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The aim of this thesis is to characterize the way George Orwell viewed the totalitarianism and how he portrayed this phenomenon in his works. The fundamental part is an analysis of the characteristics of totalitarian regimes in Orwell's most important works 1984 and Animal Farm. For a deeper understanding of Orwell's view of totalitarian regimes, his life and the events that shaped his political thinking were also discussed in more detail. In addition to the aforementioned, the work also includes a general characteristic of the typical features of totalitarianism and general principles of totalitarian regimes, referring to the historical and political context of the twentieth century of selected states, such as the USSR, Germany or Czechoslovakia. This section is followed by an analysis of selected works by authors who dealt with totalitarianism from the view of political theory, such as Hannah Arendt, F.A. Hayek, Zbigniew Brzezinski and Ernst Jünger. Though George Orwell described himself as a leftist and a socialist, he strictly rejected any form of totalitarian rule, and, as he wrote in one of his essays, much of his work was anti- totalitarian. His attitude towards totalitarianism began to emerge during the Spanish Civil War, in which he actively participated. There he also met for the first...

The diploma thesis deals with forms and strategies of interference of Secret police and opposition during 1970s and 1980s. Strategies are monitored both from the side of dissent and Secret police. In the first chapter the opposite manuals for contact with Secret police are introduced. These form basic relationship delimitation of dissent and Secret police from the view of opposition. In the second part of the first chapter the manuals are embedded into wider context of legal consciousness, which represented basic element of mutual interference of these two groups. In the second chapter the strategies and methods of Secret police, which were used in the battle against "the enemy within", are introduced. Besides specific precautions used against dissidents the material and technical superiority of Secret police, which was used in the conflict against opposition, is noticeable. The final chapter represents categorization of strategies and approaches, which were chose by dissidents in contact with Secret police. The categorization originated on the basis of several factors - the character of dissidents, their experience with security authorities but also the activity, which was practised in the framework of opposite environment, belonged among them. Resulting text shows how much the worlds of dissent...

Este trabalho, que se vincula ao Projeto Temático História do Português Paulista (USP/FAPESP), tem o objetivo de apresentar os resultados da pesquisa sobre a história social dos imigrantes japoneses em São Paulo e aspectos do português paulista da primeira metade do século XX. Durante a pesquisa, realizou-se à constituição do corpus, ao estudo da história social que seria de fundo para a produção escrita que se refere à proibição de estrangerismo em território nacional e à identificação dos gêneros textuais que integram os dossiês. O pano de fundo desta dissertação começa com a adesão do Brasil à Segunda Guerra Mundial, pois a preocupação com os estrangeiros, principalmente com alemães, italianos e japoneses, aumentou. Neste sentido, em primeiro de outubro de 1942, foi decretada a lei federal que definia os crimes contra a segurança do Estado para os tempos de guerra (Decreto nº 4.766), o que deu início a investigações sobre imigrantes. A partir dos dossiês derivados dessas investigações, constituí um corpus de 394 dossiês gerados pelo DEOPS e DOPS/SP selecionados pelo critério da nacionalidade do investigado, qual seja, japonesa. Os súditos do eixo, forma pejorativa pelo qual os policiais tratavam os cidadãos japoneses, passaram a ser investigados com muito mais rigor. Durante essa época, os japoneses eram detidos pelos policias pelo simples fato de se comunicarem japonês. Além disso, as investigações mencionadas nos documentos são relativas à proibição do ensino da língua japonesa, pois todas as escolas estrangeiras foram fechadas e também as associações onde esses estrangeiros se reuniam para lazer e atividades festivas. O fato mais triste será verificado com os conflitos entre os próprios japoneses na colônia paulista. Surgiu uma facção chamada Shindô-renmei, cujos membros foram indiciados como sabotadores de plantações de menta e do cultivo do bicho da seda, que contribuíam com a grandeza da economia brasileira. Esse é o recorte expositivo deste trabalho: apresentar a história social que fundou a necessidade de se organizarem dossiês a respeito de japoneses e, a reboque disso, identificar o material de pesquisa para o estudo do português culto paulista organizado por gêneros textuais. No aspecto linguístico, recolhem-se qualificadores relativos a japoneses como forma de reconhecer algum tipo de preconceito sobre esses imigrantes. Ainda, nesse quesito linguístico, abordam-se questões relativas à ortografia, que se mostrava, então, muito instável, já que uma última mudança ortográfica fora imposta em 1943, período de produção dos documentos analisados. / This work, which is linked to the Thematic Project History of the Portuguese Language from São Paulo (USP/FAPESP), aims to present the results of research about the social history of Japanese immigrants in São Paulo and Portuguese Language aspects on the first half-century XX. During the research, there was the formation of the corpus, the study of social history which would be responsible for producing writing that refers to the prohibition of foreigness and the identification of genres that make up the dossiers. The background of this thesis begins with the adhesion of Brazil on the Second World War, since a concern with the foreigners, mainly German, Italian and Japanese people, has increased. In this sense, the first of October 1942, was enacted federal law defining crimes against state security on the times of war (Law Decree No. 4766), which initiated investigations on immigrants. The files derived from such research constitutes a corpus of 394 files generated by DEOPS and DOPS / SP selected by the criterion of nationality of the investigated people, namely, Japanese. The súditos do eixo, a pejorative way by which the police treated the Japanese citizens, began to be investigated more thoroughly. During this time, the Japanese were detained by police for the simple fact of communicating Japanese. In addition, investigations are mentioned in documents relating to the prohibition of teaching the Japanese language, so all foreign schools were also closed and associations where these foreigners gathered for leisure and festive activities. The saddest fact is verified with the conflicts between the Japanese themselves in the \'colony\' of São Paulo. The Shindo-Renmei had appeared and its members were called saboteurs because they were exterminating plantations and cultivation of the silkworm, products which contributed to the greatness of the Brazilian economy. This is the objective of this dissertation: to present the social history from documents about Japanese people and also identify the informations about the Standard Portuguese language of São Paulo. In the linguistic aspect, the qualifiers and the ortographic used in the documents, since a recent change of correct writting was imposed on 1943, during the production of documents reviewed.

The relationship between the Socialist Unity Party [SED] and the medical intelligentsia in the German Democratic Republic [GDR] has often been described as one of the most problem-atic for the Republic‟s political vanguard. This thesis discusses this relationship for the two dec-ades after the erection of the Berlin Wall in 1961. With the inability of East German workers to leave for West Germany after this event, the GDR was able to enforce their programme of so-cialist development in a new way. Doctors, despite being crucial for this socialist society and its legitimacy, were not excluded from the state‟s radical new policies. However, as files from the former state security apparatus, party and trade union make obvious, doctors were very success-ful in preventing both the ideological conditioning of their community and state interference in the composition of the medical elite. With the examination of the every-day life of the medical intelligentsia, especially in East German hospitals, this thesis contributes to the discussion about the difference between the claims of the socialist party and the realities faced in the healthcare sector. There were a variety of complex reasons for the increasing distance between the state‟s claim and reality, many of which will be analysed in the course of this work. This analysis is, em-bedded in a historical approach, outlined mainly by Mary Fulbrook, which sets the micro-level in the context of the macro-level, considering the correlation between the claim and ideology of the SED, their communication, mechanisms and policies reaching the boundaries of the social con-glomerate of doctors, as well as their reactions, career aspirations and pre-conditions. For the seventies, a whole section is dedicated to exploring the reasons that the medical intelligentsia was one of the main-clients of so-called „human trafficking gangs‟, enabling insight into their situa-tion and the attitude towards the socialist state, which led them to „vote with their feet‟. This the-sis demonstrates, especially for the sixties and seventies, that there is still much potential for fur-ther research, in to the case of the most ideologically unreliable social group in the GDR: the medical intelligentsia.

Este trabalho, que se vincula ao Projeto Temático História do Português Paulista (USP/FAPESP), tem o objetivo de apresentar os resultados da pesquisa sobre a história social dos imigrantes japoneses em São Paulo e aspectos do português paulista da primeira metade do século XX. Durante a pesquisa, realizou-se à constituição do corpus, ao estudo da história social que seria de fundo para a produção escrita que se refere à proibição de estrangerismo em território nacional e à identificação dos gêneros textuais que integram os dossiês. O pano de fundo desta dissertação começa com a adesão do Brasil à Segunda Guerra Mundial, pois a preocupação com os estrangeiros, principalmente com alemães, italianos e japoneses, aumentou. Neste sentido, em primeiro de outubro de 1942, foi decretada a lei federal que definia os crimes contra a segurança do Estado para os tempos de guerra (Decreto nº 4.766), o que deu início a investigações sobre imigrantes. A partir dos dossiês derivados dessas investigações, constituí um corpus de 394 dossiês gerados pelo DEOPS e DOPS/SP selecionados pelo critério da nacionalidade do investigado, qual seja, japonesa. Os súditos do eixo, forma pejorativa pelo qual os policiais tratavam os cidadãos japoneses, passaram a ser investigados com muito mais rigor. Durante essa época, os japoneses eram detidos pelos policias pelo simples fato de se comunicarem japonês. Além disso, as investigações mencionadas nos documentos são relativas à proibição do ensino da língua japonesa, pois todas as escolas estrangeiras foram fechadas e também as associações onde esses estrangeiros se reuniam para lazer e atividades festivas. O fato mais triste será verificado com os conflitos entre os próprios japoneses na colônia paulista. Surgiu uma facção chamada Shindô-renmei, cujos membros foram indiciados como sabotadores de plantações de menta e do cultivo do bicho da seda, que contribuíam com a grandeza da economia brasileira. Esse é o recorte expositivo deste trabalho: apresentar a história social que fundou a necessidade de se organizarem dossiês a respeito de japoneses e, a reboque disso, identificar o material de pesquisa para o estudo do português culto paulista organizado por gêneros textuais. No aspecto linguístico, recolhem-se qualificadores relativos a japoneses como forma de reconhecer algum tipo de preconceito sobre esses imigrantes. Ainda, nesse quesito linguístico, abordam-se questões relativas à ortografia, que se mostrava, então, muito instável, já que uma última mudança ortográfica fora imposta em 1943, período de produção dos documentos analisados. / This work, which is linked to the Thematic Project History of the Portuguese Language from São Paulo (USP/FAPESP), aims to present the results of research about the social history of Japanese immigrants in São Paulo and Portuguese Language aspects on the first half-century XX. During the research, there was the formation of the corpus, the study of social history which would be responsible for producing writing that refers to the prohibition of foreigness and the identification of genres that make up the dossiers. The background of this thesis begins with the adhesion of Brazil on the Second World War, since a concern with the foreigners, mainly German, Italian and Japanese people, has increased. In this sense, the first of October 1942, was enacted federal law defining crimes against state security on the times of war (Law Decree No. 4766), which initiated investigations on immigrants. The files derived from such research constitutes a corpus of 394 files generated by DEOPS and DOPS / SP selected by the criterion of nationality of the investigated people, namely, Japanese. The súditos do eixo, a pejorative way by which the police treated the Japanese citizens, began to be investigated more thoroughly. During this time, the Japanese were detained by police for the simple fact of communicating Japanese. In addition, investigations are mentioned in documents relating to the prohibition of teaching the Japanese language, so all foreign schools were also closed and associations where these foreigners gathered for leisure and festive activities. The saddest fact is verified with the conflicts between the Japanese themselves in the \'colony\' of São Paulo. The Shindo-Renmei had appeared and its members were called saboteurs because they were exterminating plantations and cultivation of the silkworm, products which contributed to the greatness of the Brazilian economy. This is the objective of this dissertation: to present the social history from documents about Japanese people and also identify the informations about the Standard Portuguese language of São Paulo. In the linguistic aspect, the qualifiers and the ortographic used in the documents, since a recent change of correct writting was imposed on 1943, during the production of documents reviewed.

The event known as the miracle of Cihost happened in a small village Číhošť in the region of Havlickuv Brod at the end of 1949, beginning of 1950. A crucifix moved on the altar during a sermon. The event led to an investigation and the detention of local priest, Josef Toufar, by the State Secret Police. Father Toufar became one of the first victims of the newly established totalitarian regime. This work called "The Media Portrayal of the Miracle of Cihost Over the Change of Time" presents the case known as the miracle of Cihost over three historical periods. The first period is connected with the origin of the case, therefore the end of 1949, beginning of 1950, the second period, which deals with events in Cihost to a certain extent, is the reform year 1968 and the last period is represented by the velvet revolution in 1989 which changed the established manner of functioning of state apparatus in our country and during which time the existing media system also transformed. The aim of this work is to point out the differences in the interpretations of this case in separate historical periods as each period deals with the case in question very differently. Part of this project was an effort to point out the political and media situation in all of the presented periods. Political and media events had...

Thesis Czech folk scene and political persecution after 1977, deals with the events in Czechoslovakia folk music scene after the release of Charter 77. Thesis is focused on members of the folk group Šafrán (Saffron). Studied period of time is placed between 1977 and the first half of the 80s in Czechoslovakia. Thesis is divided into two parts. Introduction of the thesis and its first part is dedicated to the political and cultural situation of the 70s of the 20th century. The second part of the thesis describes the origin and development of folk music as an independent musical genre in Czechoslovakia. The main aim of the thesis is a partial depiction of life situation of folk singer-songwriters in the specified time period. Thesis is based on chosen musician's personal memories of political persecution, which was directed against their work as well. The final part of the thesis is dedicated to the development and course of the secret police Action Asanace (Redevelopment). The event had an impact not only on the personal lives of these artists, but also on the further development of folk music in the late 20th century in Czechoslovakia.

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