Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o comportamento espaço-temporal das variáveis limnológicas, no Ribeirão Bonito (SP) a fim de avaliar a descontinuidade ocasionada pelas fontes poluidoras e o processo de autodepuração. Para tanto, foram determinadas variáveis físico-químicas, biológicas, climatológicas e hidrológicas, no eixo longitudinal do rio e utilizado como ferramenta para diferentes cenários de simulações das concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido, o modelo QUAL2E. Foi possível observar, que muitas das variáveis limnológicas estudadas no Ribeirão Bonito sofrem \"descontinuidades\" devido à entrada de esgoto. As concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido têm um gradiente positivo da nascente até a estação 4, sofrendo uma descontinuidade após a estação 6 onde detecta-se o primeiro lançamento de esgoto. O comportamento dessa variável após a entrada de esgoto foi distinto nos dois períodos estudados. As análises de \"Cluster\" e PCA (Análise dos Componentes Principais), realizadas com as médias das variáveis limnológicas, distinguiram diferentes grupos no perfil longitudinal do ribeirão Bonito. Essa distinção pode ser atribuída às já citadas entradas de efluentes e também em decorrência da presença do tributário do Curtume. Pode-se constatar que mesmo com o auxílio natural do processo de autodepuração, muitas das variáveis estudadas não se enquadram aos padrões do corpo receptor conforme previsto pela resolução número 20/86 do CONAMA, sugerindo assim, neste trabalho, um grau de tratamento dos efluentes para que estes padrões sejam respeitados. / The objective of the present paper is to study the spatial-temporal behaviour of the limnological variables, in Bonito stream (SP), in order to evaluate the discontinuity occasioned by the sources of pollution and the self-cleaning process. To this effect, a survey was made to determine the physical-chemical, biological, climatological and hydrological variables in the longitudinal axis of the river and which utilized the QUAL2E model as a tool for simulating the concentrations of dissolved oxygen under different scenarios. It was possible to observe that many of the limnological variables studied in the Bonito rivulet suffer \"discontinuities\" due the entry of sewage. The concentrations of dissolved oxygen show a positive gradient from the source of the watercourse until station 4, and suffer a discontinuity after station 6, where the first discharge of sewage begins. The behaviour of this variable after the entry of sewage differed during the two periods studied. Furthermore, the \"Cluster\" and PCA (Principal Component Analyses) carried out upon the averages of the limnological variables distinguished different groups in the longitudinal profile of the Bonito rivulet. This distinction can be attributed to the above-mentioned entries of effluents and also resulting from the presence of the Curtume tributary. It can be verified that even with the natural assistance of the self-cleaning process, many of the variables studied fail to meet the standards of the receiving body, as stipulated by the CONAMA resolution number 20/86, in view of which, the present study suggests a degree of effluent treatment in order for these standards to be respected.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o comportamento espaço-temporal das variáveis limnológicas, no Ribeirão Bonito (SP) a fim de avaliar a descontinuidade ocasionada pelas fontes poluidoras e o processo de autodepuração. Para tanto, foram determinadas variáveis físico-químicas, biológicas, climatológicas e hidrológicas, no eixo longitudinal do rio e utilizado como ferramenta para diferentes cenários de simulações das concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido, o modelo QUAL2E. Foi possível observar, que muitas das variáveis limnológicas estudadas no Ribeirão Bonito sofrem \"descontinuidades\" devido à entrada de esgoto. As concentrações de oxigênio dissolvido têm um gradiente positivo da nascente até a estação 4, sofrendo uma descontinuidade após a estação 6 onde detecta-se o primeiro lançamento de esgoto. O comportamento dessa variável após a entrada de esgoto foi distinto nos dois períodos estudados. As análises de \"Cluster\" e PCA (Análise dos Componentes Principais), realizadas com as médias das variáveis limnológicas, distinguiram diferentes grupos no perfil longitudinal do ribeirão Bonito. Essa distinção pode ser atribuída às já citadas entradas de efluentes e também em decorrência da presença do tributário do Curtume. Pode-se constatar que mesmo com o auxílio natural do processo de autodepuração, muitas das variáveis estudadas não se enquadram aos padrões do corpo receptor conforme previsto pela resolução número 20/86 do CONAMA, sugerindo assim, neste trabalho, um grau de tratamento dos efluentes para que estes padrões sejam respeitados. / The objective of the present paper is to study the spatial-temporal behaviour of the limnological variables, in Bonito stream (SP), in order to evaluate the discontinuity occasioned by the sources of pollution and the self-cleaning process. To this effect, a survey was made to determine the physical-chemical, biological, climatological and hydrological variables in the longitudinal axis of the river and which utilized the QUAL2E model as a tool for simulating the concentrations of dissolved oxygen under different scenarios. It was possible to observe that many of the limnological variables studied in the Bonito rivulet suffer \"discontinuities\" due the entry of sewage. The concentrations of dissolved oxygen show a positive gradient from the source of the watercourse until station 4, and suffer a discontinuity after station 6, where the first discharge of sewage begins. The behaviour of this variable after the entry of sewage differed during the two periods studied. Furthermore, the \"Cluster\" and PCA (Principal Component Analyses) carried out upon the averages of the limnological variables distinguished different groups in the longitudinal profile of the Bonito rivulet. This distinction can be attributed to the above-mentioned entries of effluents and also resulting from the presence of the Curtume tributary. It can be verified that even with the natural assistance of the self-cleaning process, many of the variables studied fail to meet the standards of the receiving body, as stipulated by the CONAMA resolution number 20/86, in view of which, the present study suggests a degree of effluent treatment in order for these standards to be respected.

Tenké vrstvy oxidu titaničitého byly imobilizovány na sodnovápenatá skla a skelný uhlík použitím jak techniky materiálového tisku tak metodou chemického napařování. Pro přípravu titaničitých solů byly použity metody sol-gelu a nebo hydrotermální syntézy. Struktura připravených vrstev byla zkoumána rastrovací elektronovou mikroskopií a mikroskopií atomárních sil. Krystalická struktura připravených TiO2 byla analyzovány pomocí XRD metody. Fotoindukováná superhidrofility pripravených vzorků byla charakterizována měřením kontaktních úhlů. Fotokatalytická aktivity připravených vzorků byla testována na fotokatalytické oxidaci 2,6-dichlorindofenolu a kyseliny mravenčí. V případě sol-gel vrstev byl zkoumán vliv množství naneseného TiO2 a množství PEG, který byl do solu přidán jako praskliny potlačující činidlo. V případě hydrotermálních vrstev byl zkoumán vliv času a teploty syntézy a množství vrstev na výslednou účinnost vzorku. U chemicky napařených vzorků byl zjišťován vliv intenzity záření. Byla porovnána fotokatalitická aktivita vrstev připravených materiálovým tiskem a chemickým napařováním a byl vyhodnocen nejaktivnější vzorek.

This thesis deals with the surface of a gecko in relation to its adhesion ability. Understanding the mechanism of movement and adhesion principle is important for the design and manufacture of nanostructured material. Likewise, knowledge of the origin of the self-cleaning ability allows the description of the influence of surface structure on movement and forces acting at the contact. The work describes the process of making nanostructured surface, which was modified in order to obtain maximum adhesion forces. The material properties were determined by the values of wettability and by force spectrum measurement. Their results were compared with the theoretical assumption of capillary forces and other possibilities to increase adhesion.

Selbstreinigende, ultrahydrophobe Oberflächen lassen sich in der Technik vielfältig einsetzen. Das ultrahydrophobe Verhalten beruht einerseits auf einer Rauigkeit im μm-Bereich und andererseits auf der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Oberfläche. Durch den gegebenen Oberflächenaufbau sind derartige Materialien jedoch empfindlich gegen Verschleiß. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Schichtverbund bestehend aus Aluminiumoxid und zwei polymeren Komponenten vorgestellt. Die Aluminiumoxidschicht wird auf dem Wege der anodischen Oxidation erzeugt. Dieses seit langem bekannte Verfahren ermöglicht nicht nur die Oxidation der Aluminiumoberfläche, sondern gestattet es, auch, definierte Oberflächenprofile einzustellen. Durch den gezielten Einbau des hochmolekularen Polymers Chitosan in die mikroprofilierte Aluminiumoxidschicht wurde eine mechanische Stabilisierung der Schicht im Sinne eines anorganisch-organischen Composites erreicht. Außerdem dienten die Amino-Seitengruppen des Chitosans als reaktives Interface für die notwendige chemische Hydrophobierung und als Reaktionszentrum für Vernetzungen, wodurch eine weitere mechanische Stabilisierung bewirkt wird. Der Schichtaufbau hat wesentlichen

Various potential methods and techniques for modifying surfaces to make themless sensitive to contamination have been researched for various applicationsbefore, to varying degrees of success. These are discussed in detail to potentiallyapply them in the automotive sector, to face the increasing technical cleanlinessrequirements, that are linked to more complexity in design and electrification. TheTheoretical background in dust adhesion and contact mechanics is discussed, withdevelopments in analytical and numerical methods highlighted. Then, someexamples of the surfaces in question are presented, and their topographiesmeasured. Potential techniques are identified from previous experimental research in otherfields, and their applicability and feasibility are discussed within the limits ofavailable data, then an attempt at a structured approach for choosing candidatesfor further experimental testing on a case by case basis is laid out, and suggestionsfor more comprehensive research into effective parameters and analytical methodsare made.

L'industrie alimentaire est de loin l'industrie la plus grande consommatrice d'eau potable et elle rejette environ 500 millions de m3 d'eaux usées par an contenant une charge organique très élevée. Un simple traitement de ce flux par des technologies conventionnelles échoue souvent en raison de facteurs de coûts. Aussi, récemment, l'accent a été largement mis sur la valorisation de ces effluents par récupération des éléments d'intérêt et la production d'eau de bonne qualité en utilisant des procédés à membrane intégrés. Les procédés membranaires couvrent pratiquement toutes les opérations unitaires utiles et nécessaires qui sont utilisés dans les usines de traitement des eaux usées. Ils apportent souvent des avantages comme la simplicité, la modularité, le caractère innovant, la compétitivité et le respect de l'environnement. Ainsi, l'objectif principal de cette thèse est le développement d'un procédé à membrane intégré comprenant microfiltration (MF), osmose directe (FO), ultrafiltration (UF) et nanofiltration (NF) pour la valorisation des eaux usées d'origine agro-alimentaire dans une logique de " zéro effluent liquide ". Nous avons pris les eaux de végétation provenant de la production d'huile d'olive comme support d'étude. Les défis associés au traitement des eaux usées de végétation sont: la variabilité des charges hydrauliques ou organiques, la présence de composés bio phénoliques, le colmatage des membranes et le rejet périodique de grands volumes d'eaux usées. En particulier, la présence de composés bio phénoliques rend ces eaux usées nocives pour l'environnement. Toutefois, la récupération de ces composés phytotoxiques peut également apporter une valeur ajoutée, car ils ont des activités biologiques intéressantes qui peuvent être exploitées dans les industries cosmétique, alimentaire et pharmaceutique. / The food industry is by far the largest potable water consuming industry that releases about 500 million m3 of wastewater per annum with very high organic loading. Simple treatment of this stream using conventional technologies often fails due to cost factors overriding their pollution abating capacity. Hence, recently the focus has been largely centered on valorization through combinatorial recovery of valuable components and reclaiming good quality water using integrated membrane process. Membrane processes practically cover all existing and needed unit operations that are used in wastewater treatment facilities. They often come with advantages like simplicity, modularity, process or product novelty, improved competitiveness, and environmental friendliness. Thus, the main focus of this PhD thesis is development of integrated membrane process comprising microfiltration (MF), forward osmosis (FO), ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF) for valorization of food based wastewater within the logic of zero liquid discharge. As a case study, vegetation wastewater coming from olive oil production was taken. Challenges associated with the treatment of vegetation wastewater are: absence of unique hydraulic or organic loadings, presence of biophenolic compounds, sever membrane fouling and periodic release of large volume of wastewater. Especially presence of biophenolic compounds makes the wastewater detrimental to the environment. However, recovering these phytotoxic compounds can also add economic benefit to the simple treatment since they have interesting bioactivities that can be exploited in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Os usos múltiplos dos recursos hídricos geram conflitos de ordem quantitativa e qualitativa em escala de bacia hidrográfica, impulsionando o surgimento de ferramentas computacionais, com os mais diferentes níveis de complexidades, no auxílio à gestão e planejamento das águas superficiais. Este trabalho apresenta uma ferramenta de uso livre para a avaliação da qualidade da água em ambiente lótico, denominada QUALI-TOOL, utilizando-se de linguagem de programação Visual Basic com interface gráfica no Excel. A ferramenta permite a simulação dos parâmetros arbitrários (sólidos suspensos, compostos tóxicos, entre outros), oxigênio dissolvido, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, fósforo total, nitrogênio orgânico, amônia, nitrato, Escherichia Coli e metais pesados. Para o emprego de toda a potencialidade da ferramenta, utilizou-se como área de estudo uma bacia hipotética, cujo trecho de aproximadamente 62,5 km do rio principal recebe tributários, lançamentos pontuais e difusos de cargas poluentes e demandas consuntivas pontuais. O QUALI-TOOL revelou-se uma ferramenta útil para a comunidade acadêmica e profissional quanto ao planejamento e gestão de recursos hídricos em escala local e de bacia hidrográfica. O manual do usuário foi organizado com uma sequência de tópicos que ajuda no entendimento do usuário principiante. O manual traz também a resolução de um exemplo prático de autodepuração em um trecho de rio, cuja metodologia do sistema abrange toda a potencialidade da ferramenta. De uma forma geral, a ferramenta computacional QUALI-TOOL pode ser utilizada para fins acadêmico e técnico no planejamento e gestão de recursos hídricos em escala local e de bacia hidrográfica. / The uses of water resources generate conflicts of quantitative and qualitative nature in basin scale, it impelling the development of computational tools with the most different levels of complexity, which assist the management and planning in water surface. This paper presents an free tool for evaluation of water quality in lotic environment, called QUALI-TOOL, using a Visual Basic programming language with graphical interface in Excel. The tool allows the simulation of arbitrary parameters (suspended solids, toxic compounds and others), dissolved oxygen, oxygen biochemistry, organic nitrogen, ammonia, nitrate, Escherichia-coli and heavy metals. For the usage of the tool's full potential, a hypothetical basin was used as the study area, in which 62.5 km of the main river receives tributaries, punctual and diffuse inputs of pollutant loads and punctual consumptive demand. The simulations were also performed in others two computational tools to verify the accuracy of QUALI-TOOL. QUALI-TOOL has proved to be a useful tool for academic and professional community in planning and managing water resources in local and basin scale. The user’s manual was organized in a topic sequence, helpful for the begginers users. The manual also provides a solution of a practical example of selfcleaning in a fictional stretch of a river, which the system metodology uses all the toll’s poten- ciality. In general, the QUALI-TOOL computational tool can be used for academic and technical purposes in the planning and management of water resources at local and river basin level. Keywords: Computational / Dissertação (Mestrado)

El deterioro de las construcciones realizadas a base de cemento, producido en gran medida, por la exposición de estas a la emisión de gases tóxicos emanados por el creciente parque automotor hace que se busquen alternativas a fin de contrarrestar su efecto sobre los elementos más expuestos.  Un nuevo método para afrontar este problema es la incorporación del fotocatalizador dióxido de titanio TiO2 capaz de desarrollar propiedades controladas por la luz solar como son la purificación del aire y la autolimpieza. Este trabajo busca introducir este componente orgánico al mortero de cemento usado para el tarrajeo de fachadas y elementos estructurales, para ello se adicionan diferentes porcentajes (5%,7.5% y 10%) de dióxido de titanio (TiO2) y se evalúan las propiedades de los morteros modificados haciendo uso de [1] para los ensayos de compresión, [2] para los ensayos de fluidez, [3]para los ensayos de absorción y [4] para los ensayos de actividad fotocatalítica. Este estudio concluye que el mejor porcentaje de adición de dióxido de titanio es de 5% con el cual se otorga al mortero de cemento la propiedad de autolimpieza sin perjudicar sustancialmente sus propiedades mecánicas. / The deterioration of the surfaces of the constructions made with mortar c/a 1: 5 of portland cement, are produced by being exposed to the emission of toxic gases emanating from the growing automobile fleet, this problem causes alternatives to be sought in order to counteract its effect on buildings and the environment. A new method to deal this problem is the incorporation of the titanium dioxide photocatalyst (TiO2) into the Portland cement mortar, which is capable of developing self-cleaning and air purification properties to be in contact with sunlight. This work seeks to introduce this organic component to the Portland cement mortar, used for the facade charging and structural elements, for this purpose, different percentages (5%, 7.5% and 10%) of titanium dioxide (TiO2) are added and the properties of the modified mortars making use of [1] compression tests, [2] fluidity tests, [3] absorption tests and [4] photocatalytic activity tests with which the self-cleaning capacity was verified. This study concludes that the best percentage of titanium dioxide addition is 5%, with which the portland cement mortar is granted self-cleaning property without substantially damaging its mechanical properties. / Tesis

Nature-inspired surfaces provide an endless potential for innovations and exploitations in material science and engineering for a broad range of applications. Particularly, significant progress has been achieved in the fields of ice formation and wetting phenomena on metallic surfaces. One of the most relevant wetting states is superhydrophobicity, which is characterized by the complete repellency of water droplets upon impinging on a surface. A superhydrophobic surface can be accompanied by additional functions such as anti- icing, corrosion-resistance or self-cleaning. A particularly attractive material to implement functional surfaces is aluminum, due to its outstanding mechanical properties such as lightweight and high strength combined with an excellent electrical conductivity and affordable price. Functionalized aluminum surfaces can further increase the added value of technical aluminum products which are used in the automotive, aerospace and life science industry among others. A promising strategy to achieve multifunctionalities is by fabricating micrometer and submicrometer features on the material’s surface. Thus, surface texturing of aluminum components is an extremely relevant topic in science and engineering which affects all facets of our lives. Until now, micropatterned aluminum surfaces, that combine water- repellent, self-cleaning and icephobic properties, have not yet been completely explored. The present doctoral thesis focuses on structuring aluminum substrates to fabricate multifunctional surfaces with superhydrophobic, self-cleaning and anti-icing properties. To accomplish this goal, scanner-based direct laser writing (DLW) and two- and four-beam direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) are applied to pattern micrometer and sub- micrometer features on aluminum. They are employed separately to fabricate single-scale textures, as well as in combination in order to obtain multi-scale geometries and complex patterns. The laser texturing parameters are optimized to maximize the addressed functionalities and their influence on the microstructure are studied. In order to explain the wetting and freezing behavior of the functional surfaces, numerical heat transfer simulation models are applied. The most promising textures are then selected and tested under realistic icing conditions simulating the freezing behavior of water droplets on aircraft parts during flight. Moreover, a new method to characterize the self-cleaning efficiency of laser-patterned aluminum is developed. The textured aluminum surfaces attained a water-repellent functionality with a static water contact angle of up to 163° and a sliding angle of 12° without chemical post-processing. This functionality permitted a self-cleaning property where the DLIP and DLW+DLIP structures provided a maximum self-cleaning efficiency with remaining contamination as low as 1 %. The ice-repellent characterization at a temperature of -20°C revealed that in all investigated laser-structured surfaces the freezing time of 8 μl droplets increased up to three times compared to an unstructured reference. Moreover, it was demonstrated, that optimized surface textures led to a reduction of the ice adhesion strength by up to 90 %.:Selbstständigkeitserklärung Kurzfassung Abstract Acknowledgements Table of content List of abbreviations and symbols 1 Motivation 2 Theoretical principles and definitions 3 State of the art 4 Materials and methods 5 Results and discussion 6 Conclusions 7 Outlook Literature Curriculum vitae of the author List of publications / Von der Natur inspirierte Oberflächen bergen ein endloses Potential für Innovationen auf den Gebieten der Materialwissenschaft und demonstrieren ein breites Anwendungsfeld. Insbesondere in den Bereichen der Eisbildung und der Benetzungsphänomene auf Metalloberflächen wurde ein bedeutender Fortschritt erzielt. Einer der relevantesten Benetzungszustände ist der der Superhydrophobizität, welcher sich durch die vollständige Abweisung von Wassertropfen auszeichnet, sobald diese auf eine Oberfläche auftreffen. Eine superhydrophobe Oberfläche kann von zusätzlichen Funktionen wie Vereisungsschutz, Korrosionsbeständigkeit oder Selbstreinigung begleitet werden. Dabei ist besonders der Werkstoff Aluminium zur Realisierung funktionaler Oberflächen attraktiv, aufgrund seiner mechanischen Eigenschaften wie etwa ein geringes Gewicht und eine hohe Festigkeit bei gleichzeitig hervorragender elektrischer Leitfähigkeit ergänzt durch einen günstigen Preis. Funktionalisierte Aluminiumoberflächen können die Wertschöpfung von technischen Aluminiumprodukten deutlich erhöhen. Diese werden u.a. im Automobilsektor, in der Luft- und Raumfahrtindustrie oder im Life-Science-Bereich eingesetzt. Ein vielversprechender Ansatz zur Realisierung multifunktionaler Eigenschaften basiert auf der Herstellung von Mikrometer- und Submikrometer-Strukturen auf der Oberfläche. Daher stellt die Texturierung von Aluminiumkomponenten ein äußerst relevantes Thema in der Wissenschaft und Technik dar, da sie sämtliche Facetten unseres täglichen Lebens tangiert. Bis heute sind laser-strukturierte Aluminiumoberflächen, die wasserabweisende, selbstreinigende und eisabweisende Eigenschaften vereinen, noch nicht vollständig erforscht. Die zugrunde liegende Dissertation thematisiert die Strukturierung von Aluminiumsubstraten zur Herstellung multifunktionaler Oberflächen mit superhydrophoben, selbstreinigenden und vereisungsmindernden Eigenschaften. Dafür, werden direktes Laserschreiben (engl. Direct laser writing, DLW) sowie die direkte Laserinterferenzstrukturierung (engl. Direct laser interference patternin, DLIP) auf Aluminium angewendet. Die Verfahren werden sowohl separat zur Herstellung von einskaligen Texturen als auch in Kombination eingesetzt, um mehrskalige komplexe Muster zu fertigen. Die Strukturierungsparameter werden zur Maximierung der erwähnten Eigenschaften hin optimiert, und ihr Einfluß auf die Mikrostruktur wird untersucht. Um das Benetzungs- und Vereisungsverhalten der funktionalisierten Oberflächen zu erklären, werden numerische Simulationsmodelle eingesetzt. Die vielversprechendsten Texturen werden unter realistischen Vereisungsbedingungen getestet, welche das Gefrierverhalten von Wassertropfen auf Flugzeugbauteilen während des Fluges simulieren. Darüber hinaus wird eine neue Methode zur Charakterisierung der Selbstreinigungseffizienz von laserstrukturiertem Aluminium entwickelt und angewendet. Die texturierten Aluminiumoberflächen erhielten ohne chemische Nachbearbeitung eine wasserabweisende Funktionalität mit einem statischen Wasserkontaktwinkel von bis zu 163° und einem Gleitwinkel von 12°. Diese Funktionalität ermöglichte eine Selbstreinigungseigenschaft, bei der die DLIP- und DLW+DLIP-Strukturen die höchste Effizienz mit einer Restverunreinigung von bis zu 1 % erzielten. Die eisabweisende Charakterisierung bei einer Temperatur von -20°C offenbarte, dass bei allen untersuchten laserstrukturierten Oberflächen die Vereisungszeit von 8 μl Wassertropfen bis um das Dreifache anstieg, im Vergleich zur unstrukturierten Referenz. Darüber hinaus konnte demonstriert werden, dass optimierte Oberflächentexturen zu einer Reduzierung der Eis- Adhäsionskraft um bis zu 90 % führten.:Selbstständigkeitserklärung Kurzfassung Abstract Acknowledgements Table of content List of abbreviations and symbols 1 Motivation 2 Theoretical principles and definitions 3 State of the art 4 Materials and methods 5 Results and discussion 6 Conclusions 7 Outlook Literature Curriculum vitae of the author List of publications