No description available.

The objectives of this study were to determine: 1) ammonia emission rates from stored scraped and flushed manure from dairy cows fed either normal or low N diet; and 2) seasonal effects on ammonia emission rates from stored scraped and flushed dairy manure. Four pilot-scale tanks were used for manure storage with different treatments - scraped manure for normal diet (NS), flushed manure for normal diet (NF), scraped manure for low N diet (LS), and flushed manure for low N diet (LF). The first part of the study lasted for 1 month and four treatments were all investigated; the second part of the study lasted for 12 months and two tanks with treatments NS and NF were investigated. Dynamic flux chambers and a photoacoustic gas analyzer were used to measure ammonia emission rates. There was no significant change of the N content of manure as the dietary N content is reduced (from 17.8% to 15.9% crude protein). However, ammonia emission rates from manure storage tanks were reduced by 33% (from 27.4 ± 38.1 to 18.4 ± 21.9 mg m⁻²h⁻¹; P<0.0001 based on paired t-test). Flushing manure reduced emission rates by 72% compared to scraping manure (from 35.6 ± 39.6 to 10.1 ± 8.2 mg m⁻²h⁻¹; P<0.0001 based on paired t-test). Ammonia emission rates for NS, NF, LS and LF were 43.9 ± 48.0, 10.9 ± 8.7, 27.4 ± 27.3, and 9.3 ± 7.8 mg m-2 h-1, respectively. The chamber headspace temperature for NS, NF, LS and LF were 26.0 ± 6.9, 25.8 ± 6.8, 26.6 ± 6.5, and 27.2 ± 6.7 °C, respectively. The manure pH for NS, NF, LS, and LF were 6.3 ± 0.1, 6.4 ± 0.3, 6.4 ± 0.1, and 6.1 ± 0.1, respectively. Both dietary N reduction and manure flushing are recommended to reduce ammonia emission rates from dairy manure storage tanks. Ammonia emission rates were higher in summer and fall, due to higher air temperature and higher manure pH. The pH of scraped manure was 7.2 ± 0.6, 6.7 ± 0.2, 6.5 ± 0.3 and 7.0 ± 0.3 for fall, winter, spring and summer, respectively. The pH of flushed manure was 6.8 ± 0.4, 6.7 ± 0.4, 6.4 ± 0.3 and 6.8 ± 0.4 for fall, winter, spring and summer, respectively. Ammonia emission rates from scraped manure for fall, winter, spring, and summer were 7.4 ± 8.6, -0.5 ± 1.2, 1.1 ± 1.9, and 5.8 ± 2.7 mg m⁻²h⁻¹, respectively. Ammonia emission rates from flushed manure for fall, winter, spring, and summer were 3.9 ± 4.2, -0.5 ± 0.9, 0.8 ± 1.4, and 4.4 ± 1.2 mg m⁻²h⁻¹, respectively. Seasonal changes of air temperature and manure pH were key factors affecting ammonia emissions from manure storage in this study. Seasonal climate conditions including precipitations (rainstorms and snows) and icing can cause reduction of ammonia emissions from manure storage in open air. More attention should be paid to reduce ammonia emissions in warmer seasons, e.g., by covering the storage facilities. / Master of Science

The role of weather and climate variability on the health of Aboriginal people in Fort Albany and Toronto, Ontario, Canada is explored through four complementary research studies. The first study examined past temperature trends of Fort Albany (using climate records of Moosonee) and Toronto. Temperature variability was found to be greater in Moosonee than in Toronto, and day to day temperature minimum (Tmin) threshold exceedances of 5 degrees Celsius was found to have significantly declined in both Toronto and Fort Albany. The second study explored the effects of climate change on a rural First Nation group in Fort Albany. Observed environmental changes include changes in the timing of seasons, spring melt and ice freeze-up; warmer seasons, an increase in extreme and unpredictable weather, and changes in animal patterns. These changes have affected subsistence harvesting activities and community infrastructure, which have lead to increased health risks, though many community members have exhibited resiliency and adaptation. The third study compared current health status between an urban Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal group. Urban Aboriginal participants were found to be at greater risk to psychological distress and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) than non-Aboriginal participants. Moreover, those who self-rated their health as poor/fair were more likely to exhibit psychological distress than those who self-rated their health as good/very good/excellent. The fourth study compared the effects of weather and seasonal change among a rural First Nation group, an urban Aboriginal group and an urban non-Aboriginal group. Urban Aboriginal participants were most affected by weather while rural Aboriginal (i.e. First Nation) participants were least affected by weather. These studies demonstrate that both urban and rural Aboriginal groups may be at risk to climate change and weather-related changes; though specific implications may differ due to different lifestyles and capacities to adapt to environmental conditions.

The role of weather and climate variability on the health of Aboriginal people in Fort Albany and Toronto, Ontario, Canada is explored through four complementary research studies. The first study examined past temperature trends of Fort Albany (using climate records of Moosonee) and Toronto. Temperature variability was found to be greater in Moosonee than in Toronto, and day to day temperature minimum (Tmin) threshold exceedances of 5 degrees Celsius was found to have significantly declined in both Toronto and Fort Albany. The second study explored the effects of climate change on a rural First Nation group in Fort Albany. Observed environmental changes include changes in the timing of seasons, spring melt and ice freeze-up; warmer seasons, an increase in extreme and unpredictable weather, and changes in animal patterns. These changes have affected subsistence harvesting activities and community infrastructure, which have lead to increased health risks, though many community members have exhibited resiliency and adaptation. The third study compared current health status between an urban Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal group. Urban Aboriginal participants were found to be at greater risk to psychological distress and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) than non-Aboriginal participants. Moreover, those who self-rated their health as poor/fair were more likely to exhibit psychological distress than those who self-rated their health as good/very good/excellent. The fourth study compared the effects of weather and seasonal change among a rural First Nation group, an urban Aboriginal group and an urban non-Aboriginal group. Urban Aboriginal participants were most affected by weather while rural Aboriginal (i.e. First Nation) participants were least affected by weather. These studies demonstrate that both urban and rural Aboriginal groups may be at risk to climate change and weather-related changes; though specific implications may differ due to different lifestyles and capacities to adapt to environmental conditions.

No description available.

The Kvarntorp area, some 200 km SW of Stockholm, Sweden, is a former mining site for alum shale. Kvarntorpshögen is a refuse dump from the hydrocarbon extraction during 1940-1965. The area is also dotted by abandoned quarries, which most are water filled today. The area is divided into two watersheds; the central and the eastern. Frommestabäcken is the main watercourse flowing out of the central watershed while Frogestabäcken is the corresponding watercourse in the eastern watershed. These two watercourses have been sampled annually since 1994 by consulting companies for the municipality of Kumla. The sampling sites at Ulftorpsbäcken (main inlet to the central watershed) and at the outlet from Serpentindammssystemet (the water treatment system in the central watershed) was added to the sampling program in 1997 and 1996 respectively. Other consulting companies have sampled the groundwater around Kvarntorpshögen (in 2004) and the water in the lake Norrtorpssjön (in 2004), which is an old water filled quarry. The lake Norrtorpssjön has also been sampled as part of a project performed by Örebro University. This thesis is a compilation and evaluation of all this data but the main part will be given focused on seasonal variations. Samples have been analysed with regard to the metals Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Li, B, As, Cu, Ni, Zn, Co, Cr, Cd, Pb, Mo, Sr and U. Other analysed parameters were tot-N, tot-P, bicarbonate (alkalinity), sulphate, chloride and the parameters pH, electrical conductivity and COD(Mn). Samples of bottom fauna have also been collected in Frommestabäcken. Concentration of most metals increased in the surface water while passing the Kvarntorp area. High metal concentrations were found for example in some of the groundwater samples. Such high concentrations were not observed in the samples from Frommestabäcken or Frogestabäcken, indicating for example dilution of metals or immobilisation through precipitation or adsorption. Seasonal effects on the dissolution and precipitation/adsorption of compounds were observed at all annually sampled watercourses. One of these effects was the spring- and autumn circulation of the lake Norrtorpssjön. The lake forms a thermocline during summer which causes higher concentrations of metals beneath the thermocline. During circulation these concentrations mixes throughout the depth profile which affects the amount of elements that is transported from the lake via Frogestabäcken. During winter the highest concentrations of metals are expected near the surface of the lake since the surface is colder than the rest of the water mass.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第22130号 / 農博第2376号 / 新制||農||1073(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R1||N5238(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 德地 直子, 教授 北島 薫, 准教授 舘野 隆之輔 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19027号 / 農博第2105号 / 新制||農||1030(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H27||N4909(農学部図書室) / 31978 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 大澤 晃, 教授 髙部 圭司, 教授 北島 薫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 甲第23574号 / 人健博第94号 / 新制||人健||7(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科人間健康科学系専攻 / (主査)教授 任 和子, 教授 木下 彩栄, 教授 平井 豊博 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第24111号 / 農博第2516号 / 新制||農||1093(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R4||N5402(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 北島 薫, 教授 井鷺 裕司, 准教授 東樹 宏和 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM