Dans une première partie, certaines caractéristiques de la propagation<br />d'un électron dans des systèmes désordonnés sont étudiées au moyen<br />d'un développement perturbatif utilisant la série de Watson.<br />L'utilisation de potentiels de taille finie répartis de façon<br />aléatoire pour modéliser le désordre nécessite l'introduction de<br />matrices de diffusion hors couche d'énergie, qui permettent ensuite de<br />calculer analytiquement chaque élément de la série de Watson. Des<br />corrections au libre parcours moyen élastique de Boltzmann, en<br />dimensions 2 et 3, sont obtenues à l'aide de la moyenne d'ensemble du<br />propagateur de l'électron. La taille du diffuseur y joue un rôle<br />important.<br /><br />La resommation exacte de la série de Watson sous forme matricielle<br />permet une étude numérique de la section efficace totale de diffusion<br />du système désordonné. Celle-ci montre un comportement inattendu lors<br />du passage du régime balistique au régime diffusif.<br /><br />La deuxième partie concerne le transport d'électrons en interaction<br />dans les systèmes désordonnés. Le désordre y est modélisé par un<br />champ d'impuretés statiques. L'utilisation d'outils de la théorie des<br />champs permet d'envisager une approche non perturbative de ces<br />systèmes désordonnés dans lesquels l'interaction entre électrons peut<br />être à l'origine d'une transition entre le régime métallique et le régime<br />isolant.<br /><br />Une nouvelle approche s'inspirant du groupe de renormalisation est<br />ensuite appliquée au calcul d'équations de flot décrivant l'évolution<br />des constantes de couplage d'un système d'électrons en interaction.<br />L'approximation à l'ordre d'une boucle permet de vérifier que ces<br />équations de flot conduisent aux résultats donnés par la théorie des<br />perturbations (RPA).

This work is concerned with the applicability of several approximation methods (finite section method, Galerkin and collocation methods with maximum defect splines for uniform and non uniform meshes) to operators belonging to the closed subalgebra generated by operators of multiplication bz piecewise continuous functions and convolution operators also with piecewise continuous generating function.

Rough surface scattering is a problem of interest in underwater acoustic remote sensing applications. To model this problem, a fully three-dimensional (3D) finite element model has been developed, but it requires an abundance of time and computational resources. Two-dimensional (2D) models that are much easier to compute are often employed though they don’t natively represent the physical environment. Three quantities have been developed that, when applied, allow 2D rough surface scattering models to be used to predict 3D scattering. The first factor, referred to as the spreading factor, adopted from the work of Sumedh Joshi [1], accounts for geometrical differences between equivalent 2D and 3D model environments. A second factor, referred to as the perturbative factor, is developed through the use of small perturbation theory. This factor is well-suited to account for differences in the scattered field between a 2D model and scattering from an isotropically rough 2D surface in 3D. Lastly, a third composite factor, referred to as the combined factor, of the previous two is developed by taking their minimum. This work deals only with scattering within the plane of the incident wave perpendicular to the scatterer. The applicability of these factors are tested by comparing a 2D scattering model with a fully three-dimensional Monte Carlo finite element method model for a variety of von Karman and Gaussian power spectra. The combined factor shows promise towards a robust method to adequately characterize isotropic 3D rough surfaces using 2D numerical simulations. / text

Nanometer-scale particles of the noble metals have been used for decades as contrast enhancement agents in electron microscopy. Over the past several years it has been demonstrated that these particles also function as excellent contrast agents for optical imaging techniques. The resonant optical scattering they exhibit enables scattering cross sections that may be many orders of magnitude greater than the analogous efficiency factor for fluorescent dye molecules. Biologically relevant labeling with nanoparticles generally results in aggregates containing a few to several tens of particles. The electrodynamic coupling between particles in these aggregates produces observable shifts in the resonance-scattering spectrum. This dissertation provides a theoretical analysis of the scattering from nanoparticle aggregates. The key objectives are to describe this scattering behavior qualitatively and to provide numerical codes usable for modeling its application to biomedical engineering. Considerations of the lowest-order dipole-dipole coupling lead to simple qualitative predictions of the behavior of the spectral properties of the optical cross sections as they depend on number of particles, inter-particle spacing, and aggregate aspect ratio. More comprehensive analysis using the multiple-particle T-matrix formalism allows the elaboration of more subtle cross-section spectral features depending on the interactions of the electrodynamic collective-modes of the aggregate, of individual-particle modes, and of modes associated with groups of particles within the aggregate sub-structure. In combination these analyses and the supporting numerical code-base provide a unified electrodynamic approach which facilitates interpretation of experimental cross section spectra, guides the design of new biophysical experiments using nanoparticle aggregates, and enables optimal fabrication of nanoparticle structures for biophysical applications. / text

The aim of this thesis is to investigate how material surfaces are affected by various surface treatments and how this relates to the adhesion of the coating. The materials that were studied were WC-Co and Cermets and the surface treatments used were polishing, grinding with coarser and finer abrasive grains, and finally wet blasting and dry blasting. Focus was on deformations and residual stresses in the surface, surface roughness and cracks. The test methods used for examining the samples included surface roughness measurements, residual stress measurements, adhesion tests using Rockwell indentation and SEM images of the surface and the cross section.<br /><br />The results concluded that polishing gives very good adhesion. Additionally, the adhesion for ground surfaces was good for WC-Co but very poor for Cermets. Furthermore, it was observed that finer abrasive grains did not result in better adhesion. In fact, the coarser grains gave slightly better results. Finally, it was concluded that wet blasting has a clear advantage over dry blasting and results in much better adhesion, especially for the Cermets. The results for the WC-Co were a bit inconsistent and so further research is required.

The present knowledge of angular distributions of neutron-induced fission is limited to a maximal energy of 15 MeV, with large discrepancies around 14 MeV. Only 238U and 232Th have been investigated up to 100 MeV in a single experiment. The n_TOF Collaboration performed the fission cross section measurement of several actinides (232Th, 235U, 238U, 234U, 237Np) at the n_TOF facility using an experimental set-up made of Parallel Plate Avalanche Counters (PPAC), extending the energy domain of the incident neutron above hundreds of MeV. The method based on the detection of the 2 fragments in coincidence allowed to clearly disentangle the fission reactions among other types of reactions occurring in the spallation domain. I will show the methods we used to reconstruct the full angular resolution by the tracking of fission fragments. Below 10 MeV our results are consistent with existing data. For example in the case of 232Th, below 10 MeV the results show clearly the variation occurring at the first (1 MeV) and second (7 MeV) chance fission, corresponding to transition states of given J and K (total spin and its projection on the fission axis), and a much more accurate energy dependence at the 3rd chance threshold (14 MeV) has been obtained. In the spallation domain, above 30 MeV we confirm the high anisotropy revealed in 232Th by the single existing data set. I'll discuss the implications of this finding, related to the low anisotropy exhibited in proton-induced fission. I also explore the critical experiments which is valuable checks of nuclear data. The 237Np neutron-induced fission cross section has recently been measured in a large energy range (from eV to GeV) at the n TOF facility at CERN. When compared to previous measurements, the n TOF fission cross section appears to be higher by 5-7 % beyond the fission threshold. To check the relevance of n TOF data, we simulate a criticality experiment performed at Los Alamos with a 6 kg sphere of 237Np. This sphere was surrounded by enriched uranium 235U so as to approach criticality with fast neutrons. The simulation predicts a multiplication factor keff in better agreement with the experiment (the deviation of 750 pcm is reduced to 250 pcm) when we replace the ENDF/B- VII.0 evaluation of the 237Np fission cross section by the n TOF data. We also explore the hypothesis of deficiencies of the inelastic cross section in 235U which has been invoked by some authors to explain the deviation of 750 pcm. The large distortion that should be applied to the inelastic cross sections in order to reconcile the critical experiment with its simulation is incompatible with existing measurements. Also we show that the nubar of 237Np can hardly be incriminated because of the high accuracy of the existing data. Fission rate ratios or averaged fission cross sections measured in several fast neutron fields seem to give contradictory results on the validation of the 237Np cross section but at least one of the benchmark experiments, where the active deposits have been well calibrated for the number of atoms, favors the n TOF data set. These outcomes support the hypothesis of a higher fission cross section of 237Np.

Celà fait maintenant presque 50 ans qu'on a découvert que la section efficace totale proton-proton augmentait avec l'énergie, alors qu'on pensait précédemment qu'elle deviendrait asymptotiquement constante. Les incertitudes des mesures sur les rayons cosmiques effectuées à haute énergie ne permettent pas de déterminer la forme exacte de l'augmentation de la section efficace avec l'énergie.Le LHC au CERN à Genève fournit des collisions avec une énergie jamais atteinte dans un accélérateur de particule. L'énergie dans le centre de masse était 7 TeV en 2010 - 2011, 8 TeV en 2012 et atteindra 14 TeV dans un futur proche. Le détecteur ATLAS installé sur un des quatre points d'interaction du LHC, est utilisé pour collecter le résultat des collisions proton-proton. Son sous-détecteur ALFA, situé à 240 m du point d'interaction, est utilisé pour détecter les proton résultant des collisions élastiques. ALFA est donc capable, dans certaines conditions particulières de l'optique, de mesurer la section efficace totale et la pente nucléaire.Le travail effectué durant cette thèse a permit de mesurer σtot = 94.88 ± 0.12 stat ± 1.56syst mb et b = 19.45 ± 0.05stat ± 0.31syst GeV-2 à 7 TeV.

In this thesis work, the K-shell photoionization of multi-charged ions has been studied as well as the valence photoionization of atomic and small molecular ions. The K-shell photoionization cross sections were measured for nitrogen iso-nuclear series, from N+ to N4+ ions using the ion-photon merged beam technique and the valence photoionization cross sections for Xe+ and Kr+ ions and the small molecular ions CO_2^+ and N_2^+ using both the merged beam and ion trap techniques at the SOLEIL synchrotron radiation facility in Saint-Aubin, France. Combination of the two techniques allows for the measurement of the pure ground state ionization cross section on an absolute scale.The experimental K-shell photoionization cross sections are compared with theoretical results obtained from the multi-configuration Dirac-Fock (MCDF), R-matrix and the Screening Constant by Unit Nuclear Charge (SCUNC) methods. The interplay between experiment and theory enables the identification and characterization of the strong 1s→2p and 1s→3p resonances observed in the spectra. The experimental valence photoionization cross sections for Xe+ and Kr+ ions are compared with MCDF calculations results obtained for the direct photoionization process. The quality of the absolute cross section measurements using the merged beam techniques is strongly dependent on the performance of Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS). In order to improve the current of ions in the interaction region, the ions extraction system and transport was simulated by using IGUN program and ECRopt.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude expérimentale par spectroscopie de photoluminescence de nanotubes de carbone nus et fonctionnalisés. Les nanotubes étant formés exclusivement d'atomes de surface, leurs propriétés optiques peuvent être grandement altérées, mais aussi contrôlées, par interaction avec l'environnement physico-chimique. Un dispositif de microscopie confocale à l'échelle de l'objet unique et à température cryogénique est développé pour l'étude de la luminescence de nanotubes déposés sur substrat. La variété des profils spectraux observés est interprétée en terme d'un couplage entre excitons localisés et phonons acoustiques unidimensionnels dont le spectre peut être altéré aux basses énergies. Ce mécanisme explique notamment l'observation originale de raies très fines, de largeur inférieure à 500 µeV. La fonctionnalisation non-covalente des nanotubes par des molécules de colorants (porphyrines) introduit une nouvelle voie d'excitation optique par un transfert d'énergie très efficace. Le suivi physico-chimique de la réaction d'adsorption nous informe sur la couverture et l'affinité des molécules sur les nanotubes. Une étude de photoluminescence sur composés uniques résolue en polarisation montre une forte anisotropie du transfert d'énergie gouvernée par des effets d'antenne à proximité du nanotube. Enfin, le colorant peut être utilisé comme cellule d'absorption de référence pour évaluer la section efficace d'absorption des nanotubes. Une nette évolution avec l'angle chiral de l'espèce est notamment observée pour l'absorption à la résonance optique S22.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe aptariama oro srauto greičio netolygumo aerodinaminiame vamzdyje problema ir aktualumas. Išanalizuota būdinga mokslinė literatūra ir aprašyti būdingiausi oro srauto greičio darbinės dalies skerspjūvyje nustatymo metodai. Naudojant CAD aplinkos programą sumodeliuotas trimatis aerodinaminio vamzdžio modelis ir pritaikius analizės baigtiniais elementais metodą, atliktas oro srauto greičio pasiskirstymo aerodinaminio vamzdžio darbinėje dalyje ir jos viduriniame skespjūvyje tyrimas. Tyrimo rezultatai išanalizuoti ir pateiktos išvados ir siūlymai. / In this master's thesis deals discusses the inadequacy of air flow speed in wind tunnel and the relevance of the problem. Performed analysis of the scientific literature and describe the most typical technique of air flow mesurements in wind tunnel. Using a CAD program modeled three-dimensional wind tunnel model and performed air flow velocity testing in wind tunenel test section and their midle cros area section usig CFD program. The results is evaluated and stated the conclusions and suggestions.