This project examines narratives of transplanted identity-building and memory in European languages by second-generation non-European writers who choose to write their stories in European languages. The dissertation focuses on three books: La colline aux oliviers by Mehdi Lallaoui, a “Beur” (French Algerian) writer, White Teeth by British Caribbean Zadie Smith and Lipstick Jihad by Do-rageh/Iranian American Azadeh Moaveni. I argue that these three narratives use the language and memory sites of the host countries. They claim these as their own in order to recuperate events removed from historical memory by the violence of colonialism and the disruptive tide of exile and immigration. Because these children of immigrants are born and raised in the host country, they occupy a privileged position of being in-between that enables them to undertake reconciliatory mediation and assert the relevance of the colonized and imperialized experience for all its inheritors, both former colonizers and former colonized. Multiple choices eclipse the sense of dead end and rejection that characterizes literature of exile and colonization. To discuss these choices, I use Edward W. Said's concepts of filiation and affiliation. Filiation implicates the culture inherited from the parents of second-generation characters whereas affiliation points to the place of birth and upbringing. Filiation and affiliation can be seen as contradictory and antagonistic, however I choose to use these terms as complementary and reconciliatory. If previous scholars consider second-generation immigrant narratives to reproduce the sense of displacement and bitterness experienced by their parents, I propose to examine how concepts such as Maurice Halbwachs'collective memory nevertheless occupy a positive strength in the second-generation immigrant narratives where memory and reconciliation are reclaimed. / text

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This paper analyses the probability that first- and second-generation immigrants in Sweden enter the self-employment market, and the propensity of being self-employed in certain industry levels. Furthermore, whether the motives and characteristics for choosing self-employment differ between generations by including control variables. To solve this thesis question, a cross-sectional sampling from the European Social Survey database between the years 2010 to 2018 and the Linear Probability Model was used. The result in this study indicated that the propensity to become self-employed is not significant between the analysed generations. Concluding that first- and second-generation immigrants have an equal amount of activeness in self-employment and that all characteristics have an effect on their propensity to become self-employed. The generations being self-employed in the low-barrier industry is dependent on their educational level. It was found that females had the highest probability of being self-employed in comparison to males. However, a drawback of this study was the sample size which was significantly small and also the multiple variables that were insignificant.

Interest in entrepreneurship has increased in the past few years as more schools are beginning to incorporate subject and degrees specializing in the area as well as individuals mobilizing into an entrepreneurial lifestyle due to the lack of opportunities in the standard workplace environment. Historically, immigrants have made up a large majority of entrepreneurs and it has been their primary way of upward mobility in society. The boom in high tech start-ups and other small businesses in the last decade have primarily been driven by children of immigrants. As a result of these recent trends this study analyses the foreign born children of immigrants and their entrepreneurial capacity. The intent of this study is to find to what extent human capital affects the entrepreneurial capacity of immigrant children, if any. By analyzing the Theory of Human Capital in Entrepreneurship and its main variables, the study aims to find their level of human capital. Through the gathering of recent population data, analysis of research journals, publications and books, we evaluate the level of human capital and how it affects the capacity of the individual. Historically, evidence has shown a correlation between the two and we hope to contribute to the research and better understand its role in our subject matter as well as bring more awareness to a topic that lacks information.

The aim of this work was to delve into the topic of second-generation immigrants. Throughthis study, the interest has been in examining and understanding how second-generationimmigrants face unique challenges and experiences in their lives, shaped by both theirparents' cultural backgrounds and the society in which they themselves grew up. Conductinga qualitative study on the experiences and challenges of second-generation immigrants isconsidered a relevant and intriguing subject.I believe that this study can provide a good understanding of how this group perceives andmanages their identity, cultural integration, and any challenges they encounter. Thisqualitative study aims to investigate and comprehend the specific experiences and challengesthat characterize the lives of second-generation immigrants. By analyzing their narratives andreflections, the study aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the cultural and socialdynamics that shape their identity and well-being. Through my research questions, I havearrived at interesting results that contribute to a deeper comprehension of the cultural andsocial aspects that shape their identity and well-being.

Sweden is a country with an increasing foreign born population, where more and more people growing up with two parents born outside of Sweden. In this paper I examine the different labor market outcome for native Swedes and the six largest groups of second generation immigrants in the ages 30-39 years. The analysis is divided in two part where the first examining the level of gainful employment and the second the distribution in line of work. By using data from population register there was possible to perform detailed analysis. The gainfully employment rate are lower for the different groups of second generation immigrants. Unlike earlier studies regarding employment differences depending on parental origin, there are however not as distinct pattern of ethnic penalties. The result regarding line of work from the second part of the analysis show that some groups of second generation have a higher risk of being in less-qualified jobs after controlling for education, personal- and parental variables.

The aim of this thesis was to study the intergenerational socioeconomic mobility of second generation immigrant daughters in Germany, by measuring how the parents’ educational level affect their children’s education. By adding a gender equality index to the dataset, the aim was to create a more nuanced interpretation of the results, including how cultural views in the parents’ source country can affect the parental investments. The results imply that daughters seem to have a lower intergenerational mobility, in line with previous research. When interacting a gender equality index variable with the parents’ educational level the results suggested that a high educated father from a country with high gender equality will increase both his son’s and daughter’s educational attainment. On the other hand, a high educated mother from a country with high gender equality will instead decrease her son’s educational level. Furthermore, another interaction variable was generated to translate how the parents’ educational level affects second generation immigrant children but failed to produce estimates on a statistically significant level. Nonetheless, it is important to notice that the results implied that both sons and daughters have a lower educational level than their fathers, and that daughters have a lower educational attainment than their mothers. This suggests that second generation immigrant children do not outperform their parents, as previous research suggests.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate the identity development of second-generation immigrants and gain a deeper understanding of how they develop their identity by navigating between their parents' culture and Swedish culture. The study had the following research question: In what way do second-generation immigrants develop their identity with regard to their parents' culture and Swedish culture?The method used in the study was semi-structured interviews with five participants from Södertälje municipality, all of whom belonged to second-generation immigrants. To analyze the data, various theories were used, including Goffman's theories of roles and stigma as well as Tilly's theory of inequality.The results of this study showed, among other things, that the respondents in the study do not feel completely at home in either of the two cultures they identify with. Their identity formation is affected by the degree of cultural affiliation, where they feel a stronger connection to their parents' culture while experiencing a stronger belonging to Sweden as a country. Although they are well integrated into Swedish culture, they are always considered immigrants and feel like "visitors" in their own homeland. Respondents also experience a feeling of not belonging to any specific culture, which reinforces their bond with their parents' culture of greater acceptance. They describe themselves as a hybrid of the two cultures and experience difficulties in fully integrating into either of them.

Second-generation immigrants are increasingly embracing their biculturalism, equally identifying as American and "other" (Yazykova & McLeigh, 2015). While this allows for ethnic diversity as well as other social and linguistic advantages, the internalization of two different cultures has been linked to causing tensions related to identity development and mental health (Huynh et al., 2018; Ceri et al., 2017; Ritsner & Ponizovsky, 1999). Previous research has shown a link between parental support and an individual's acculturation and psychological well-being (Pawliuk et al., 1996; Abad & Sheldon, 2008). This study seeks to further examine the influence of family on the bicultural identity integration and psychological distress in second-generation immigrants. Researchers recruited 39 participants to explore the relationship of family life satisfaction, family social support, bicultural harmony and blendedness, and self-reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. A bivariate correlation analysis showed that satisfaction with family life was negatively associated with depression, stress, and overall psychological distress. In addition, perceived social support from family appeared to have a positive relationship to higher scores of depression. Researchers also found that bicultural identity integration had a negative relationship with anxiety, stress, and overall psychological distress.

This study aims to deepen the understanding of in-betweenness among individuals belonging to the second generation of immigrants and analyze how this phenomenon influences their identity development and workplace integration. By focusing on the specific population of second-generation immigrants, the paper examines the unique challenges and opportunities these individuals face as they navigate between their heritage culture and the society in which they live. The research approach adopted is abductive. To obtain our findings, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 6 individuals aged 25-40, all belonging to the second generation of immigrants, selected through snowball sampling. The results reveal six overarching themes: background, experience of in-betweenness, challenges in a multicultural environment, workplace policies, adaptation strategies, and future perspectives. The theoretical perspectives highlighted include Social Identity Theory, social constructivism, and acculturation. The findings indicate that interviewees consciously adapt to fit in, and their identity evolves depending on the context. The study also underscores the importance of diversity and inclusion in addressing the sense of in-betweenness, particularly in an environment lacking individuals who resemble oneself or come from a background different from the Swedish norm.