The effect of potassium silicate fortified with cow manure compost tea and seaweed extract on dollar spot (Sclerotinia homoeocarpa) was studied in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perene L.). Application of potassium silicate fortified compost tea increased the silicon content in bentgrass and ryegrass at 5 days after treatment, but there was only a minimal effect on silicon content in the grass at 15 days after treatment. However, the fortified treatments did not affect the susceptibility of grass to dollar spot disease in the greenhouse experiments. Fortified treatments did not have a significant effect on the chlorophyll content, total phenol content and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity in creeping bentgrass. Similarly, the treatment did not affect area of the lesion and mycelial growth of the fungus. Although the synergistic effect of silica fortification was not investigated in detail, preliminary results of the study indicate potassium silicate fortified with compost tea or seaweed extract was not different from that of non-fortified treatments in reducing dollar spot disease in the greenhouse trial.

A four-year drought, increasing population and shifting climate has spurred water conservation practices within Virginia. Creeping bentgrass (<i>Agrostis palustris</i> "L93"), Kentucky bluegrass (<i>Poa pratensis </i>"Midnight"), and tall fescue (<i>Festuca arundinacea</i>) Dominion blend were evaluated under deficit irrigation and upon exogenous application of plant growth stimulants (PGS), seaweed extract (SWE) + humic acid (HA), glycinebetaine (GB) and a commercial SWE product (PP). The objectives were to determine crop coefficients (K_c) for creeping bentgrass fairways and tall fescue home lawns, to determine if PGS application allowed for more water conservation, and to determine if they impacted physiological function and/or root morphology. A preliminary greenhouse experiment was conducted with creeping bentgrass and Kentucky bluegrass irrigated with 100%, 85% and 70% of evapotranspiration (ET). The study determined that an additional deficit irrigation level should be included for the field study and that GB application and 100% and 85% ET irrigation level produced the greatest creeping bentgrass root mass. The two–year field study evaluated creeping bentgrass and tall fescue. Tall fescue home lawns could be irrigated every five days with a K_c of 0.55 or once a week with a K_c of 0.70. Creeping bentgrass fairways could be irrigated every four days with a K_c of 0.85. Glycinebetaine application increased bentgrass rooting after planting and showed osmoprotectant properties. Another greenhouse study evaluated five GB rates on bentgrass and tall fescue. No differences were found between the five rates and concluded that the rate utilized in the field study may be appropriate for turfgrass application. / Master of Science

Devido à grande importância que o gênero Eucalyptus apresenta, cada vez mais estudos relacionados à otimização da propagação de espécies do gênero vêm sendo conduzidos. Os principais entraves estão relacionados à sua clonagem e a recalcitrância que algumas espécies apresentam ao enraizamento e, por essa razão, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o uso de bioestimulantes na mini e microestaquia de Eucalyptus spp. O presente trabalho se preocupou com o desenvolvimento de protocolos que não alteram excessivamente a prática empregada pelas empresas silviculturais. Para tanto, o trabalho foi dividido em 4 partes, sendo a primeira composta por uma revisão sobre enraizamento (item 2), visando elucidar todos os principais fatores que podem influenciar neste evento morfogênico. A partir desta revisão, se iniciaram estudos práticos com espécies e híbridos do gênero. O primeiro estudo (item 3) baseou-se na avaliação da morfofisiologia de miniestacas de três espécies de eucalipto (E. urograndis, E. benthamii e E. urophylla) em contato com AIB em pó e subsequente aplicação de tratamentos com bioestimulantes (ácido tânico e Algaren BZn&#174;) utilizados de forma isolada e/ou em associação diretamente na base das miniestacas. O segundo estudo (item 4) avaliou a atuação destes mesmos tratamentos com bioestimulantes, em microcepas de Eucalyptus urograndis em fase de alongamento in vitro das brotações e sua posterior aclimatização. Por fim, o terceiro estudo (item 5) foi baseado na utilização dos tratamentos com bioestimulantes em microestacas de E. urophylla em fase de aclimatização em miniestufas, sendo os bioestimulantes aplicados na base das microestacas e na base das miniestufas (diretamente na bandeja). Em todos os experimentos foram coletados dados referentes aos parâmetros morfofisiológicos e, observou-se no primeiro e segundo experimento, que o ácido tânico na concentração de 250mg/L, foi o melhor tratamento empregado. Já, para o terceiro experimento, o Algaren BZn&#174; na concentração de 1ml/L, apresentou resultados mais favoráveis. De acordo com as análises histológicas da rizogênese para todos os experimentos, verificou-se que as raízes adventícias desenvolvidas apresentaram origem cambial e conexão direta com o sistema vascular da parte aérea, indicando serem funcionais. O que permitiu constatar que, de forma geral, a adição de bioestimulantes otimizou a produção de mudas clonais de Eucalyptus. / According to the great importance that Eucalyptus genus presents, more studies are related to genus species propagation optimization have been conducted. Being the rooting recalcitrance that some species presents the main obstacle related to its cloning, this work had the aim to evaluate the biostimulants use in mini and microcuttings rooting process of Eucalyptus spp. For this, the present work was concerned with the protocols development that does not excessively alter the practice employed by silvicultural business. For this, the work was divided into 4 parts, the first have a rooting review (item 2), in order to elucidate all the main factors that may influence this morphogenic event. From this review, practical studies with species and hybrids of the genus were started. The first study (item 3) was based on the minicuttings morphology evaluation of the three eucalyptus species (E. urograndis, E. benthamii and E. urophylla) in contact with IBA in talc and the subsequent application of biostimulant treatments (tannic acid and Algaren BZn&#174;) used in isolation and/or in combination directly on minicuttings base. The second study (item 4) evaluated the performance of these same treatments with biostimulants in E. urograndis microcuttings on the shoots elongation stage in vitro and their subsequent acclimatization. Finally, the third study (item 5) was based on the biostimulant treatments use in E. urophylla microcuttings in acclimatization phase in ministuff. The biostimulants were applied at microcuttings base and at ministuff base (directly on the trays). In all experiments, data regarding morphophysiological parameters were collected and it was observed in the first and second experiments that tannic acid at 250mg/L concentration was the best treatment used. For the third experiment, the Algaren BZn&#174; in the concentration of 1 ml/L, presented more favorable results. According to the rhizogenesis histological analyzes for all the experiments, it was verified that the adventitious roots developed presented cambial origin and had a direct vascular connection with the aerial part, indicating its functionality. This showed that, in general, the biostimulants addition optimized the production of clonal Eucalyptus seedlings.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-09-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:55:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 losi_lc_me_botfca.pdf: 446005 bytes, checksum: 7d7c4bb09f14e32d875db21ebf299ae5 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses de extrato de Ascophyllum nodosum na produção de mudas de Eucalytus urograndis e Eucalyptus urophilla durante a fase de enraizamento. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, pertencentes às empresas VEC Florestal e Monte Flora, produtoras de microestacas de eucalipto e localizadas na cidade de Bofete, estado de São Paulo. O experimento foi conduzido em quatro fases no período de abril de 2009 a março de 2010, utilizando-se dois clones de E. urograndis (Euca 103 e Euca 105) e um clone de E. urophilla (I144), dois substratos (Brasil Minérios e Carolina Soil) e aplicação de diferentes doses de extrato de A. nodosum (EAN) 0, 0,5, 1, 1,5, 2, 3, 4, 8 e 16 mL L-1. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições e 86 plantas por parcela. As aplicações do extrato de A. nodosum ocorreram aos 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após o estaqueamento variando conforme a fase. Foram avaliados a massa fresca de raiz (MFR), massa seca de raiz (MSR), comprimento de raiz (CR), massa fresca de parte aérea (MFA), massa seca de parte aérea (MAS), diâmetro do caule (D) e quantidade de raiz (Q) aos 30 e 45 2 dias após dias após o estaqueamento e análise química da planta. As avaliações permitiram observar que houve resposta diferenciada do EAN em relação aos substratos e ao material genético. O tratamento na dose de 3 mL de EAN para o clone I144 proporcionou melhor enraizamento das microestacas. Observou-se também que a forma de aplicação do produto interfere nos resultados / The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different rates of extract of Ascophyllum nodosum in the production of microshoots Eucalyptus urograndis and Eucalyptus urophilla during the rooting. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse belonging to companies VEC Florestal and Monte Flora, two producers of microcuttings eucalyptus and located in the city of Bofete, State of São Paulo. The experiment was conducted in four phases between April 2009 and March 2010, using two clones of E. urograndis (Euca 103 e Euca 105) and one clone of E. urophilla (I144), two substrates (Brasil Minérios and Carolina Soil) and application of different rates of extract A. nodosum (EAN) 0, 0,5, 1, 1,5, 2, 3, 4, 8, 16 mL L-1. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with four replications and 86 plants per plot. The applications of the extract A. nodosum occur at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after the cutting. It were evaluated root fresh weight (MFR), root dry mass (MSR), root length (CR), fresh weight of shoot (MFA), shoot dry mass (MAS), stem diameter (D) and quality of root (Q) at 30 and 45 days after the cutting. The evaluations allowed to note that there was differential response of EAN in relation to substrates and genetic material, The dose of 3 mL of ean for clone I144 provided better microcuttings rooting. It was also observed that the way of the product application affect the results

Orientador: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas / Banca: Antonio de Pádua Sousa / Banca: Ana Cláudia Pacheco Santos / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses de extrato de Ascophyllum nodosum na produção de mudas de Eucalytus urograndis e Eucalyptus urophilla durante a fase de enraizamento. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, pertencentes às empresas VEC Florestal e Monte Flora, produtoras de microestacas de eucalipto e localizadas na cidade de Bofete, estado de São Paulo. O experimento foi conduzido em quatro fases no período de abril de 2009 a março de 2010, utilizando-se dois clones de E. urograndis (Euca 103 e Euca 105) e um clone de E. urophilla (I144), dois substratos (Brasil Minérios e Carolina Soil) e aplicação de diferentes doses de extrato de A. nodosum (EAN) 0, 0,5, 1, 1,5, 2, 3, 4, 8 e 16 mL L-1. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos ao acaso com 4 repetições e 86 plantas por parcela. As aplicações do extrato de A. nodosum ocorreram aos 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias após o estaqueamento variando conforme a fase. Foram avaliados a massa fresca de raiz (MFR), massa seca de raiz (MSR), comprimento de raiz (CR), massa fresca de parte aérea (MFA), massa seca de parte aérea (MAS), diâmetro do caule (D) e quantidade de raiz (Q) aos 30 e 45 2 dias após dias após o estaqueamento e análise química da planta. As avaliações permitiram observar que houve resposta diferenciada do EAN em relação aos substratos e ao material genético. O tratamento na dose de 3 mL de EAN para o clone I144 proporcionou melhor enraizamento das microestacas. Observou-se também que a forma de aplicação do produto interfere nos resultados / Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of different rates of extract of Ascophyllum nodosum in the production of microshoots Eucalyptus urograndis and Eucalyptus urophilla during the rooting. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse belonging to companies VEC Florestal and Monte Flora, two producers of microcuttings eucalyptus and located in the city of Bofete, State of São Paulo. The experiment was conducted in four phases between April 2009 and March 2010, using two clones of E. urograndis (Euca 103 e Euca 105) and one clone of E. urophilla (I144), two substrates (Brasil Minérios and Carolina Soil) and application of different rates of extract A. nodosum (EAN) 0, 0,5, 1, 1,5, 2, 3, 4, 8, 16 mL L-1. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with four replications and 86 plants per plot. The applications of the extract A. nodosum occur at 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after the cutting. It were evaluated root fresh weight (MFR), root dry mass (MSR), root length (CR), fresh weight of shoot (MFA), shoot dry mass (MAS), stem diameter (D) and quality of root (Q) at 30 and 45 days after the cutting. The evaluations allowed to note that there was differential response of EAN in relation to substrates and genetic material, The dose of 3 mL of ean for clone I144 provided better microcuttings rooting. It was also observed that the way of the product application affect the results / Mestre

Thesis (M.Sc. (Agronomy)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Soybean (Glycine max L.) is one of the valuable leguminous crops with grain used for human consumption, livestock feeding, bio-fuel (bio-diesel) production, vegetable oil and is a protein resource. The crop also fixes atmospheric nitrogen. The study aimed to evaluate the performance of two soybean varieties to a combination of inoculation and seaweed extract. The research trial was conducted at Syferkuil farm during 2017/2018 summer season in which two soybean varieties (TGx 1937-1F promiscuous) and (PAN 1583R specific-nodulating) were evaluated for their growth, nodulation and yield responses to rhizobium inoculation and seaweed extract (0 % rate (0ml/12L), 50 % rate (30ml/12L) and 100 % (60ml/12L). The research trial was laid out as a split-split plot arrangement fitted in RCBD with four replications. Inoculation significantly influenced grain yield at P≤0.05, seed nutrient content and total above-ground biomass, except for seed potassium. No inoculation significantly achieved higher primary branches per plant at P≤0.05, pod number per plant, stem diameter (P≤0.05), grain yield (P≤0.05), harvest index and total above-ground biomass at P≤0.001. The variety TGx 1937-1F had significantly (P≤0.001) higher nodule number per plant, effective nodules per plant, nodule dry weight, dried shoot biomass, leaf number per plant, pod number per plant, primary branches per plant, stem diameter, plant height, leaf chlorophyll content, total above-ground biomass, grain yield and seed iron (Fe) content. Application of full rate seaweed extract significantly (P≤0.001) increased primary branches per plant, stem diameter, leaf number per plant, plant height, shelling percentage, total above-ground biomass, grain yield, and seed content of calcium (Ca), potassium, magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and sodium (Na) all at P≤0.05. Seaweed extract rate at 0 % obtained the highest harvest index (P≤0.001). Inoculation and variety TGx 1937-1F interaction exhibited a significant increase on leaf number per plant at P≤0.001, primary branches per plant at P≤0.001 and plant height at P≤0.001. Variety TGx 1937-1F, without inoculation, obtained significantly higher pod number per plant (P≤0.001), stem diameter at P≤0.001, grain yield at P≤0.05 and total above-ground biomass at P≤0.001. Variety PAN 1583R, without inoculation, obtained significantly higher harvest index and shelling percentage at P≤0.001. Interaction of vi inoculation and seaweed extract showed that no inoculation × 100 % rate of seaweed extract significantly (P≤0.001) increased primary branches per plant, leaf number per plant, stem diameter, pod number per plant and plant height. Interaction of inoculation × 100 % rate of seaweed extract increased grain yield (P≤0.001) and total above-ground biomass at P≤0.001. Inoculation × 50 % rate of seaweed extract interaction increased shelling percentage at P≤0.001. No inoculation × 0 % rate of seaweed extract interaction obtained significantly higher harvest index (P≤0.001). Interaction of variety and seaweed extract showed that variety TGx 1937-1F × 100 % rate of seaweed extract significantly increased primary branches per plant (P≤0.001), pod number per plant at P≤0.001, grain yield at P≤0.001 and total above-ground biomass at P≤0.001. The variety TGx 1937-1F × 50 % rate of seaweed extract significantly raised the size of stem diameter (P≤0.01) and plant height (P≤0.001). Three-way interactive effects of inoculation × variety TGx 1937-1F × 100 % rate of seaweed extract obtained significantly higher number of shelling percentage at P≤0.001, leaf number per plant at P≤0.05 and primary branches per plant at P≤0.001. Interaction of no inoculation × variety TGx 1937-1F × 100 % rate of seaweed extract obtained significantly high pod number per plant at P≤0.001, grain yield at P≤0.05, total above-ground biomass at P≤0.001 and plant height at P≤0.001. No inoculation × PAN 1583R × 100 % rate of seaweed extract interaction had a higher harvest index at P≤0.001. The study showed that inoculation, seaweed extract, or their combination generally enhanced seed nutrient content, especially in variety TGx 1937-1F. The study further showed that promiscuous soybean (TGx 1937-1F) had higher grain yield, under stressful growing conditions as compared to PAN 1583R variety. This implies that soybean variety TGx 1937-1F, with 50 % or 100 % application rate of seaweed extract could be recommended to smallholder farmers. Key words: Soybean, inoculation, seaweed extract, phenological development, growth, nodulation, grain yield and seed nutrient content. / National Research Foundation (NRF)