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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Exploring the Earth's subsurface with virtual seismic sources and receivers

Nicolson, Heather Johan January 2011 (has links)
Traditional methods of imaging the Earth’s subsurface using seismic waves require an identifiable, impulsive source of seismic energy, for example an earthquake or explosive source. Naturally occurring, ambient seismic waves form an ever-present source of energy that is conventionally regarded as unusable since it is not impulsive. As such it is generally removed from seismic data and subsequent analysis. A new method known as seismic interferometry can be used to extract useful information about the Earth’s subsurface from the ambient noise wavefield. Consequently, seismic interferometry is an important new tool for exploring areas which are otherwise seismically quiet, such as the British Isles in which there are relatively few strong earthquakes. One of the possible applications of seismic interferometry is the ambient noise tomography method (ANT). ANT is a way of using interferometry to image subsurface seismic velocity variations using seismic (surface) waves extracted from the background ambient vibrations of the Earth. To date, ANT has been used to successfully image the Earth’s crust and upper-mantle on regional and continental scales in many locations and has the power to resolve major geological features such as sedimentary basins and igneous and metamorphic cores. In this thesis I provide a review of seismic interferometry and ANT and apply these methods to image the subsurface of north-west Scotland and the British Isles. I show that the seismic interferometry method works well within the British Isles and illustrate the usefulness of the method in seismically quiet areas by presenting the first surface wave group velocity maps of the Scottish Highlands and across the British Isles using only ambient seismic noise. In the Scottish Highlands, these maps show low velocity anomalies in sedimentary basins such as the Moray Firth and high velocity anomalies in igneous and metamorphic centres such as the Lewisian complex. They also suggest that the Moho shallows from south to north across Scotland, which agrees with previous geophysical studies in the region. Rayleigh wave velocity maps from ambient seismic noise across the British Isles for the upper and mid-crust show low velocities in sedimentary basins such as the Midland Valley, the Irish Sea and the Wessex Basin. High velocity anomalies occur predominantly in areas of igneous and metamorphic rock such as the Scottish Highlands, the Southern Uplands, North-West Wales and Cornwall. In the lower crust/upper mantle, the Rayleigh wave maps show higher velocities in the west and lower velocities in the east, suggesting that the Moho shallows generally from east to west across Britain. The extent of the region of higher velocity correlates well with the locations of British earthquakes, agreeing with previous studies that suggest British seismicity might be influenced by a mantle upwelling beneath the west of the British Isles. Until the work described in Chapter 6 of this thesis was undertaken in 2009, seismic interferometry was concerned with cross-correlating recordings at two receivers due to a surrounding boundary of sources, then stacking the cross-correlations to construct the inter-receiver Green’s function. A key element of seismic wave propagation is that of source-receiver reciprocity i.e. the same wavefield will be recorded if its source and receiver locations and component orientations are reversed. By taking the reciprocal of its usual form, in this thesis I show that the impulsive-source form of interferometry can also be used in the opposite sense: to turn any energy source into a virtual sensor. This new method is demonstrated by turning earthquakes in Alaska and south-west USA into virtual seismometers located beneath the Earth’s surface.
12

Seismic interferometry and non-linear tomography

Galetti, Erica January 2015 (has links)
Seismic records contain information that allows geoscientists to make inferences about the structure and properties of the Earth’s interior. Traditionally, seismic imaging and tomography methods require wavefields to be generated and recorded by identifiable sources and receivers, and use these directly-recorded signals to create models of the Earth’s subsurface. However, in recent years the method of seismic interferometry has revolutionised earthquake seismology by allowing unrecorded signals between pairs of receivers, pairs of sources, and source-receiver pairs to be constructed as Green’s functions using either cross-correlation, convolution or deconvolution of wavefields. In all of these formulations, seismic energy is recorded and emitted by surrounding boundaries of receivers and sources, which need not be active and impulsive but may even constitute continuous, naturally-occurring seismic ambient noise. In the first part of this thesis, I provide a comprehensive overview of seismic interferometry, its background theory, and examples of its application. I then test the theory and evaluate the effects of approximations that are commonly made when the interferometric formulae are applied to real datasets. Since errors resulting from some approximations can be subtle, these tests must be performed using almost error-free synthetic data produced with an exact waveform modelling method. To make such tests challenging the method and associated code must be applicable to multiply-scattering media. I developed such a modelling code specifically for interferometric tests and applications. Since virtually no errors are introduced into the results from modelling, any difference between the true and interferometric waveforms can safely be attributed to specific origins in interferometric theory. I show that this is not possible when using other, previously available methods: for example, the errors introduced into waveforms synthesised by finite-difference methods due to the modelling method itself, are larger than the errors incurred due to some (still significant) interferometric approximations; hence that modelling method can not be used to test these commonly-applied approximations. I then discuss the ability of interferometry to redatum seismic energy in both space and time, allowing virtual seismograms to be constructed at new locations where receivers may not have been present at the time of occurrence of the associated seismic source. I present the first successful application of this method to real datasets at multiple length scales. Although the results are restricted to limited bandwidths, this study demonstrates that the technique is a powerful tool in seismologists’ arsenal, paving the way for a new type of ‘retrospective’ seismology where sensors may be installed at any desired location at any time, and recordings of seismic events occurring at any other time can be constructed retrospectively – even long after their energy has dissipated. Within crustal seismology, a very common application of seismic interferometry is ambient-noise tomography (ANT). ANT is an Earth imaging method which makes use of inter-station Green’s functions constructed from cross-correlation of seismic ambient noise records. It is particularly useful in seismically quiescent areas where traditional tomography methods that rely on local earthquake sources would fail to produce interpretable results due to the lack of available data. Once constructed, interferometric Green’s functions can be analysed using standard waveform analysis techniques, and inverted for subsurface structure using more or less traditional imaging methods. In the second part of this thesis, I discuss the development and implementation of a fully non-linear inversion method which I use to perform Love-wave ANT across the British Isles. Full non-linearity is achieved by allowing both raypaths and model parametrisation to vary freely during inversion in Bayesian, Markov chain Monte Carlo tomography, the first time that this has been attempted. Since the inversion produces not only one, but a large ensemble of models, all of which fit the data to within the noise level, statistical moments of different order such as the mean or average model, or the standard deviation of seismic velocity structures across the ensemble, may be calculated: while the ensemble average map provides a smooth representation of the velocity field, a measure of model uncertainty can be obtained from the standard deviation map. In a number of real-data and synthetic examples, I show that the combination of variable raypaths and model parametrisation is key to the emergence of previously-unobserved, loop-like uncertainty topologies in the standard deviation maps. These uncertainty loops surround low- or high-velocity anomalies. They indicate that, while the velocity of each anomaly may be fairly well reconstructed, its exact location and size tend to remain uncertain; loops parametrise this location uncertainty, and hence constitute a fully non-linearised, Bayesian measure of spatial resolution. The uncertainty in anomaly location is shown to be due mainly to the location of the raypaths that were used to constrain the anomaly also only being known approximately. The emergence of loops is therefore related to the variation in raypaths with velocity structure, and hence to 2nd and higher order wave-physics. Thus, loops can only be observed using non-linear inversion methods such as the one described herein, explaining why these topologies have never been observed previously. I then present the results of fully non-linearised Love-wave group-velocity tomography of the British Isles in different frequency bands. At all of the analysed periods, the group-velocity maps show a good correlation with known geology of the region, and also robustly detect novel features. The shear-velocity structure with depth across the Irish Sea sedimentary basin is then investigated by inverting the Love-wave group-velocity maps, again fully non-linearly using Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion, showing an approximate depth to basement of 5 km. Finally, I discuss the advantages and current limitations of the fully non-linear tomography method implemented in this project, and provide guidelines and suggestions for its improvement.
13

Combining body wave tomography, surface wave inversion, seismic interferometry and laboratory measurements to characterize the black shales on Bornholm at different scales

Baumann-Wilke, Maria January 2013 (has links)
Black shales are sedimentary rocks with a high content of organic carbon, which leads to a dark grayish to black color. Due to their potential to contain oil or gas, black shales are of great interest for the support of the worldwide energy supply. An integrated seismic investigation of the Lower Palaeozoic black shales was carried out at the Danish island Bornholm to locate the shallow-lying Alum Shale layer and its surrounding formations and to characterize its potential as a source rock. Therefore, two seismic experiments at a total of three crossing profiles were carried out in October 2010 and in June 2012 in the southern part of the island. Two different active measurements were conducted with either a weight drop source or a minivibrator. Additionally, the ambient noise field was recorded at the study location over a time interval of about one day, and also a laboratory analysis of borehole samples was carried out. The seismic profiles were positioned as close as possible to two scientific boreholes which were used for comparative purposes. The seismic field data was analyzed with traveltime tomography, surface wave inversion and seismic interferometry to obtain the P-wave and S-wave velocity models of the subsurface. The P-wave velocity models which were determined for all three profiles clearly locate the Alum Shale layer between the Komstad Limestone layer on top and the Læså Sandstone Formation at the base of the models. The black shale layer has P-wave velocities around 3 km/s which are lower compared to the adjacent formations. Due to a very good agreement of the sonic log and the vertical velocity profiles of the two seismic lines, which are directly crossing the borehole where the sonic log was conducted, the reliability of the traveltime tomography is proven. A correlation of the seismic velocities with the content of organic carbon is an important task for the characterization of the reservoir properties of a black shale formation. It is not possible without calibration but in combination with a full 2D tomographic image of the subsurface it gives the subsurface distribution of the organic material. The S-wave model obtained with surface wave inversion of the vibroseis data of one of the profiles images the Alum Shale layer also very well with S-wave velocities around 2 km/s. Although individual 1D velocity models for each of the source positions were determined, the subsurface S-wave velocity distribution is very uniform with a good match between the single models. A really new approach described here is the application of seismic interferometry to a really small study area and a quite short time interval. Also new is the selective procedure of only using time windows with the best crosscorrelation signals to achieve the final interferograms. Due to the small scale of the interferometry even P-wave signals can be observed in the final crosscorrelations. In the laboratory measurements the seismic body waves were recorded for different pressure and temperature stages. Therefore, samples of different depths of the Alum Shale were available from one of the scientific boreholes at the study location. The measured velocities have a high variance with changing pressure or temperature. Recordings with wave propagation both parallel and perpendicular to the bedding of the samples reveal a great amount of anisotropy for the P-wave velocity, whereas the S-wave velocity is almost independent of the wave direction. The calculated velocity ratio is also highly anisotropic with very low values for the perpendicular samples and very high values for the parallel ones. Interestingly, the laboratory velocities of the perpendicular samples are comparable to the velocities of the field experiments indicating that the field measurements are sensitive to wave propagation in vertical direction. The velocity ratio is also calculated with the P-wave and S-wave velocity models of the field experiments. Again, the Alum Shale can be clearly separated from the adjacent formations because it shows overall very low vP/vS ratios around 1.4. The very low velocity ratio indicates the content of gas in the black shale formation. With the combination of all the different methods described here, a comprehensive interpretation of the seismic response of the black shale layer can be made and the hydrocarbon source rock potential can be estimated. / Schwarzschiefer sind Sedimentgesteine, die einen hohen Gehalt an organischem Kohlenstoff aufweisen, was zu einer dunkelgrauen bis schwarzen Färbung führt. Da Schwarzschiefer das Potenzial besitzen, Öl oder Gas zu enthalten und somit zur weltweiten Energieversorgung beitragen könnten, sind sie von großem Interesse. Mit Hilfe der Kombination verschiedener seismischer Messverfahren wurden die Schwarzschiefer des Unteren Paläozoikums auf der dänischen Insel Bornholm untersucht um den oberflächennahen Alaunschiefer und dessen Umgebungsgestein dort zu lokalisieren und sein Potenzial als Muttergestein abzuschätzen. Dafür wurden im Oktober 2010 und im Juni 2012 im südlichen Teil der Insel zwei seismische Experimente auf insgesamt drei sich kreuzenden Profilen durchgeführt. Für zwei aktive seismische Messungen wurden ein Fallgewicht und ein Minivibrator als Quellen genutzt. Zusätzlich wurde im Messgebiet noch das Wellenfeld des umgebenden Rauschens über einen Zeitraum von etwa einem Tag aufgezeichnet. Außerdem wurden Labormessungen an Bohrkernen aus dem Alaunschiefer durchgeführt. Die seismischen Messprofile befanden sich so nah wie möglich an zwei wissenschaftlichen Bohrungen, die für Vergleichszwecke genutzt wurden. Um die P- und S-Wellengeschwindigkeitsmodelle des Untergrundes zu erhalten wurden die seismischen Felddaten mittels Laufzeittomographie, Oberflächenwelleninversion und seismischer Interferometrie ausgewertet. Die P-Wellenmodelle, die für alle drei seismischen Profile erstellt wurden, zeigen den Alaunschiefer zwischen dem Komstad Kalkstein, der den Alaunschiefer überdeckt, und der Læså Sandsteinformation, die die Basis der Modelle bildet. Für die Schwarzschieferschicht ergeben sich mit rund 3 km/s deutlich geringere P-Wellengeschwindigkeiten als für die umgebenden Gesteine. Zwei seismische Profile liegen direkt an einer der Bohrungen, für die verschiedene Bohrloch-Logs durchgeführt wurden. Der Vergleich des Sonic-Logs mit den vertikalen Geschwindigkeitsprofilen beider Modelle am Bohrpunkt zeigt eine sehr gute übereinstimmung aller Geschwindigkeiten. Dies ist ein Indiz für die Plausibilität der durchgeführten Laufzeittomographie. Um die Reservoireigenschaften der Schwarzschieferschicht einordnen zu können, wurde versucht, die seismischen Geschwindigkeiten mit dem Gehalt an organischem Material zu korrelieren. Ohne geeignete Kalibrierung ist diese Korrelation schwierig, kann aber mit Hilfe der Tomographieergebnisse ein zweidimensionales Abbild der Verteilung des organischen Materials im Untergrund liefern. Auch das S-Wellengeschwindigkeitsmodell, welches mit der Oberflächenwelleninversion der Vibroseisdaten erstellt wurde, bildet den Alaunschiefer gut ab. Hierbei zeigen sich S-Wellengeschwindigkeiten um 2 km/s. Obwohl jeweils nur 1D-Modelle für jede Quellposition bestimmt wurden, ergibt sich für die gesamte Untergrundstruktur des untersuchten Profils ein einheitliches Bild der Geschwindigkeiten. Einen sehr neuen Ansatz bildet die Anwendung der seismischen Interferometrie auf ein sehr kleines Untersuchungsgebiet und über einen sehr kurzen Zeitraum. Neu ist außerdem, dass für die Bestimmung der endgültigen Interferogramme nur Zeitfenster der Kreuzkorrelationen ausgewählt werden, in denen die Signalqualität hinreichend gut ist. In den berechneten Kreuzkorrelationen sind sogar P-Wellen enthalten, was auf die geringen Abstände der seismischen Rekorder zurück zu führen ist. Bei den Labormessungen wurden die Raumwellen für verschiedene Drücke und Temperaturen aufgezeichnet. Die Messungen der Geschwindigkeiten sowohl parallel als auch senkrecht zur Schichtung der Proben zeigen eine starke Anisotropie für die P-Welle. Dagegen scheint die S-Wellengeschwindigkeit fast unabhängig von der Ausbreitungsrichtung der Wellen zu sein. Auch das Verhältnis der Geschwindigkeiten weist starke Anisotropie auf. Für die Wellenausbreitung senkrecht zur Schichtung zeigen sich sehr niedrige Werte, die Werte für die Messungen parallel zur Schichtung sind dagegen deutlich erhöht. Ein interessanter Aspekt der aus den Labormessungen resultiert ist, dass die Geschwindigkeit der Messungen senkrecht zur Schichtung mit den Geschwindigkeitswerten der Feldmessungen übereinstimmen. Damit scheinen die Feldmessungen besonders die Ausbreitung der Wellen in vertikaler Richtung zu registrieren. Das Geschwindigkeitsverhältnis wurde auch mit den P- und S-Wellenmodellen der Feldexperimente berechnet. Auch hier hebt sich der Alaunschiefer mit deutlich verringerten Werten um 1.4 vom Umgebungsgestein ab. Solch geringe Werte für das Verhältnis der Geschwindigkeiten deutet auf den Gehalt von Gas im Schwarzschiefer. Mit der Kombination der verschiedenen Methoden ist es möglich, die seismische Antwort der Schwarzschieferschicht umfassend zu beschreiben und Schlussfolgerungen darüber zu ziehen, ob die hier untersuchte Schwarzschieferschicht das Potenzial hat als Kohlenwasserstofflagerstätte zu fungieren.
14

Suivi de substitution de fluides dans les roches par corrélation de bruit : Expériences ultrasonores au laboratoire et surveillance continue en cours d’exploitation du sous-sol / Monitoring of fluids substitution in rocks with noise correlations : Ultrasound laboratory experiments and continuous monitoring of a hydrocarbons field

Barbouteau, Sandra 10 December 2014 (has links)
L'interférométrie sismique, tout comme l'interférométrie optique, étudie les phénomènes d'interférence entre des couples de signaux sismiques afin de mettre en évidence des différences entre ces signaux (par exemple Curtis et al. 2006). Les traitements utilisés consistent le plus souvent à corréler les enregistrements entre différents capteurs pour remonter aux fonctions de Green, (ou réponse impulsionnelle) entre ces récepteurs (par exemple, Derode et al. (2003), Wapenaar et al. (2004), Larose et al. (2006), Sanchez-Sesma et Campillo (2006)). Ce principe a déjà été appliqué avec succès dans les domaines de la sismologie (Campillo et Paul (2003)), des ultrasons (Weaver et Lobkis (2001)), de l'exploration sismique (Schuster (2001) et Wapenaar et al. (2004)), et même de l'hélio-sismologie (Duvall et al. (1993)) Dans tous ces cas, l'analyse des corrélations a conduit à une description détaillée des milieux de propagation, en l'occurrence l'intérieur de la Terre dans le cas de la sismologie. La sismique passive, par opposition à la sismique active utilisant les sources cohérentes artificielles (explosifs, canons à air, vibrateurs...), exploite les sources cohérentes naturelles (séismes...). Depuis peu la sismique passive exploite également des champs d'ondes aléatoires engendrées à des temps inconnus par une multitude de sources inconnues dans le sous-sol qui sont enregistrées à différentes positions de récepteurs. L'analyse par interférométrie sismique des enregistrements à deux capteurs permet de remonter aux fonctions de Green, ou réponse impulsionnelle, entre ces deux récepteurs (Derode et al. (2003)). Cette thèse, à vocations à la fois expérimentale et applicative, a deux buts : - vérifier au laboratoire, sur des expériences ultrasonores et avec différents types de roches, l'efficacité du monitoring de substitution de fluides par l'analyse interférométrique ultrasonore - appliquer sur le terrain les méthodes d'interférométrie sismique passive à des expériences ponctuelles de surveillance sismique passive d'exploitation du sous-sol. Ce manuscrit présente, après une synthèse bibliographique, la mise au point d'une nouvelle méthode de mesure des constantes élastiques d'un échantillon de roche (sèche ou saturée de fluide) basée sur les principes de l'interférométrie ultrasonore et de la spectroscopie par résonance ultrasonore. La méthode a été testée et validée (reproductibilité, fidélité, fiabilité…) sur un matériau standard de propriétés connues (aluminium). On expose que les effets de substitution fluide sont tout-à-fait mesurables avec la méthode sur divers échantillons de roches sèches puis saturées (en eau ou en éthylène glycol) et les résultats sont en accord raisonnable avec la théorie poroélastique de Biot-Gassmann. En outre, un certain nombre de faiblesses de la méthode ont été mises en évidence, à savoir la limitation à des roches assez homogènes et peu atténuantes. La dernière partie de ce manuscrit met en évidence des variations de vitesse des ondes dans un champ d'hydrocarbures (informations relatives à ce champ confidentielles) concomitantes avec le début de l'injection de vapeur dans celui-ci (pour récupération assistée de l'huile). / Seismic interferometry, like optic interferometry, studies the interferences phenomena between couples of seismic signals, with the aim of pointing at differences between those signals (Curtis et al. 2006 for instance). The data processing consists, generally, in correlating the recordings between different stations to retrieve the Green's function between these sensors (Derode et al. (2003), Wapenaar et al. (2004), Larose et al. (2006), Sanchez-Sesma et Campillo (2006)). This principle has already been successfully applied in the field of seismology (Campillo and Paul (2003)), ultrasound (Weaver et Lobkis (2001)), seismic exploration and even helioseismology (Duvall et al. (1993)). In all these cases, the analysis of the correlations leads to a detailed description of the propagation medium. Contrary to active seismic which uses artificial coherent sources (explosives, air guns…), passive seismic exploits natural coherent sources (seisms…). Since a few years, passive seismics also exploits random wave fields generated at unknown times by many unknown sources in the ground, and recorded at different stations positions. The analysis with cross-correlation of pairs of recordings, from pairs of sensors, leads to the Green's function between the two sensors (Derode et al. (2003)). This thesis has two objectives: -to check, at the lab scale, the effectiveness of monitoring of fluids substitution with noise correlation (ultrasound scale) in rocks -to apply noise correlation methods to passive seismic monitoring of a hydrocarbons field. This thesis presents, after a state of the art, the set-up of a new method to measure elastic constants of a rock sample (dry or fluid-saturated), based on ultrasound interferometry principle and resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. The method has been tested and validated (reproducibility, accuracy, precision…) on a standard material (aluminium). We show that the effects of a fluids substitution are measurable on various rock samples (dry or saturated, with water or with ethylene glycol) with this method. Plus the results are in agreement with Biot-Gassmann's theory. Besides, several weaknesses of the method were pointed, that is to say the method does not work on heterogeneous or attenuating medium. The last part of this thesis exposes speed of waves variations in a hydrocarbons field, when steam is injected simultaneously inside the reservoir (enhanced oil recovery operation).
15

Observation of dynamic processes with seismic interferometry

Gassenmeier, Martina 14 April 2016 (has links)
In this study, seismic interferometry is used to analyze dynamic processes in the Earth’s shallow subsurface caused by environmental processes and ground shaking. In the first part of the thesis, the feasibility of a passive monitoring with ambient seismic noise at the pilot site for CO2 injection in Ketzin is investigated. Monitoring the expansion of the CO2 plume is essential for the characterization of the reservoir as well as the detection of potential leakage. From June 2008 until August 2013, more than 67000 tons of CO2 were injected into a saline aquifer at a depth of about 650 m. Passive seismic data recorded at a seismic network around the injection site was cross-correlated in a frequency range of 0.5-4.5 Hz over a period of 4 years. The frequency band of 0.5-0.9 Hz, in which surface waves exhibit a high sensitivity at the depth of the reservoir, is not suitable for monitoring purposes as it is only weakly excited. In a frequency range of 1.5-3 Hz, periodic velocity variations with a period of approximately one year are found that cannot be caused by the CO2 injection. The prominent propagation direction of the noise wave field indicates a wind farm as the dominant source providing the temporally stable noise field. This spacial stability excludes variations of the noise source distribution as a spurious cause of velocity variations. Based on an amplitude decrease associated with time windows towards later parts of the coda, the variations must be generated in the shallow subsurface. A comparison to groundwater level data reveals a direct correlation between depth of the groundwater level and the seismic velocity. The influence of ground frost on the seismic velocities is documented by a sharp increase of velocity when the maximum daily temperature stays below 0 C. Although the observed periodic changes and the changes due to ground frost affect only the shallow subsurface, they mask potential signals of material changes from the reservoir depths. To investigate temporal seismic velocity changes due to earthquake-related processes and environmental forcing in northern Chile, 8 years of ambient seismic noise recorded by the Integrated Plate Boundary Observatory Chile (IPOC) are analyzed. By autocorrelating the ambient seismic noise field, approximations of the Green’s functions are retrieved and velocity changes are measured with Coda Wave Interferometry. At station PATCX, seasonal changes of seismic velocity caused by thermal stress as well as transient velocity reductions are observed in the frequency range of 4-6 Hz. Sudden velocity drops occur at times of mostly earthquake-induced ground describing the seismic velocity variations based on continuous observations of the local ground acceleration. The model assumes that not only the shaking of large earthquakes causes velocity drops, but any small vibrations continuously induce minor velocity variations that are immediately compensated by healing in the steady state. The shaking effect is accumulated over time and best described by the integrated envelope of the ground acceleration over one day, which is the temporal resolution of the velocity measurements. In the model, the amplitude of the velocity reduction as well as the recovery time are proportional to the strength of the excitation. The increase of coseismic velocity change and recovery time with increasing excitation is confirmed by laboratory tests with ultrasound. Despite having only two free scaling parameters, the model fits the data of the shaking-induced velocity variation in remarkable detail. Additionally, a linear trend is observed that might be related to a recovery process from one or more earthquakes before the measurement period. A clear relationship between ground shaking and induced velocity reductions is not visible at other stations. The outstanding sensitivity of PATCX to ground shaking and thermal stress can be attributed to the special geological setting of the station, where the subsurface material consists of a relatively loose conglomerate with high pore volume leading to stronger nonlinearity compared to the other IPOC stations. / In dieser Studie werden mit Hilfe von seismischer Interferometrie kleinste dynamische Prozesse in der Erdkruste beobachtet, welche beispielsweise durch umweltbedingte oder anthropogene Einflüsse sowie Bodenerschütterungen hervorgerufen werden können. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden Änderungen in der seismischen Geschwindigkeit am Pilotstandort für CO2-Speicherung in Ketzin untersucht. In einer Tiefe von 650m wurden dort zwischen Juni 2008 und August 2013 über 67000 Tonnen CO2 eingelagert. In einem Frequenzbereich vom 0,05-4,5 Hz wurden Kreuzkorrelationen des seismischen Hintergrundrauschens an einem kleinräumigen Netzwerk über einen Zeitraum von 4 Jahren berechnet. Der Frequenzbereich zwischen 0,5 und 0,9 Hz weist eine hohe Sensitivität von Oberflächenwellen in der Tiefe des Reservoirs auf, ist aber nur sehr schwach angeregt und eignet sich deswegen nicht für die Analyse. In einem Frequenzbereich von 1,5-3 Hz zeigen sich periodische Geschwindigkeitsänderungen mit einer Periode von einem Jahr, welche nicht durch die Einlagerung von CO2 erzeugt werden können. Eine Analyse des seismischen Hintergrundrauschens zeigt, dass dieses über den gesamten Zeitraum hinweg hauptsächlich aus der Richtung eines Windparks kommt. Durch die Stabilität des Wellenfeldes können Änderungen in den Quellpositionen, welche sich in scheinbaren Geschwindigkeitsänderungen zeigen können, ausgeschlossen werden. Eine Amplitudenabnahme der Geschwindigkeitsänderungen hin zu späteren Zeitfenstern in der Coda lässt auf oberflächennahe Prozesse als Ursache schließen. Ein Vergleich zwischen den jährlichen Geschwindigkeitsänderungen mit Schwankungen im Grundwasserspiegel zeigt eine direkte Korrelation. Ein sprunghafter Anstieg in der Geschwindigkeit zeigt sich im Winter, wenn die Tageshöchsttemperaturen unter den Gefrierpunkt sinken und der Boden zufriert. Obwohl Bodenfrost und Änderungen im Grundwasserspiegel nur einen sehr oberflächennahen Bereich betreffen, so überdecken sie dennoch mögliche Signale durch die Einlagerung von CO2. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden Geschwindigkeitsänderungen in Nordchile untersucht, welche durch erdbebeninduzierte Prozesse und umweltbedingte Einflüsse hervorgerufen werden. Dazu wurden über einen Zeitraum von 8 Jahren Autokorrelationen des seismischen Hintergrundrauschens des IPOC Netzwerkes (Integrated Plate Boundary Observatory Chile) berechnet und mit seismischer Interferometrie ausgewertet. An der Station PATCX können in einem Frequenzbereich von 4-6 Hz periodische Geschwindigkeitsänderungen beobachet werden, welche durch thermisch induzierte Dehnung hervorgerufen werden. Außerdem treten transiente Geschwindigkeitsabnamen nach Bodenerschütterungen auf, welche hauptsächlich von Erdbeben verursacht werden. Die seismische Geschwindigkeit kehrt daraufhin langsam wieder auf ihr vorheriges Niveau zurück. Für die Geschwindigkeitsänderungen wurde ein empirisches Modell entwickelt, welches auf Messungen der lokalen Bodenerschütterung basiert. Dabei wird angenommen, dass nicht nur große erdbebeninduzierte, sondern auch kleinste Bodenerschütterungen einen Abfall der Geschwindigkeit erzeugen, welche wiederum innerhalb kürzester Zeit durch Heilung in den Gleichgewichtszustand zurückkehrt. Dabei summieren sich die Effekte durch die Bodenerschütterungen mit der Zeit auf und werden am besten mit dem Integral der lokalen Bodenbeschleunigung über die Messwerte eines Tages beschrieben. Die Diskretisierung von einem Tag entspricht der zeitlichen Auflösung in der Messung der Geschwindigkeitsänderungen. Sowohl die Amplitude der Geschwindigkeitsabnahme als auch die Zeit bis der Gleichgewichtszustand wieder erreicht ist (Heilungszeit) werden im Modell als proportinal zur Größe der Anregung angenommen. Eine Korrelation der Heilungszeit und der Amplitude der koseismischen Geschwindigkeitsabnahme mit der Größe der Anregung konnte mit Hilfe von Laboruntersuchungen mit Ultraschall bestätigt werden. Mit nur zwei Parametern beschreibt das Modell die transienten Geschwindigkeitsänderungen in bemerkenswerter Genauigkeit. Desweiteren beinhaltet das Modell einen linearen Verlauf in den Geschwindigkeitsänderungen, welcher vermutlich durch einen Heilungsprozess hervorgerufen wird, der auf ein oder mehrere Erdbeben vor dem Messzeitraum folgte. Eine Beziehung zwischen Bodenerschütterung und Geschwindigkeitsänderung ist an anderen Stationen des IPOC Netzwerkes nicht erkennbar. Die herausragende Sensitivität von PATCX im Hinblick auf Bodenerschütterung und thermische Dehnung kann den speziellen geologischen Gegebenheiten an der Station zugeschrieben werden. Bei dem dort vorliegenden Material handelt es sich um ein relativ loses Konglomerat mit großem Porenvolumen, welches ein starkes nichtlineares Verhalten aufweist, was an anderen IPOC Stationen nicht zu erwarten ist.
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Imaging major Canadian sedimentary basins and their adjacent structures using ambient seismic noise (and other applications of seismic noise)

Kuponiyi, Ayodeji Paul 05 May 2021 (has links)
Over a decade ago, it was discovered that the earth’s natural seismic wavefields, propagating as seismic noise, can be processed using correlation methods to produce surface waves, similar to those generated by earthquakes. This discovery represents a paradigm shift in seismology and has led to several tomographic studies of earth structures, at different scales and resolutions, in previously difficult-to-study areas around the world. This PhD dissertation presents research results on multi-scale and multi-purpose applications of ambient seismic noise wavefields under three topics: (1) Imaging of sedimentary basins and sub-basin structures in eastern and western Canada using ambient seismic noise, (2) Combining measurements from ambient seismic noise with earthquake datasets for imaging crustal and mantle structures, and (3) Temporal variation in cultural seismic noise and noise correlation functions (NCFs) during the COVID-19 lockdown in Canada. The first topic involved imaging the sedimentary basins in eastern and western Canada using shear wave velocities derived from ambient noise group velocities. The results show that the basins are characterized by varying depths, with maximums along the studied cross-sections in excess of 10 km, in eastern and western Canada. Characteristics of accreted terranes in eastern and western Canada are also revealed in the results. A seismically distinct basement is imaged in eastern Canada and is interpreted to be a vestige of the western African crust trapped beneath eastern Canada at the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. In western Canada, the 3D variation of the Moho and sedimentary basin depths is imaged. The thickest sediments in eastern Canada are found beneath the Queen Charlotte, Williston and the Alberta Deep basins, while the Moho is the deepest beneath the Williston basin and parts of Alberta basin and northern British Columbia. For the second topic, I worked on improving the seismological methodology to construct broadband (period from 2 to 220 s) dispersion curves by combining the dispersion measurements derived from ambient seismic noise with those from earthquakes. The broadband dispersion curves allow for imaging earth structures spanning the shallow crust to the upper mantle. For the third topic, I used ambient seismic data from the earlier stages of the COVID-19 pandemic to study the temporal variation of seismic power spectra and the potential impacts of COVID-19 lockdown on ambient NCFs in four cities in eastern and western Canada. The results show mean seismic power drops of 24% and 17% during the lockdown in eastern Canada, near Montreal and Ottawa respectively and reductions of 27% and 17% near Victoria and Sidney respectively. NCF signal quality within the secondary microseism band reached maximum before the lockdown, minimum during lockdown and at intermediate levels during the gradual reopening phase for the western Canada station pair. / Graduate
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Combination of Borehole Seismic and Downhole Logging to Investigate the Vicinity of the COSC‑1 Borehole in Western Scandinavia

Krauß, Felix 05 July 2018 (has links)
In dieser Arbeit werden bohrlochseismsiche Messungen sowohl mit Bohrlochmessungen als auch mit oberflächenseismischen Messungen ausgewertet und verglichen um das bohrlochnahe Umfeld der Forschungsbohrung COSC-1 (Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides) zu beschreiben. Die bohrlochseismischen Daten zeigen deutlich hohe Reflektivität und seismische Anisotropie der erbohrten geologischen Einheit, der Seve-Decke. Diese Decke zeichnet sich durch einen häufigen Wechsel von mafischen und felsischen Gesteinen aus, welcher auch durch eine Clusteranalyse der Bohrlochmessungen deutlich wird. Die Ergebnisse der Clusteranalyse korrelieren gut mit den seismisch abgebildeten Untergrundstrukturen und den seismischen Geschwindigkeiten. Abschließend wurde die virtual source method als Beispiel der seismischen Interferometrie an einem Teildatensatz erfolgreich getestet. Mit dem Ansatz wurde eine künstliche Messgeometrie mit seismischen Quellen und Empfängern im Bohrloch erzeugt, welche eine gute Datenqualität aufzeigen. / In this thesis, the vicinity of the scientific borehole COSC-1 (Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides) is investigated by the combination of a borehole seismic survey with downhole logging data and a surface seismic survey. The borehole seismic data show a significantly higher reflectivity and seismic anisotropy within the drilled geological unit, the Seve Nappe. This nappe is characterised by frequent changes of mafic and felsic lithologies that are also highlighted by a cluster analysis. The results of the cluster analysis correlate well with structures of the subsurface as imaged by the surface seismic survey and with seismic velocities. Additionally, the virtual source method as example for seismic interferometry is applied to a data subset. This approach created a virtual survey geometry with seismic sources and receivers within the borehole and a good data quality.

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