugation and freeze-dried for dried weight determinations and calorimetry studies. The energy content of Colpidium and its food source was determined with a Phillipson microbomb calorimeter. Respiration was measured in a Warburg respirometer. Oxygen uptake in relation to population density and cell size was considered as well as the production of information concerning the heat lost during respiration for incorporation into energy budgets. Energy budgets of. two types were constructed: a 24-hour energy budget for an individual and the life-span or generation energy budget for an individual. Gross growth efficiencies, net growth efficiencies and assimilation efficiencies were considered in detail. In addition to laboratory work the vertical distribution of Ciliophora in the mud of Loch Leven, Kinross, Scotland, was also considered; three sites, two shallow and one deep, being sampled with a core sampler over a 12 month period.

This study is concerned with aspects of urban society in the Scottish city of Aberdeen in the second half of the seventeenth century. The principal aim is to examine the multi-faceted nature and workings of civic government, of the interlocking hierarchies of people and institutions which together formed an invisible web of authority and discipline in the town. The burgh's three main administrative and judicial bodies - the town council, the kirk session, and the justice of the peace court - are examined in some detail. Other matters discussed include the 1640's legacy of civil war, plague, and severe economic dislocation; the impact of eight years of Cromwellian occupation; the demographic and socio-economic structures of the urban community; aspects of secular and ecclesiastical politics; the continuing challenge to the established kirk posed by Catholic recusancy, and the new challenge posed by the advent of Quakerism in the town; patterns of office-holding and the characteristics of the urban elite; and poor relief and social control. The fundamental structures of urban society underwent no sudden transformation in these years, but neither did they remain static: far from obscuring the true dynamics of urban society, civic institutions remained vital social, economic, and political forums around which the forces of critical change coalesced, whether to be adopted, adapted, repulsed; or neutralised, but always in such a way as to shape the very structure and character of life in the town.

The recorded history of the lordship under the House of Fergus lasted from only e. 1130 to 1231, but its origins lie in the fusion of the various peoples settled there by c. 1000. A blend of Celtic and Germanic groups created a hybrid culture that had more in common with Man and the Isles than mainland Scotland. Galwegian attitudes to and relationship with Scotland before c. 1130 are unclear, but ties with York and Man had greater value than Scottish claims to overlordship. The emergence of a powerful line of rulers kept the ambitions of the Crown in check, but any divisions in their ranks were exploited by the Scots. Close family links with the Plantagenet kings provided a counterbalance to Scottish interference, but brought English overlordship instead. This had the side-effect of securing the separation of the see of Whithorn from the Scottish Church. Marriage and kinship ties brought the lords political power in Scotland, England and Man, and control of estates outwith the lordship. This in turn led to the closer integration of Galloway into Scotland as its rulers gained high office in the kingdom. Thus the lords developed a dual character as Anglo-Scottish baron and Celtic chieftain. Introduction of Normanised colonists and the development of 'feudal' military tenures fostered this transition and eroded regional particularism. Integration was accelerated by elimination of the male line and partition between heiresses married into Anglo-Norman families. Division broke the power of Galloway, weakened the influence of its new rulers over the Galwegians and gave the Crown the control for which it had long striven.

The Tertiary lavas of Northern Skye, N.W. Scotland comprise a pile of flat-lying, predominantly basaltic, volcanic flows. The lavas are the earliest products of the igneous activity on Skye, later manifestations including the gabbroic Cuillin complex and the Red Hills granites. The activity occurred from approximately 65 Ma to 50 Ma (Palaeocene to Eocene) within a continental environment. The lava pile can be divided compositionally into three magma-types, the Skye Main Lava Series (SMLS), lavas of which constitute the majority of the pile, and the less abundant Preshal Mhor (PM) and Fairy Bridge (FB). This study concerns the petrogenesis of the three magma-types. The three magma-types have a normal basaltic mineralogy; phenocrysts include olivine, plagioclase and sparse clinopyroxene; groundmasses comprise varying proportions of olivine, plagioclase, clinopyroxene, and titanomagnetite. A typical flow comprises four zones: a basal amygdaloidal layer, a massive central portion possibly showing columnar jointing, a purple rotted amygdaloidal layer, and a capping red or brown bole. The fractional crystallisation of the SMLS w#s a two-stage process initially involving the precipitation of olivine (± minor Cr-spinel), and later fractionation of olivine and plagioclase ± clinopyroxene. The majority of the lavas assimilated some lower crustal Lewisian granulite en route to the surface. The most basic lavas are the most contaminated. Major and trace element modelling suggests that the SMLS magmas were generated by 15 % melting, at an above-average mantle potential temperature, within the spinel-garnet transition zone at a depth of - 100 km. The magmas subsequently last equilibrated with mantle host rocks at 15 kb (- 45 km).

The subject of this study is attitudes towards Gaelic Scotland to be found in Lowland Scottish historiography of the late fourteenth to the late sixteenth century; the authors examined were John of Fordun, Andrew Wyntoun, Walter Bower, John Mair, Hector Boece, John Leslie and George Buchanan. In the first part of the thesis the historical works were examined with respect to the attitude of each individual author towards the Highlanders of his own time. It was found that the earlier authors - i.e. Fordun, Wyntoun, Bower and Mair - mirror anti-Highland feeling and prejudice that were widespread in their own Lowland surroundings. They further the image of the Highlander as a savage. The later authors, by contrast, look upon their Gaelic contemporaries from a humanistic, or rather, 'primitivistic', point of view: to them the Gaelic Scots with their simple way of life represent the virtuous and noble customs and traditions of the Scottish forefathers. The second part of the thesis was concerned with the historians' presentation of Gaelic kings and kingship. Special attention was paid to their understanding of the Gaelic succession law; here, a lack of comprehension could be noted among the authors, which led to a distorted presentation of the reigns and characters of a number of Gaelic kings of tenth- and eleventh-century Scotland. In this historical part, no substantial difference in presentation could be found between the earlier and the sixteenth-century authors, mainly because the latter did not carry out any historical research of their own. In the case of Fordun, Wyntoun, Bower and Mair, perceptions of Gaelic Scotland are rooted in the traditional negative attitudes of their own times and surroundings; this corresponds to a lack of understanding of aspects of the Gaelic element in Scottish history. The humanist historians, on the other hand, propose a view of Gaelic Scotland which is in opposition to the views of their own Lowland contemporaries, and which they do not back up in their presentations of Scottish history.

The population of shrimps from five stations in the estuary and one station in Firth of Forth were sampled for two years from January 1992 to investigate their population dynamics, reproductive biology and feeding ecology. Sampling was carried out at high water and low water, six times a year, by towing an Agassiz trawl, with the Forth River Purification Boards' research vessel, the 'Forth Ranger'. Two residents, Crangon crangon and Pandalus montagui, and a migrant species, Crangon ailmanni, were identified as the main three species of shrimps in the estuary and Firth of Forth. C. crangon was found throughout the estuary while P. montagui was confined to the lower reaches of the estuary. C. alimanni appeared in the estuary in October and left by June. In the Firth of Forth, P. montagui and C. alimanni were the dominant species. The breeding cycle commenced in October, and berried females were found by December/January for all species. Berried females of P. montagui, and both male and female C. alimanni, migrated from the estuary to deeper areas, never to return. C. crangon females with eggs ready to hatch, spent females and larvae all occurred in the estuary. The larvae were present in the estuary from April to October. Larvae of the other two species were not found in the estuary. All species fed mainly on polychaetes, followed by bivalves and crustaceans, which indicated a benthophagous feeding habit. The choice of food depended on the local availability of prey items, and the range of the particular shrimp species within the area; shrimps fed on prey which was abundant in their area of residence rather than moving elsewhere. The Forth Estuary is well utilized by the three species with little competition between them. Although a slow growth rate was observed in C. crangon, the mean condition factor indicated that the conditions in the Forth estuary were close to those normally required for shrimps. The Forth estuary shelters three species of shrimps, with populations, varying between 1992 and 1993, of 1.6-7.7 x 107 for C. crangon, 1.6-2.5 x 107 for P. montagui and 0.7-1.0 x 107 for C. alimanni. These three species contributed to the total annual shrimp production, which ranged from 5.59-17.93 tons at low water in the ratio 40:14:1. Both resident and migratory fish species benefit from this production because shrimps play a key role in the food web, forming the major link between the lower benthic invertebrates and predatory fish.

Aspects of the ecology of black grouse (Tetrao Tetrix), a species of international conservation concern, in commercial plantation forests were investigated between 1996 - 1998 at three study areas in Scotland. The aim was to identify the species' habitat and area requirements in first and second rotation forestry. The distribution of males was assessed using lek surveys and studied at two spatial scales in the mixed rotation forest landscape of Cowal, Argyll and at two spatial and temporal scales in highland Perthshire - a less afforested region. In addition, a radio-tracking study was undertaken to examine the habitat selection of broods in two first rotation plantations in north Perthshire. Pre-thicket forestry formed a preferred habitat but, in terms of lek distribution, black grouse did not differentiate between first and second rotation pre-thicket habitat patches. Patch size, the total amount of forestry in the area, the proportion that was pre-thicket stock and its level of fragmentation, however, were all correlated with the probability of a location holding a lek and the number of males attending it. Lek isolation reduced the number of males in attendance and increased the likelihood of the lek declining over time. Brood habitat preferences differed from those of adult birds. Broods selected habitats that were 'open' enough to support a rich ground flora and presumably an adequate invertebrate fauna but also 'closed' enough to provide cover, representing a compromise between foraging potential and predation risk. Brood roost sites differed by having shorter trees but a higher degree of cover 1-1.5 metres above the ground. Results from the different study areas and age classes are compared and contrasted and the implications of the research findings for 'black grouse friendly' forestry management are discussed. Finally, suggestions for further work are made.

Whilst reading for a master's degree in educational studies at the University of Liverpool, I became interested in the effects of the First World War on English education and this formed the subject of my dissertation. The research undertaken widened my concern to the coincidence of war and educational reform in Great Britain during the present century and, consequently, the genesis of the 1944 Education Act. My appointment to a lectureship at the University of Stirling eventually led, with the encouragement of Professor R.H. Campbell, to a consideration of the fortunes of Scottish education in the years of the Second World War. The new focus of my work proved to be particularly apt. At the end of the Second World War, Dr Sophia Weitzman of London University was appointed to write the education volume in the United Kingdom Civil Series of the history of the war, edited by Sir Keith Hancock. Dr Weitzman envisaged a grandiose British educational history, but by the time of her death in 1965, although drafts existed on phases and aspects of wartime education, the volume was far from completion. Indeed, it appeared with the failure of the Department of Education and Science to appoint a successor that the protracted project would lapse. Fortunately, however, the Social Science Research Council invited Dr. P.H.J.H. Gosden of the University of Leeds to undertake the task with their financial assistance, and in 1976 Education and the Second World War was published. His scholarly and comprehensive work, however, excludes consideration of the Scottish educational system. Thus, Or. Gosden writes, "there is need for a study of education in Scotland during the war”. This thesis marks, perhaps, the beginning of an attempt to meet this need. The subject of the study is the Scottish public school system and, as it draws heavily upon the surviving records of the Scottish Education Department, the frame of reference is very much that of the central government department for education in Scotland. The concentration on the schools means that there are important omissions to be repaired before a more complete picture of the impact and influence of the war on Scottish education emerges; the study, for example, does not examine the wartime history of youth welfare in Scotland, or the fortunes of the central institutions. There is also a need for local studies for, as Dr. Gosden points out, the impact of the war varied considerably from area to area. The range and complexity of the subject, moreover, has also required the observation of fairly strict chronological events and a selection of issues which, in some instances are given unduly restricted treatment, in an effort to keep the study within bounds. An attempt has been made to preserve a rough balance between examination of the impact of the war on the Scottish school system and its influence perceived in terms of the planning of the system's improvement through legislative and administrative action.