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The central questions focus upon an examination of the (re)unification of Liberal parties in the GDR with the FDP (<i>Freie Demokratische Partei),</i> examining the integration processes involved and an assessment of the longer term impact of Liberal party (re)unification. The first chapter entails a historical overview of the Liberal parties in Germany prior to 1953, and sets out to isolate recurrent themes and influences in the development of German Liberal parties, facilitating a greater understanding of present-day considerations, in addition to serving as a statement on the latest research in this field. The second chapter deals with the events of 1989-90.  It analyses the mechanics of the process of uniting all Liberal groupings in the GDR with the FDP. The interpretation of the events and the actors involved is scrutinised. The third chapter contains an analysis of the subsequent waning of FDP support; and, ascertains the nature of the party today (mid-September 2001).  This chapter examines whether the FDP performance in the 1990s was a continuation of identifiable past trends, and whether the waning of support was due to external or internal factors, concluding that all three factors were at work. In this sense, the relatively strong FDP performance in the <i>Bundestag</i> election of December 1990 may be interpreted as an exceptional result.  The fourth chapter examines the response to the decline in support, concluding that the response is essentially a rebranding of the FDP with a remarkable degree of constancy in policy. This study is the first of its kind in the UK.  It is also an analysis of the first decade of the FDP in united Germany, and a statement of the present standing of the FDP.

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隨著國際金融環境的發展，資本市場日趨全球化，使全國金融市場間關係更加密切資金流動更為頻繁；然而政府為了引導國內證券市場朝向國際化與自由化之方向前進，由於當時國內經濟快速成長，景氣熱絡，加上台灣企業初次進入國際金融市場，稀有性高，造成一時之間洛陽紙貴，隨著國內證券市場國際化程度加深，越來越多表現優異的國內企業傾向於海外市場募集資金。赴海外發行有價證券已蔚為風潮，目前以海外可轉換公司債以及海外存託憑證為企業界在進行海外籌措資金時最常使用之金融工具。 本研究以1996年至2003年間進行海外籌資宣告之電子業上市公司中所蒐集之97件宣告事件為研究樣本（其中31件為宣告發行海外存託憑證，66件為宣告發行海外可轉債），利用事件研究法之市場模式進行統計分析，評估宣告事件對於公司價值之影響，並比較兩種海外籌資工具分別對公司價值影響程度。根據實證分析結果，可歸納出下列四點結論： 1.電子業上市公司宣告進行海外籌資活動對公司股價並沒有異常報酬產生，對公司價值沒有影響。 2.電子業上市公司宣告發行海外存託憑證對公司股價產生不顯著正的異常報酬。 3.電子業上市公司宣告發行海外可轉換公司債對公司股價產生不顯著正的異常報酬。 4.電子業上市公司發行海外可轉換公司債的宣告效果較海外存託憑證的宣告效果小。

The study is in two parts. The first part examines the representation of the academic institute and the figure of the academic in GDR literature in the latter half of the GDR state’s existence. Specifically, it explores the interface between realist critiques of science and/or GDR academia and metaphorically coded critiques of the GDR state in a selection of texts by Christa Wolf, Helga Königsdorf and Günter de Bruyn. In this focus on the relationship between the realist and the metaphorical dimensions of the texts, my study differs from previous scholarship which has tended to foreground one or other aspect. A particular focus of this study are the ways in which these writers model the academic institute as a microcosm of the GDR state, with academic research projects standing for the GDR socialist project, and institutional dynamics representing social relations in the GDR. Having explored the relationship between the representation of the academic institute, the academic world and GDR society, I conclude the first part of this study by arguing that, perhaps surprisingly, there are similarities between these GDR ‘academia tales’ and the Anglo-American campus novel. Part Two of the study begins by examining the post-Wende representation of the restructuring, or Abwicklung, of the GDR academic establishment in texts by Helga Königsdorf and John Erpenbeck. This is followed by an overview of a series of texts in which the post-Wende experiences of east German academics, while treated more peripherally, nevertheless generate interesting readings. While there have been many historical and sociological analyses of academic Abwicklung, this is the first to examine literary treatments of the phenomenon. It explores the representation of academic Abwicklung both as a social issue in its own right, and as a starting point for broader political commentaries. Furthermore, by exploring the continued use of the academic institute as a metaphor for the GDR state, even after the latter’s collapse, this study supports the view that the Wende did not lead to an immediate reconceptualisation of political and aesthetic approaches in the literature produced by east German writers.

Thesis advisor: Devin Pendas / Thesis advisor: James Cronin / Political structures, ideology, and science interact to shape public health policy in a way that is complex and still poorly understood. The German experience in the 20th century creates a unique historical opportunity for studying this interplay. This study examines the development and variation of tuberculosis control measures under the Kaiser Reich, during the Weimar Republic, in the era of Nazism, and in the post-1945 occupation zones and subsequent German states. This dissertation examines major milestones in scientific understanding, medical practice, public health policy, legislation, and regulation related to tuberculosis control under successive German states and governments will help to clarify their interaction. In the course of this turbulent German century, profound changes occurred in the scientific understanding of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis had reached epidemic proportions in Germany in the wake of the industrial revolution, spurring considerable research into its origins, treatment, and the conditions of its spread. Robert Koch's 1882 discovery of the tuberculosis bacillus launched a period of progress in diagnosis and treatment that coincided with increased political interest in public health more generally. Only with the discovery of streptomycin in 1945 did medical science begin to develop the first effective drug therapies and struggled with questions of how to integrate these into existing treatment and prevention paradigms. Here, a comparison between the East and West German experience proves particularly helpful in exploring the importance of ideology, politics, medical knowledge, as well as institutional and professional interests. Ultimately, through the case study of tuberculosis treatment and control, this dissertation examines how the interaction between various German states' ideologies, their medical traditions, and their scientific knowledge shaped Germany's public health policies and practices. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

Since 1945 the state now known as the Federal Republic of Germany has experienced: • quadripartite military occupation • . division into two states organised in line with Cold War polarity • the construction and fortification of a brutal border and (following an unforeseen chain of events) • a spectacular dismantling of that order and the subsequent re-joining of the previously divided parts. Following that, there has been an alignment and absorption of the newly created single state into the framework of Western democracy in its broadest sense. The process of the British accommodation to these changing German identities represents the main themes of these collected publications. Together, they seek to portray the complexity of the role Britain has played in constructing, managing and accepting this accommodation. Individually, they chart steps along the way. Though attention has rightly been paid elsewhere to the variety of roles and policy positions adopted by the two German states and by the new single one via-A-vis relations with other European states, the impact of these on relations with Germany's former victors from World War Two and subsequent allies, East or West, represents a more recently identified area for research. These collected publications seek to highlight, from a post-unification perspective, major milestones in the development of relations between Britain and Germany since 1945. They deal with the two major problematics of the Cold War period and its dramatic end with the fall of the Berlin Wall on 9/10 November 1989, namely the questions of British attitudes to German (re-)unification and the appropriate way to deal with the GDR, both before and after diplomatic recognition. Also covered are the themes of the British contribution to the construction of German democracy in the immediate post-war period and the benefits, tensions and conflicts deriving from more recent developments in bilateral business relationships. Further themes relate to the role of the print media in representing these topic areas, and to new insights derived from archive research into GDR policy towards the West.

This thesis analyzes three works of the GDR dramatist Heiner Müller: his early prose poem Orpheus gepflügt, his learning play Mauser, and his late piece Verkommenes Ufer Medeamaterial Landschaft mit Argonauten. It demonstrates how Müller, throughout different career stages, pragmatizes myth to further critical thinking. Ancient Greek myths and Christian symbolism play a crucial role in Müller’s strategy of calling into question the very systems that lay claim to an absolute truth. Müller both alludes to and openly employs myths to identify their inherent dialectical tension operative in everyday life as well as in secular explanatory models used to legitimize political agendas. He expands Theodor W. Adorno’s concept of negative dialectics through an emphasis on the mythical pole of the dialectical dyad “myth and enlightenment.” By drawing attention to myths inherent in civilization, Müller opens up space for the imagination and the potential of the irrational to initiate change.