The aims of English language teaching (ELT) have observed a fundamental reconsideration during the past two decades, resulting in a shift in emphasis from linguistic competence over communicative competence to intercultural competence. The growing emphasis on cultural issues, which is called for by research and international curricular documents, places new demands on language teachers. The general aim of this study is to deepen the knowledge about teachers’ perception at the Bahraini government secondary schools towards the treatment of culture in English language teaching. The research questions are: 1. How do English language teachers understand and define the concept “Culture” and Intercultural Competence in ELT? 2. To what extent do the teachers see Intercultural Competence as an objective in language classroom? 3. How do they approach the teaching of Intercultural Competence in their classrooms? 4. What preparation/training have they had (pre-service), or wish to have (in-service), for including Intercultural Competence in their teaching? This interpretive and exploratory study is placed within a socio-cultural framework and can also be a contribution to teacher cognition research. The empirical data consists of semi-structured interviews with 17 English language senior teachers and a questionnaire with 197 English language teachers. The findings are presented according to three pedagogies: within the pedagogy of information; within the pedagogy of preparation; and within the pedagogy of Encounter. The minority of the participants represent the third perspective, which is the one that can be characterized as truly intercultural. My study indicates that many teachers feel unsure about how to teach culture in an appropriate and up-to-date manner. This is attributed to, among other things, lack of teacher insight, lack of time, and inadequate pre- or in-service training courses concerning teaching culture. The thesis ends with a set of recommendations as to how ELT could be developed in a more intercultural direction.

This thesis is concerned with making explicit the role that language plays in apprenticing social subjects into different social or 'discourse' communities. It focuses specifically on the textual and rhetorical strategies of school history texts written by students, aiming to bring a close linguistic analysis of the texts into relationship with the wider social and cultural context. In particular it focuses on three semantic domains. These are Cause, Time and an area of interpersonal evaluation known as Appraisal. The main questions addressed are ???How do the semantic motifs of Cause, Time and Appraisal function within the discourse of school history? How are they grammatically and lexically realised? What are the semantic and grammatical shifts and interactions that occur as a result of students moving through the different levels of their apprenticeship? In order to answer these questions the analytical tools of systemic-functional grammar are applied to a corpus of texts produced within the context of Australian secondary schooling. These texts represent the range of written genres that history students need to produce in order to fulfil the objectives and outcomes of the history curriculum. A major feature of the research is the use of Appraisal theory, a framework recently developed in systemic-functional linguistics, for analysing the linguistic resources used to negotiate emotions, judgements and social valuations. This theory proves valuable in taking us beyond more traditional linguistic concerns with interpersonal meaning, which focus on modality and mood structure. The main findings of the linguistic analysis show that construals of Cause, Time and Appraisal are core linguistic tools both for interpreting the past and for persuading audiences of the validity of such interpretations. Analysis also reveals that induction into the (discourse) community of historians can be generally characterised as a process of the student expanding their repertoire of metaphorical and specialised language resources as they move from recording the past to arguing about the past. By providing a fine grained linguistic analysis of the different types of texts that make up school history writing, the research is able to provide insights into the apprenticeship process and into the function and role of history both within and beyond the school context. The major conclusion reached here is that history inducts students into an abstract world of grammatical metaphor and in so doing provides them with the linguistic means to talk about people and time as abstract entities. It also provides them with the positioning and persuading strategies (the ???intellectual flexibility???) necessary for social positions of responsibility.

This thesis is concerned with making explicit the role that language plays in apprenticing social subjects into different social or 'discourse' communities. It focuses specifically on the textual and rhetorical strategies of school history texts written by students, aiming to bring a close linguistic analysis of the texts into relationship with the wider social and cultural context. In particular it focuses on three semantic domains. These are Cause, Time and an area of interpersonal evaluation known as Appraisal. The main questions addressed are ???How do the semantic motifs of Cause, Time and Appraisal function within the discourse of school history? How are they grammatically and lexically realised? What are the semantic and grammatical shifts and interactions that occur as a result of students moving through the different levels of their apprenticeship? In order to answer these questions the analytical tools of systemic-functional grammar are applied to a corpus of texts produced within the context of Australian secondary schooling. These texts represent the range of written genres that history students need to produce in order to fulfil the objectives and outcomes of the history curriculum. A major feature of the research is the use of Appraisal theory, a framework recently developed in systemic-functional linguistics, for analysing the linguistic resources used to negotiate emotions, judgements and social valuations. This theory proves valuable in taking us beyond more traditional linguistic concerns with interpersonal meaning, which focus on modality and mood structure. The main findings of the linguistic analysis show that construals of Cause, Time and Appraisal are core linguistic tools both for interpreting the past and for persuading audiences of the validity of such interpretations. Analysis also reveals that induction into the (discourse) community of historians can be generally characterised as a process of the student expanding their repertoire of metaphorical and specialised language resources as they move from recording the past to arguing about the past. By providing a fine grained linguistic analysis of the different types of texts that make up school history writing, the research is able to provide insights into the apprenticeship process and into the function and role of history both within and beyond the school context. The major conclusion reached here is that history inducts students into an abstract world of grammatical metaphor and in so doing provides them with the linguistic means to talk about people and time as abstract entities. It also provides them with the positioning and persuading strategies (the ???intellectual flexibility???) necessary for social positions of responsibility.

Syftet i detta examensarbete var att finna förändringar i ungdomars val i Östersund inför gymnasievalet under fyra decennier utifrån samhällets och skolans förändring under denna period. Vad som påverkat deras val, och vad som styr deras val. Det har skett en viss förändringsattityd inför gymnasievalet. Ungdomar idag är väl medvetna om sitt livslånga lärande, de väljer utifrån sig själva. Från början har ungdomarnas val inför gymnasiet påverkats utifrån vilken samhällsklass de kommit ifrån och resultatet har då blivit det klassiska mönstret, de ungdomar från de högre samhällsklasserna väljer högre utbildning medan ungdomar från de lägre samhällsklasserna väljer den kortare varianten av utbildning. Men allteftersom decennierna har passerat har detta blivit mer oviktigt, man väljer utifrån sina egna intressen. Man väljer inte utifrån vilken samhällsklass man tillhör. / The changes in the society has changed the school and the thoughts and action of the young of their choice to the upper secondary level during four decades. These decades are; 1976,1986,1996 and 2006.Has it been changes in the society. Has the school changed. Has the youth changed. Is there a changed in their attitude towards education among the present young people compered to the young people in the -70s,-80s,-90s.I wanted to find out the answer about this. It is importent to know how the knowledge of the thougts among the young people has been and how it is today.

The purpose of this study was to understand how secondary level United States History teachers approached controversial issues in their standards-based, high-stakes testing classrooms. Controversial issues consisted of multiple points of view, were socially constructed, and had the potential to challenge belief systems. The audience and their perception of a topic determined the degree of controversy. The questions explored were what factors did secondary level United States History teachers identify as influential in creating controversy in their classrooms and how did they introduce what they considered controversial issues into their standards-based, high-stakes testing classrooms? To answer these questions, twelve secondary level teachers who taught 6th, 7th, or 11th grade United States History participated in this study. Information was garnered through interviews of individuals and focus groups. Some participants provided resources used in their lessons and scenarios of their teaching experiences. My principle findings were: • Place played a role in teachers' willingness to incorporate controversial issues into their classrooms. This was due to students' preconceived notions developed by their geographical location and family. • The experiences of teachers and students influenced discussion of controversial issues. This included how long the teacher had taught the content or past experiences with parents and administrators. Students' experiences were derived from their family and community, which influenced incorporation of controversial issues. • Teachers were influenced by the standards they were required to teach. Though some saw these as a restriction in teaching, others used them as a springboard to what they perceived as deeper, meaningful teaching. / Ph. D.

The purposes of this study are sixfold. They are as follows: 1. To study the various recommended courses of study for automobile mechanics and to ascertain the units of learning that are most commonly taught. 2. To obtain the various instructional aids that are available from the automotive industry to industrial arts teachers for use in teaching automobile mechanics at the secondary school level. 3. To develop suitable criteria for use in evaluating those instructional aids that are available. 4. To evaluate the instructional aids available in order to determine their probable effectiveness and practicability in teaching automobile mechanics. 5. To determine if there are instructional aids that can be developed and used by the instructor that are not available from commercial sources. 6. If there are instructional aids that can be developed but which are not available, one of the purposes of this study is to prepare plans and specifications for the construction of such aids.

The aim of this thesis is implementation of e-learning activities to teaching mathematics at an upper Secondary school. The thesis first defines the general concepts related to e-learning and describes Túúdle tools, presents materials used in the project - the definition and basic characteristics of functions. The other materials (function characteristics, linear function, quadratic function) are included on the DVD. The final part of the thesis presents evaluation of the author's as well as other teachers' and pupils' experience with e-learning in teaching at one upper secondary school. Keywords: e-learning, Túúdle, mathematics education

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:54:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARLUCE DE OLIVEIRA.pdf: 543937 bytes, checksum: 17536881b85b70b908373792d1bf1112 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-03 / The present study was developed owing the Education Program Master Title of Goiás Catholic University post graduation Stricto Sensu program, with the investigation theme in Education, Society and Culture which includes education and related topics and its relation to society and culture, its theoretical and epistemological relations. Also include research on social, cultural and historical components that influence education and proposal practices. The research, of exploratory documented nature, with content analysis based on Bardin (2002); aimed to identify and analyze Social Representations (SR) about citizenship on Secondary Level Education, owing to understand its concept and the emergency of the term citizenship , on official documents that are the foundation of education laws: 4.024, December, 20 of 1961, our first Base and Guideline Law; 5.692 august 11 of 1971 that fixes the Base and Guidelines to the first and second grades; the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 Basic Principles; and the last Base and Guidelines Law of Education 9.394, of 1996; part of DCNEM of 1998- Secondary Level National Curricular Guidelines, contained on PCNEM of 1999- National Curricular Parameters and the PCNEM. At all, I appeal to the moscovician theory, which considers that the SR are specific phenomenon and present particularities in the way to comprehend and communicate a reality or the common sense. To justify and explain citizenship representations, I appealed to the basic foundations of historical materialism, PCNEM texts and the Second Grade Curricular Orientations (2004), because they present more criticism to the Curricular Reform. The research about citizenship on official documents that represent the actual norm of Brazilian secondary level education evidence the following representations: the hardworking citizen ; the flexible citizen and the productive citizen , therefore centered on a work formation. These representations constitute the intersection between citizenship and labor world, inflexion point to comprehend the presupposition of the final stage of Basic Education of the curricular reform of Secondary Level, as well as the influence and exigencies of labor market to the expectations of citizen-worker deposited on education. / O presente estudo foi desenvolvido para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Educação do Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu da Universidade Católica de Goiás, na linha de pesquisa Educação, Sociedade e Cultura a qual abrange temas referentes à educação e suas relações intrínsecas com a sociedade e a cultura, suas implicações teóricas e epistemológicas. Abrange, ainda, investigações dos componentes sociais, culturais e históricos que influenciam as propostas e práticas educacionais. A pesquisa, de natureza exploratória-documental, com análise de conteúdo aportada por Bardin (2002); propôs-se a identificar e analisar as Representações Sociais-(RS) sobre a cidadania no Ensino Médio, visando compreender o conceito e a emergência do termo cidadania , nos documentos oficiais que fundamentam as propostas educacionais: a Lei 4.024 de 20 de dezembro de 1961, nossa primeira Lei de Diretrizes e Bases; a Lei 5.692 de 11 de agosto de 1971 que fixa as Diretrizes e Bases para o ensino de 1º 2º graus; a Constituição Federal de 1988- Dos Princípios fundamentais; a última Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação 9.394 de 1996; parte das DCNEM de 1998- Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais do Ensino Médio, contidas nos PCNEM de 1999- Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais e os PCNEM. Para tanto, recorre-se à teoria moscoviciniana, a qual considera que as RS são fenômenos específicos e apresentam particularidades na forma de compreender e comunicar uma realidade ou o senso comum. Para justificar e explicar as representações sobre cidadania, recorreu-se aos fundamentos teóricos do materialismo-histórico, aos textos dos PCNEM e, também às Orientações Curriculares do Ensino Médio (2004), por apresentar maior criticidade à Reforma Curricular. Esta investigação acerca da cidadania nos documentos oficiais que normatizam o atual ensino médio brasileiro evidencia as seguintes representações: de trabalhador cidadão ; do cidadão flexível e do cidadão produtivo , portanto com uma centralidade na formação para o trabalho. Essas representações constituem a intersecção entre cidadania e o mundo do trabalho, ponto de reflexão para a compreensão dos pressupostos da etapa final da Educação Básica acerca da reforma curricular para o Ensino Médio, bem como a influência e as exigências do mercado de trabalho às expectativas do trabalhador-cidadão depositadas sobre a educação.

Thesis (M.ED.) -- University of Limpopo, 2011 / This study investigated the effects of English Language Proficiency on Performance and Competence of Learners in the Rural Secondary Schools at Koloti circuit. The primary aim of this study was to establish whether English Language Proficiency had an effect on learners’ competence and performance in English as a Second Language and to establish the root cause of the problem of poor language proficiency. The background to this study was outlined, which was followed by an intensive literature review on the topic. The study followed a case study design which utilized 39 learners from the sampled schools in Koloti Circuit. Data was collected from diagnostic tests which were written by learners, questionnaires which were distributed to learners and parents, and interviews which were conducted with teachers and learners. The study showed that learners have serious deficiencies in reading, listening, speaking and writing skills which affect their competence and performance. The study also showed that this deficiency is attributed to teachers who need intensive in-service training in these skills. This study was based on Krashen’s and Cummin’s theories of second language learning.

<p>The purpose of this essay is to investigate what different ways there are to teach English grammar at upper secondary level and what guidance experienced teachers have to offer. This is done by studying different theorists’ ideas on language acquisition as well as what researchers’ opinions are on how to teach grammar. I have also interviewed seven experienced teachers who work at upper secondary level.</p><p>The results of this investigation show that explicit grammar teaching has decreased over the years and been replaced by implicit grammar teaching and communication exercises. Grammar teaching has become integrated with activities focusing on meaning and is taught more through examples than by using grammatical terminology. Since students frequently come into contact with English they are not thought to need grammar rules as much, since they learn the language in a native-like way almost. However, they repeatedly make some mistakes. Each teacher had different methods for dealing with these mistakes, but they seemed to be keeping in mind the students’ needs and the curriculum.</p><p>In this study, I will highlight some methods for teaching grammar, factors that can influence learning and provide information on some existing theories about how students learn their second language.</p>