Concrete-filled tubular (CFT) columns have been widely adopted in building structures owing to their superior structural performance, such as enhanced load bearing capacity, compared to hollow tubes. Circular, square and rectangular hollow sections are most commonly used in the past few decades. Elliptical hollow section (EHS) available recently is regarded as a new cross-section for the CFT columns due to its attractive appearance, optional orientation either on major axis or minor axis and improved structural efficiency. The state of the research in terms of elliptical columns, tubular joints between EHSs and connections with CFT columns, etc., are reviewed in this thesis, showing a lack of investigations on EHSs, especially on beam to elliptical column connections which are essential in framed structures. The structural behaviour of elliptical column to I-beam connections under bending is studied in this thesis to fill the research gap. Overall ten specimens with various joint assemblies were tested to failure to highlight the benefits of adopting concrete infill and stiffeners in the columns. A three-dimensional finite element model developed by using ABAQUS software is presented and verified against obtained experimental results, which shows acceptable accuracy and reliability in predicting failure modes of the connections and their moment capacities. Parametric studies were performed to access the main parameters that affecting the bending behaviour of the connections. A simple hand calculation method in terms of ultimate moment capacity is proposed according to experiments conducted for connections with concrete-filled columns.

abstract: Microchannel heat sinks can possess heat transfer characteristics unavailable in conventional heat exchangers; such sinks offer compact solutions to otherwise intractable thermal management problems, notably in small-scale electronics cooling. Flow boiling in microchannels allows a very high heat transfer rate, but is bounded by the critical heat flux (CHF). This thesis presents a theoretical-numerical study of a method to improve the heat rejection capability of a microchannel heat sink via expansion of the channel cross-section along the flow direction. The thermodynamic quality of the refrigerant increases during flow boiling, decreasing the density of the bulk coolant as it flows. This may effect pressure fluctuations in the channels, leading to nonuniform heat transfer and local dryout in regions exceeding CHF. This undesirable phenomenon is counteracted by permitting the cross-section of the microchannel to increase along the direction of flow, allowing more volume for the vapor. Governing equations are derived from a control-volume analysis of a single heated rectangular microchannel; the cross-section is allowed to expand in width and height. The resulting differential equations are solved numerically for a variety of channel expansion profiles and numbers of channels. The refrigerant is R-134a and channel parameters are based on a physical test bed in a related experiment. Significant improvement in CHF is possible with moderate area expansion. Minimal additional manufacturing costs could yield major gains in the utility of microchannel heat sinks. An optimum expansion rate occurred in certain cases, and alterations in the channel width are, in general, more effective at improving CHF than alterations in the channel height. Modest expansion in height enables small width expansions to be very effective. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Mechanical Engineering 2011

Les méthodes perturbatives, telle que l’approximation de Born, sont nécessaires pour résoudre les problèmes inhérents à l’ionisation d’atomes et de molécules par impact d’électrons ou de positrons. Afin d’optimiser les calculs nécessaires pour le second terme de l’approximation de Born, nous avons commencé par étudier l’ionisation de l’atome le plus simple : celui d’hydrogène. Nous avons utilisé une base contenant un grand nombre d’états (294) nous permettant d’éviter la relation de fermeture qui nécessite l’introduction d’un paramètre qui représente la valeur moyenne d’excitation. Nos résultats ont montré un bon accord avec l’expérience surtout pour les faibles énergies des électrons éjectés. Nous avons ainsi pu montrer l’importance de la contribution des états du continuum (représentés par des pseudo-états), en particulier pour les transitions de type dipolaire. Pour la double ionisation de l’atome d’hélium, nous avons appliqué la même méthodologie de calcul numérique complet tout en incluant 20 états et pseudo-états intermédiaires et en utilisant une fonction d’onde corrélée d’interaction de configuration, on a trouvé pour les grandes énergies d’incidence (5 keV) que l’effet du terme Born 2 est presque nul. Par contre l’application de « SBA » avec la relation de fermeture pour l’état fondamental et les premiers états excités montre une petite différence avec « FBA » en particulier en dehors de la région du transfert. Dans le cas des faibles énergies d’incidence (601 eV) il était attendu d’obtenir un effet important de « SBA » surtout que des études sur les (e,3-1e) de l’hélium montrent un déplacement du pic principal par rapport à « FBA ». Donc on peut dire que les 20 états intermédiaires contribuent de façon insuffisante et qu’il faudra considérer beaucoup plus d’états / The perturbative methods, such as Born approximation, are necessary to solve the problems concerning the ionization of atoms and molecules by electrons or positrons impacts. In order to use Born approximation in an optimized way, we tested it on the simplest atom « Hydrogen » by using a basis of large amount of intermediate states (294) and complete numerical calculation without using the closure approximation whose application needs the introduction of a parameter which is the excitation mean value. Our results proved a significant agreement with the experiment particularly for small energies of the ejected electrons. We also proved an important contribution of the continuum (represented by the pseudo-states), and particularly the dipolar transition. For the double ionization of Helium atom, we applied the same methodology of complete calculation by including 20 intermediate states and pseudo-states and by using a configuration interaction wave function, we found that for high incident energy (5 keV) the effect of the second term of Born is almost zero. However, the application of the « SBA » with the closure approximation by using the fundamental state and the first excited states show a slight difference relative to the « FBA » particularly outside the transfer region. In case of low incident energy (601 eV), it was expected a crucial effect of the « SBA » especially that previous studies of (e, 3-1e) of Helium show a significant shift of the main peak relative to the « FBA ». So we can say that 20 intermediate states are not enough and the application of the « SBA » needs more states

Title: Monte Carlo Simulations of the Tile Calorimeter and Measurement of the Z → ττ Cross Section with the ATLAS Detector Author: Mgr. Jana Nováková Department: Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics (IPNP) Supervisor: RNDr. Tomáš Davídek, PhD., IPNP Supervisor's e-mail address: davidek@ipnp.troja.mff.cuni.cz Abstract: The Monte Carlo simulations of the Tile calorimeter in the ATLAS experiment at the LHC, especially the electronic noise and multiple interactions (co-called pile-up), are discussed in the thesis. A good agreement in the cell energy distribution between data and Monte Carlo simulations is found. The cross section measurement of Z → ττ events with the ττ invariant mass between 66 and 116 GeV with the ATLAS experiment is described in the next part of the thesis. Data samples collected during 2011 corresponding to the integrated luminosity of 1.34 - 1.55 fb−1 are used for the analysis. The measurements are performed in three different final states depending on the decay mode of the τ leptons. The measurement in the channel with one τ lepton decaying leptonically into the electron + neutrinos (schematically τ → e + νe + ντ ) and the other one hadronically (schematically τ → hadrons + ντ ), especially the calculation of the nominal cross section and the evaluation of the systematic...

Diploma thesis is intended as material for general public. The thesis includes construction methods of the Golden Section and calculation of the Golden Number and its properties. It makes aquainted with the history of the Golden Section and its shows occurrence in a plane geometry. The thesis describes the connection between the Golden Number and the Fibonacci Sequence, occurrence of the Golden Section, Fibonacci Sequnce and the logarithmic spirals in nature in both proportions of living organisms and in plants and on the human body. The text is completed with illustractive figures drawn mostly in GeoGebra. The Golden Number properties and the plane constructions are given. The Golden Section is completed with photos.

A vitivinicultura é uma atividade extremamente importante no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, representando cerca de 50% das uvas produzidas e 90% dos vinhos em todo o país. Diferentes gêneros fúngicos são comumente encontrados infectando as bagas, os principais são Alternaria, Botrytis, Cladosporium e Aspergillus. Esta contaminação é influenciada por diferentes fatores, entre eles, características climáticas da região, variedades da uva, tipo de cultivo, entre outros. O gênero Aspergillus destaca-se dos demais, pois as espécies frequentemente encontradas nas uvas, os chamados Aspergillus seção Nigri, são potenciais produtores de Ocratoxina A, micotoxina nefrotóxica e possivelmente carcinogênica para humanos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram a caracterização micotoxicológica de uvas das variedades Merlot e Cabernet Sauvignon, produzidas em três regiões vitivinícolas do Rio Grande do Sul, coletadas em dois estágios de maturação das bagas. As amostragens foram realizadas no inicio da mudança de cor e na colheita nas regiões da Campanha, Serra do Sudeste e Serra do Nordeste. Foram isolados oito gêneros fúngicos, com destaque para Alternaria, que foi predominante em todas as regiões, estágios de cultivo e nas duas variedades. Os Aspergillus seção Nigri foram predominantes no gênero Aspergillus, representando 88% dos isolados, que se destacaram na região da Campanha e na variedade Cabernet Sauvignon. O período da colheita demonstrou ser critico para a contaminação por Aspergillus negros na variedade Cabernet Sauvignon, enquanto na variedade Merlot, maior frequência desses fungos foi observada durante o início da mudança de cor. Uma cepa de Aspergillus japonicus foi capaz de produzir ocratoxina A na concentração de 148 ng/mL/106 conídios. Não foram encontrados níveis detectáveis de OTA nas amostras de uvas. A caracterização da contaminação fungica e por OTA em uvas cultivadas no estado é relevante para garantir a qualidade destes produtos e a segurança da população consumidora. / The viticulture is an important activity in Brazil. Rio Grande do Sul, the southern state of Brazil, responsible for almost 90% of wines production. Different fungal genera are commonly found infecting the berries, mainly Alternaria, Botrytis, Cladosporium and Aspergillus. Grape infection and fungal growth in influenced by different factors, including climatic characteristics of the region, grape varieties, crop type, among others. Among the genus Aspergillus, Aspergillus section Nigri stands out from the others, because its ability to produce ochratoxin A, mycotoxin with nephrotoxic characteristics and classified as a possible carcinogenic to humans. The aim of this study was the mycological characterization of wine grapes of Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon varieties, cultivated at three wine producer regions of Rio Grande do Sul, collected during two stages of berries maturation. The sampling was conducted at the early ripeness and harvesting from the Campanha, Serra do Sudeste and Serra do Nordeste regions. Eight fungal genera were isolated, highlighting Alternaria, which was predominant in all regions, growing stages and varieties. Aspergillus section Nigri were prevalent in the genus Aspergillus, representing 88% of the isolates mainly at Campanha region as well as Cabernet Sauvignon veriety. The harvest period proved to be critical for contamination by Aspergillus section Nigri in C. Sauvignon variety; nevertheless, in Merlot, the greater frequency of these fungi was observed at early ripeness. One Aspergillus japonicus isolate was able to produce OTA at a concentration of 148 ng mL-1/106 conidia. No detectable levels of OTA were found in any grape samples. The characterization of fungal and OTA contamination in grapes cultivated in Rio Grande do Sul is extremely important to ensure the quality of these products and consumers safety.

Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de sistematização para o desenvolvimento de produtos de empresas do setor moveleiro. Tal proposta parte da necessidade das empresas em repensar os processos atuais de desenvolvimento visando manter a liderança no segmento em que atuam, abordando estrategicamente a visão de negócio da organização. A proposta apresentada parte da análise da atual gestão praticada em algumas empresas do setor moveleiro do pólo da Serra Gaúcha. Primeiramente, por meio de observação participante, identificou-se o processo de desenvolvimento praticado pelas empresas para, a partir deste, propor um modelo referencial para o Processo de Desenvolvimento de Produto (PDP). O Modelo proposto tem como ênfase a (re)organização das macro-etapas do processo de desenvolvimento, buscando o envolvimento de todas as áreas da organização por meio de equipes multifuncionais. Para tanto, utilizou-se a abordagem de stage-gates para o controle das etapas e os princípios do Desenvolvimento Integrado de Produtos (DIP) para gestão do processo. Como principal contribuição desta dissertação apresenta-se um modelo estruturado de fácil assimilação e implantação para pequenas e médias empresas do setor, através de discussão das etapas e apresentação de documentos para controle e formalização do PDP. Acredita-se que a implantação de um modelo referencial no setor moveleiro constitui-se de um passo importante para a reorganização do PDP e maior integração dos setores envolvidos neste processo. Em última análise, espera-se que a adoção de um modelo referencial melhore a orientação ao mercado, reduza o tempo de desenvolvimento de produto e proporcione melhorias na qualidade do produto final. A proposta apresentada é exemplificada através do desenvolvimento de um móvel utilitário para notebook. / This work presents a proposal of systematization for the products developing at furniture factories. Such proposal starts from the companies' necessity to rethink the present processes of developing aiming to keep the leadership on the furniture sector, by strategically approaching the companies to the business view. The presented proposal starts from the analysis of the present management approachused in some furniture companies at Serra Gaucha area. First, through cooperating observation, the developing process type approach used was identified. From this point on, to propose a referential model for the Product Developing Process (PDP). Is proposed model has emphasis the recognition of the macro phases for the developing process, trying the involvement all departments of the company through the use of multifunctional teams. For such task, it was used an approach of stage-gate to control the phases and the principles of Integrated Product Development (IDP) for the process management. As main contribution of this dissertation an structured model is presented of easy assimilation and implantation for small and medium size furniture companies, through the discussion of the phases and documents presentation for the PDP control and formalization. One gives credit that the implantation of a referential model at furniture sector constitutes an important step for the PDP reorganization for the involved sectors in this process. As the last analysis, one expects that the adoption of a referential model improves the market orientation, reduces the time of product development and provides improvements on final product quality. The proposal is exemplified through the furniture Desk for notebook piece development process.

It was not thought that there would be some major flaws in the design of widely used steel moment frames until the Northridge Earthquake hit the California on January 17, 1994. Until then, steel moment frames were practiced as the most ductile system and were used in buildings from few stories to skyscrapers. The heavy devastation from Northridge Earthquake was an alarm for all the people related to the design and construction of such structures and pushed everybody to act fast to find some possible solutions to such never-expected-problems. Following the earthquake, FEMA entered into a cooperative agreement with the SAC joint venture in order to get a transparent picture of the problems in the seismic performance of steel moment frames and to come up with suitable recommendations. The research was specifically done to address the following things: to inspect the earthquake-affected buildings in order to determine the damage incurred in the buildings, to find out ways to repair the damaged buildings and upgrade the performance of existing buildings, and to modify the design of new buildings in order to make them more reliable for seismic performance. Among the various new design suggestions, the Reduced Beam Section (RBS) connection has been one of the most efficient and reliable option for high ductility demands. The purpose of this research was to study the behavior of concrete slabs in the performance of steel moment frames with reduced beam sections based on ductility, strength and stiffness. The slab is an integral part of a building. It is always wiser to consider the slab in order to assess accurately the seismic behavior of a building under the earthquake loading. In this research, two sets of finite element models were analyzed. Each set had one bare steel moment frame and one concrete slab frame which acted as a composite section. The connections were designed using the AISC Seismic Design manual (AISC 2012). The finite element modeling was done using NISA DISPLAY-IV (NISA 2010). All the models, with and without the slab were analyzed under the same boundary conditions and loads. Both non-linear and linear analyses were performed. The results from non-linear analysis were used to compare the ductility and strength whereas linear analysis results were used to compare the stiffness between bare steel and composite frame models.

Atualmente estamos atravessando um momento único na história do país. Além da estabilidade econômica que gera visibilidade e credibilidade mundial ao Brasil, estamos às vésperas de realizar o maior evento esportivo do planeta: a Copa do Mundo FIFA de Futebol. O futebol é um esporte de grande repercussão – chamado de paixão nacional no Brasil – o que gera grandes expectativas sobre o Megaevento, principalmente pela questão econômica. Além de todos os interesses que cercam a realização deste evento, os cidadãos envolvidos com o Setor Terciário (que abrange atividades comerciais, prestação de serviços, turismo e entretenimento) são os mais otimistas frente à realização do mesmo. Este setor da economia, que cada vez emprega mais pessoas, vem mudando seu perfil desde a década de 70, e a diversidade dos serviços atualmente oferecidos está diretamente relacionada com a mudança do perfil urbano das grandes cidades. A respeito disto, vários autores vêm escrevendo a respeito das modificações ocorridas na dinâmica das metrópoles, como por exemplo Ascher (2004) e Santos (1999), entre outros, que destacam em suas obras a crescente importância da tecnologia no cotidiano, as facilidades de comunicação, informação e mobilidade, o aprimoramento constante da ciência e a consequente modificação da noção de limites espaciais e temporais. Algumas obras já chegam a denominar o nível de complexidade que atingiu o Setor Terciário nas grandes metrópoles de Terciário Superior ou Quaternário, tamanho o ineditismo que foi alcançado neste aspecto atualmente. Para se referir a estes novos processos urbanos, usaremos neste trabalho a denominação Terceira Modernidade Urbana, de Ascher (2004, p. 28), para que haja um destaque deste momento frente aos anteriores. Focando os estudos em Porto Alegre, procura-se aqui encontrar as evidências desta Terceira Modernidade Urbana na capital gaúcha. E, sendo esta uma das 12 cidades-sede da Copa do Mundo no Brasil, objetiva-se verificar também como o Setor Terciário da cidade está se preparando para atender um público global, e qual a expectativa do mesmo sobre o legado que o Megaevento vai deixar para o Setor. / We are currently going through a unique moment in the country's history. Besides economic stability that generates global visibility and credibility to Brazil, we are on the verge of realizing the greatest sporting event on the planet: the FIFA World Cup. The football is a sport of great impact - called national passion in Brazil - which generates great expectations about the mega event, mainly for economic question. Besides all the interests that surround this event, citizens involved in the Tertiary Section (covering commercial activities, services, tourism and entertainment) are the most optimistic ahead to achievement the same. This section of the economy, which increasingly employs more people, is changing its profile since the 70s, and the diversity of services currently offered is directly related to the changing profile of the urban cities. In this regard, several authors have been writing about the alterations in the dynamics of metropolises such as Ascher (2004) and Santos (1999), among others, in his works that highlight the growing importance of technology in everyday life, the facilities communication, information and mobility, the constant improvement of science and the consequent modification of the notion of spatial and temporal boundaries. Some works have come to signify the level of complexity that hit the Tertiary Section in the large cities of Upper Tertiary and Quaternary, the unprecedented size has been achieved in this regard today. To refer to these new urban processes, this work will use the term Third Urban Modernity, of Ascher (2004, p. 28), to this moment to have highlighted a compared to others. Focusing on studies in Porto Alegre, seeks to find evidence of this here Third Urban Modernity in the state capital. And, this being one of 12 host cities for the World Cup in Brazil, aims to verify how well the Tertiary Section of the city is preparing to serve a global public, and what is the expectation of the same on the legacy that the mega event will leave the section.

Contemporary transformation of the Czech primary educational system is characterized according to RVP ZV. The thesis deal with cohesion of the RVP ZV and ethic aspects. The author focuses on ethic education as a complementary educional branche and surveys approaches of individual teachers to this curriculum. The theoretical part explains basic ideas such as ethic, curriculum and section themes. The work acquaints with the ethic education, its aims, methods and its representation in the curriculum. In the practical part are analysed the statements of respondents and compared the approaches of pedagogues to the own realised curriculum with the ethic aspects. The aim of work is to discover, whether the ethic education is involved in the teaching and how the teachers approach to this education.