Tez (Yüksek Lisans) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kimya Anabilim Dalı, 2007. / Kaynakça var.

 Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of death and disability in human diseases all around the world. As effective treatment for ischemic stroke is still absent, seeking for new therapy is of great interest. Currently, several key pathological cascades following cerebral ischemia have been explored to develop further therapies. Among them, reactive nitrogen species (RNS) has been indicated to play a critical role in cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. As one of the RNS, peroxynitrite contributes to the neural cell death and subsequent brain dysfunction in the process. Thus, development of antioxidants targeting on peroxynitrite could be an important strategy for the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Baicalin is a polyphenolic compound isolated from roots of Scutellaria baicalensis. Baicalin exerted protective effects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury but the mechanisms are not clear yet. In this study, we investigated the free radical scavenging ability and neuroprotective effects of baicalin. According to our results, baicalin neutralized DPPH radicals effectively. By using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping technology and fluorescent probe DAF-2DA, we found that baicalin dose-dependently scavenged superoxide, but had very low effect on elimination of nitric oxide. The immunofluoresent results revealed that baicalin at the concentration of 50 M completely suppressed the nitrotyrosine formation induced by 3-morpholinylsydnoneimine chloride (SIN-1, a peroxynitrite donor) in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Mass spetrum provided direct evidence of the peroxynitrite scavenging ability of baicalin. Using MTT assays, we found that baicalin totally reversed peroxynitrite-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells and protected SH-SY5Y cells in oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) and following reoxygenation injury. Furthermore, in vivo experiments revealed that intravenous injection of baicalin exerted better neuroprotective effect than intraperitoneal administration in rats underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After cerebral ischemia reperfusion, rats treated with 3 mg/kg of peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst (FeTMPyP) or 25 mg/kg of baicalin revealed a smaller size of infarction volume, suppressed neural cell death and reduced nitrotyrosine formation than MCAO rats. However, baicalin did not alter the expression of tight junction proteins, claudin-5 and ZO-1, in brain endothelial bEnd3 cell line treated with OGD following reoxygenation. In cerebral ischemia reperfusion rats, administration of FeTMPyP at the dosage of 3 mg/kg diminished the Evans blue leakage caused by blood brain barrier disruption, whereas treatment of baicalin did not show significant effect. In conclusion, this study suggests that baicalin can scavenge peroxynitrite and protect neural cells from peroxynitrite-induced injury. Furthermore, baicalin could prevent brains from cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and the neuroprotective mechanisms are associated with the scavenging effects on peroxynitrite. These findings provide new insights into the antioxidant and neuroprotective properties of baicalin and indicate the potential application of baicalin for the treatment of ischemic stroke. / published_or_final_version / Chinese Medicine / Master / Master of Philosophy

The aim of the diploma thesis was to evaluated the effect of supplementation plant additive based on extracts, from turmeric (Curcuma) and baical skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) on broiler chickens exposed to heat stress at the end of fattening. The effect of plant additive on performance parameters, meat quality, lymphatic organ weight, biochemical blood profile, pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, heat shock proteins, leukocyte counts, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility, metabolizable energy and chicken behavior were evaluated. Plant additive fed from the 21st day of chickens age significantly improved (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio at optimal temperatures and significantly increased (P<0.05) body weight gain at elevated temperatures (27–29 ° C). The addition of plant additive has significantly increased (P<0.05) metabolizable energy as well as the apparent ileal digestibility of the amino acids lysine, threonine, arginine, histidine, phenylalanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine, serine, glycine, aspartic and glutamic acid and alanine. Significantly lower (P<0.05) manifestations of thermoregulatory behavior (wings lifting and open beaks) in the experimental group with plant extracts were found in the ethological observation. Results of diploma thesis showed that the addition of a mixture of turmeric and baical scullcap extracts can be used to reduce the negative effects of heat stress on the performance of broiler chickens.

No description available.

Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Morganella morganii are closely related to foodborne illnesses caused by the consumption of seafood and ready-to-eat (RTE) food. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) have been widely studied as complementary and alternative medicines, and many of them have been verified to have antimicrobial properties. The purpose of this research was to study antimicrobial effects of plant extracts as potential preservatives in seafood products and to identify the primary antimicrobial compounds in plant extracts. Four plants, Pomegranate peel (PP, Punica Granatum L.), Chinese gallnut (CG, Galla chinensis), forsythia fruit (FS, Forsythia suspensa) and Baikal skullcap root (BS, Scutellaria baicalensis) were ground and extracted with 70% methanol, respectively. The extracts were diluted at tested for antimicrobial activities on V. parahaemolyticus, L. monocytogenes and M. morganii both in agar diffusion assay using tryptic soy agar (TSA), and in microdilution assay using tryptic soy broth (TSB). Both CG and PP extracts, with concentrations no lower than 1 mg/ml, significantly inhibited both V. parahaemolyticus and L. monocytogenes (P<0.01) and reduced the bacterial population by up to 4 logs. No significant inhibition was observed with FS and BS extracts, except for BS at 5 mg/ml on V. parahaemolyticus. None of the extracts showed significant inhibition against M. morganii. The antibacterial activities of CG and PP 70% methanol extracts were tested in ground raw tuna and cooked tail-on shrimp. The extracts were mixed in tuna with final concentration at 1.7 mg/ml, and applied as soaking treatments (5 mg/ml) for shrimp. Both CG and PP extracts inhibited V. parahaemolyticus on both food matrices while only CG significantly inhibited L. monocytogenes. The 70% methanol crude extract of CG was analyzed by HPLC and LC-MS. Oligo-galloyl-O-glucose (nGG, n=1-10) are the major compounds in CG. The crude CG extract was fractionated using HPLC and the fractions were collected based on elution time and tested for their antimicrobial activities against V. parahaemolyticus and L. monocytogenes using agar diffusion methods. The fractions containing 3GG-8GG were the most active antimicrobials on both bacteria. / Ph. D.

The present work describes the phytochemistry study and of biological activity of the species Scutellaria racemosa Pers (Labiatae) and Pfaffia tuberosa Spreng (Amaranthaceae). Four compounds were isolated of the S. racemosa Pers: lupeol (14), oroxilin A (10), dinatin (12) and oroxyloside (11). The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities and the capacity of inhibition of enzymes prolyl oligopeptidase (POP), dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of the crude extract (EB), fractions and isolated compounds of the S. racemosa Pers were evaluated. The n-hexane (FH) and ethyl acetate (FA) fractions were the most active against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The evaluation of the crude extract and fractions using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test indicated that this plant does not present toxicity. About the tests of enzymatic inhibition, the ethyl acetate (FA) and n-butanol (FB) fractions of S. racemosa Pers and the compounds dinatin (12) and oroxyloside (11) demonstrated significant capacity of inhibition of the POP. The inhibition promoted for the dinatina (12) (100 μM) corresponded 43% and for the oroxyloside (11) (100 μM) corresponded 34% of the total enzyme tested. The crude extract (EB) and the respective fractions of the Pfaffia tuberosa Spreng were also evaluated about the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities and of enzymatic inhibition of the POP, DPP IV and AChE. Through these assays, it was verified that the crude extract (EB) and the fractions of the Pfaffia tuberosa Spreng do not present important antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity. In relation to the tests of inibitory activity of the POP, the dichloromethane (FD) and ethyl acetate (FA) fractions present IC50 of 21.4 and 28.5 μg/mL against of POP, respectively. Dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions (FD, FA and FB) presented low activity against DPP IV (< 20%). The ethyl acetate (FA) and n-butanol (FB) fractions showed significant inhibition of the AChE in the amounts, 6.25 and 25 μg, respectively. / O presente trabalho descreve o estudo fitoquímico e a atividade biológica das espécies Scutellaria racemosa Pers (Labiatae) e Pfaffia tuberosa Spreng (Amaranthaceae). Quatro compostos foram isolados da S. racemosa Pers: lupeol (14), oroxilina A (10), dinatina (12) e oroxilosídeo (11). A atividade antimicrobiana, citotóxica e a capacidade de inibição das enzimas prolil oligopeptidase (POP), dipeptidil peptidase IV (DPP IV) e acetilcolinesterase (AChE) do extrato bruto (EB), frações e compostos isolados da S. racemosa Pers foram avaliadas. As frações n-hexano (FH) e acetato de etila (FA) foram as mais ativas contra Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A avaliação do extrato bruto (EB) e frações através do teste de letalidade frente a Artemia salina indicou que esta planta não apresenta toxicidade significativa. Quanto aos testes de inibição enzimática, as frações acetato de etila (FA) e n-butanol (FB) de S. racemosa Pers e os compostos dinatina (12) e oroxilosídeo (11) demonstraram significativa capacidade de inibição da POP. A inibição promovida pela dinatina (12) (100 μM) correspondeu a 43% e pelo oroxilosídeo (11) (100 μM) correspondeu a 34% do total de enzima testada. O extrato bruto (EB) e as respectivas frações da Pfaffia tuberosa Spreng também foram avaliadas quanto a atividade antimicrobiana, citotóxica e de inibição enzimática da POP, DPP IV e AChE. Através destes ensaios, verificou-se que o extrato bruto (EB) e a frações da Pfaffia tuberosa Spreng não apresentam importante atividade antimicrobiana e citotóxica. Em relação aos testes de atividade inibitória da POP, as frações diclorometano (FD) e acetato de etila (FA) foram as que apresentaram os melhores resultados, com IC50 de 21,4 e 28,5 μg/mL, respectivamente. As frações diclorometano, acetato de etila e n-butanol (FD, FA e FB) apresentaram baixa capacidade de inibição da DPP IV (< 20%). As frações acetato de etila (FA) e n-butanol (FB) apresentaram significativa inibição da AChE, nas quantidades de 6,25 e 25 μg, respectivamente.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 164-179).

Conclusion. The present results indicate that, baicalein with optimal dosage of 30 muM suppressed collagen deposition in AngII stimulated SHR CF cultures. In animal model of hypertension, high dose of baicalein feeding for 12 week showed optimal antifibrotic effect in hypertensive hearts. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) / For in-vivo study, comparing to control group, HW/BW (x1000) of SHR was significantly reduced in 12 weeks-high dose baicalein and (-0.78+/-0.23, p=0.014) 12 weeks-Valsartan group (-0.71+/-0.22, p=0.021), however, no significant change was observed in the LW/BW ratio. / In Blood pressure control, no effects on attenuation of SBP were observed after 4 weeks and 12 weeks daily administration of baicalein, only 12 weeks feeding of Valsartan significantly down-regulated the systolic blood pressure by -19.25+/-10.09 mmHg, p=0.049. / In the in-vivo study, SHR was used as a model of genetic hypertension. The objectives were: firstly, to determine the efficacy of baicalein in the prevention of myocardial fibrosis (interstitial fibrosis) in SHR, & compared with WKY rats as normal controls. Secondly, to determine if over-expression of pro-collagen I (and III, if any) gene in the ventricles could be normalized by baicalein. Thirdly, to determine if left ventricular hypertrophy in SHR is improved by baicalein. Furthermore, to determine if blood pressure and blood biochemistry parameters (plasma level of brain natriuretic peptides (BNP), and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level could be alternated by baicalein. Besides, to determine the body weight (BW), heart weight to body ratio (HW/BW), liver weight to body weight ratio (LW/BW), serum AST and ALT level could be alternated by baicalein. Finally to evaluate by echocardiography if there are changes of ivss and ivsd in SHR after administration of baicalein. / Keywords. baicalein, wogonin, collagen, cardiac fibrosis, hypertension / Objectives. In the in-vitro study, cardiac fibroblast culture was prepared from neonatal SHR and WKY rats. The objectives were multi-fold: firstly, to determine over-expression of pro-collagen I mRNA (and III, if any) in cardiac fibroblasts cultures could be normalized by baicalein and wogonin after AngII activation. Secondly, to evaluate the efficacy of baicalein and wogonin on the suppression of total collagen protein production in cardiac fibroblasts cultures after AngII activation. Thirdly, to evaluate the mechanism (in protein level) of baicalein and wogonin on regulating collagen deposition in cardiac fibroblasts after AngII activation. Furthermore, to determine if there were any effects on cytotoxicity and membrane integrity of baicalein and wogonin towards cardiac fibroblasts cultures. Finally, to determine the optimal concentration of baicalein and wogonin for the above actions in-vitro. / Results. For in-vitro study, incubation of AngII resulted in significant up-regulation of COL-I and COL-III mRNA and total collagen protein production. Addition of either baicalein or wogonin significantly suppressed the mRNA synthesis and total collagen protein in CF with an optimal dosage of 30 muM. No effects on viability and membrane integrity were observed on baicalein and wogonin towards cardiac fibroblasts cultures. / Kong, Kam Chuen Ebenezer. / Advisers: Cheuk-Man Yu; Gabriel W. K. Yip. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 71-01, Section: B, page: 0242. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 176-204). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Acute colitis was induced by exposing male SD rats to 4% DSS in drinking water for 8 days. Rats were divided into four groups as follows: DSS group---DSS-induced colitis; DSS + SRE group---SRE, 100 mg/kg/day in addition to DSS; Ctr + SRE group---SRE alone; and Ctr group---sham control group. The colon damage was elucidated by macroscopic, histological, electrophysiological and biochemical assessment. Orally administered SRE significantly reduced the colonic damage in all four aspects. However, baicalein did not show similar effect in the same experiment. / In summary, our finding indicated that both SRE and its major flavonoid, baicalein, could stimulate chloride secretion in human colonic T84 cells and mucosa freshly isolated from human colon. Although SRE was effective in treating acute DSS-induced ulcerative colitis, baicalein is unlikely the active anti-inflammatory component of SRE. Nevertheless, the results demonstrated that this TCM has a scientific basis for its effectiveness. Our data support further evaluation of the therapeutic potential of SRE for the treatment of IBD. / In TCM, Scutellariae radix and Coptidis Rhizoma (CR) derived compounds have been frequently used for gastroenteritis and secretory diarrhea. Our laboratory findings suggested that the major flavonoid component of SR, baicalein, stimulates chloride secretion in rat distal colon, probably via CFTR activation (Ko et al., 2002). In contrast, limited information about the cellular mechanism of chloride secretion induced by SR in human colonic epithelia is available. Therefore, the effect of Scutellariae radix extract (SRE) on electrolyte transport in a human colonic epithelial cell line, T84, was examined using the short-circuit current (ISC) technique. Results demonstrated that SRE stimulated a Cl--dependent secretion across T84 cells, probably via both Ca2+- and cAMP-mediated pathway. / On the other hand, the cellular mechanism of baicalein-induced Cl - secretion in T84 cells was further investigated. It was found that the secretory mechanisms involve protein kinase A (PKA)-, adenylate cyclase (AC)- and luminal cAMP-dependent Cl- channels, most likely cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and serosal 293B-sensitive K + channels. However, the action of baicalein cannot be solely explained by its cAMP-elevating effect. In addition, the effect of baicalein could be potentiated by the inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K). Furthermore, it was found that inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) delta limited the baicalein-induced chloride secretion. / Our laboratory has found that baicalein (Ko et al., 2002 and Yue et al., 2003) stimulates chloride secretion in rat distal colon and human colonic T84 cells. As it is known that responses in the animal model or the cell line may not completely reflect the in vivo physiology, it is important to study the above responses in human colon. With scarce supply of freshly isolated human colonic mucosa, the results showed that the effect of SRE and baicalein on ion transport in human samples is similar to that obtained in T84 cell line and rat model. / Scutellariae radix (SR) is the dry root of Scutellariae baicalensis Georgi (Huangqin). SR has been employed for centuries as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for various purposes. It contains a large amount of flavonoids such as baicalein, baicalin, and wogonin, which possess a number of beneficial bioactivities including anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory, etc. / Ulcerative colitis (UC), an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), has been known for more than half a century. Recent studies have shown that two flavonoids derived from SR, baicalein and wogonin, might alleviate the symptoms of IBD. Moreover, SR is the major component of Hange-shasshin-to (HST), one of the Chinese herbal formulas, which has been reported to suppress the pathogenesis of IBD. The above scientific background led us to examine the effect of SRE administration on DSS-induced colitis in rats in a way to evaluate new treatments potentially applicable to UC in humans. / Chung, Ho Lam. / "August 2007." / Adviser: W. H. Ko. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-02, Section: B, page: 0925. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Yue Gar-Lee Grace. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-120). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract (English version) --- p.i / Abstract (Chinese version) --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of contents --- p.vi / List of figures --- p.x / List of tables --- p.xiii / List of abbreviations --- p.xiv / Chapter Chapter I: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Transepithelial electrolyte transport in colon --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1. --- Intestinal fluid secretion --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2. --- Cellular mechanism of chloride secretion --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2. --- Biological activities of flavonoids --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- Classification and general activities of flavonoids --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- Bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of flavonoids --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3. --- "What is Scutellariae radix""?" --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.1. --- Usage in Traditional Chinese Medicine --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.2. --- Relationship with Coptidis rhizoma --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4. --- Effect of flavonoids on gastrointestinal activities --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.1. --- Genistein and quercetin --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.2. --- Baicalein --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5. --- Possible intracellular signaling pathway involved in the secretory response by Scutellariae radix (SR) in T84 cells --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5.1. --- Human colonic T84 cell --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5.2. --- Intracellular signaling pathway --- p.14 / Chapter 1.6. --- Aim of study --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter II : --- Methods and Materials --- p.18 / Chapter II.1. --- Culture technique of the T84 cells --- p.18 / Chapter II.2. --- Simultaneous measurement of short-circuit current (Isc) and intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) --- p.21 / Chapter II.2.1. --- Experimental setup --- p.21 / Chapter II.2.2. --- Preparation of the permeable supports --- p.23 / Chapter II.2.3. --- Cell seeding --- p.27 / Chapter II.2.4. --- Dye loading --- p.27 / Chapter II.2.5. --- Simultaneous measurement of Isc and [Ca2+]i- --- p.30 / Chapter II.3. --- Conventional short-circuit current (Isc) measurement --- p.34 / Chapter II.3.1. --- Experimental setup --- p.34 / Chapter II.3.2. --- Preparation of the permeable supports --- p.36 / Chapter II.3.3. --- Cell seeding --- p.36 / Chapter II.3.4. --- Measurement --- p.38 / Chapter II.4. --- Measurement of cAMP --- p.39 / Chapter II.5. --- Solutions and chemicals --- p.40 / Chapter II.6. --- Statistical analysis --- p.42 / Chapter Chapter III : --- Results --- p.43 / Chapter III. 1. --- Effects of baicalein and its interaction with calcium and cAMP-dependent secretagogues --- p.43 / Chapter III. 1.1. --- Effects of baicalein on baseline Isc and [Ca2+]i --- p.43 / Chapter III. 1.2. --- Ionic basis of baicalein-evoked Isc --- p.43 / Chapter III. 1.3. --- Effect of baicalein on carbachol-evoked Isc --- p.47 / Chapter III. 1.4. --- "Effect of baicalein on Isc stimulated by another calcium mobilizing agonist, histamine" --- p.58 / Chapter III. 1.5. --- Effect of carbachol on Isc response stimulated by baicalein --- p.61 / Chapter III. 1.6. --- Chronic effect of baicalein on carbachol-evoked increase in Isc --- p.63 / Chapter III.1.7. --- Interaction of baicalein with forskolin --- p.65 / Chapter III.2. --- Effects of baicalein on cAMP generation in T84 cells --- p.69 / Chapter III.2.1. --- Effects of baicalein on cAMP production --- p.69 / Chapter III.2.2 --- Effects of baicalein on forskolin-induced cAMP production --- p.70 / Chapter III.3. --- Effects of Scutellariae radix extract on ion transport activities in T84 cells --- p.73 / Chapter III.3.1. --- Effects of Scutellariae radix extract (SRE) on baseline Isc --- p.73 / Chapter III.3.2. --- Ionic basis of SRE-evoked Isc --- p.77 / Chapter III.3.3. --- Effects of adenylate cyclase inhibitor and PKA inhibitor --- p.77 / Chapter III.3.4. --- PKC modulation --- p.86 / Chapter III.3.5. --- Involvement of intracellular calcium --- p.86 / Chapter III.3.6. --- Involvement of cAMP --- p.94 / Chapter Chapter IV : --- Discussion --- p.98 / Chapter IV. 1. --- Effects of baicalein on ion transport in human colonic T84 cells --- p.98 / Chapter IV. 1.1. --- Roles of baicalein in chloride secretion in intestinal epithelial cells --- p.98 / Chapter IV. 1.2. --- Potentiation effect of baicalein on calcium-mediated chloride secretion --- p.100 / Chapter IV. 1.3. --- Potentiation effect of carbachol on baicalein-stimulated chloride secretion --- p.102 / Chapter IV. 1.4. --- Interaction between baicalein and forskolin --- p.104 / Chapter IV.2. --- Effects of Scutellariae radix extract on ion transport in human colonic T84 cells --- p.107 / Chapter IV.2.1 --- Characteristcs of Isc induced by Scutellariae radix extract --- p.107 / Chapter IV.2.2. --- Possible signaling mechanism involved in Isc induced by Scutellariae radix extract --- p.108 / Chapter IV.3. --- Comparison of the effects on ion transport in human colonic T84 cells produced by baicalein and Scutellariae radix extract --- p.110 / Chapter IV.3.1. --- Properties of baicalein- and Scutellariae radix extract- induced Isc response --- p.110 / Chapter IV.3.2. --- Summary --- p.111 / Chapter Chapter V : --- References --- p.113 / Publications --- p.120